Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 5. 1| although there are other congenital and socio-economic predispositions
2 II, 5. 5. 1| Predisposing factors are both congenital and environmental. Stressful
3 II, 5. 6. 1| sports; and (6) genetic, congenital and developmental disorders.
4 II, 6. 3. 5| eliminating measles and congenital rubella and maintaining
5 II, 6. 3. 5| strategic plan for measles and congenital rubella infection in the
6 II, 6. 3. 6| pregnant women can cause congenital toxoplasmosis, with varying
7 II, 8. 1. 1| include those affected by congenital anomalies as well as hearing
8 II, 8. 2. 1| their SPID was genetic or congenital in 51% cases, acquired in
9 II, 8. 2. 1| syndrome), infections (such as congenital cytomegalovirus), or birth
10 II, 8. 2. 1| PKU), galactosemia, and congenital hypothyroidism, can cause
11 II, 8. 2. 1| PKU), galactosemia, and congenital hypothyroidism. Children
12 II, 8. 2. 3| excludes hearing loss due to congenital causes, infectious diseases,
13 II, 8. 2. 3| description~ ~Prevalence of congenital permanent childhood hearing
14 II, 9 | therefore needed to supplement congenital anomaly registers to determine
15 II, 9 | fetus are largely unknown.~ ~Congenital anomalies~ ~In the majority
16 II, 9 | majority of individual cases of congenital anomaly, the cause of the
17 II, 9 | during early pregnancy). Congenital anomalies are usually grouped
18 II, 9 | promoted for the prevention of congenital anomalies. Some dietary
19 II, 9 | of delivering babies with congenital anomaly due to chronic disease
20 II, 9 | both associated with higher congenital anomaly risk (EUROCAT, 2004;
21 II, 9 | relation to the burden of congenital anomalies in the population.~ ~
22 II, 9 | continuing measure to prevent congenital rubella syndrome, associated
23 II, 9 | deafness, eye defects and congenital heart disease. Monitoring
24 II, 9 | to capture all cases of congenital rubella syndrome, as some
25 II, 9 | market which carry a risk of congenital anomaly when taken during
26 II, 9 | about the level of risk of congenital anomaly associated with
27 II, 9 | cited in the section on congenital anomalies are listed in
28 II, 9 | the child matures. Though congenital abnormalities are well recorded
29 II, 9. 1. 1| in Europe today include congenital anomalies, very preterm
30 II, 9. 1. 1| Prevalence of selected congenital anomalies~R: Distribution
31 II, 9. 1. 1| perinatal death/deaths due to congenital anomalies~F: Prevalence
32 II, 9. 1. 1| mainly prematurity and congenital anomalies. Data on congenital
33 II, 9. 1. 1| congenital anomalies. Data on congenital anomalies are presented
34 II, 9. 1. 1| 2005 or most recent year~ ~Congenital malformations~ ~See Chapter
35 II, 9. 1. 1| and specific treatment of congenital malformations.~ ~Low birth weight
36 II, 9. 1. 1| 1998): Contribution of congenital malformations to perinatal
37 II, 9. 1. 2| 9.1.2. Congenital Malformations~ ~ ~
38 II, 9. 1. 2| Introduction~ ~Collectively, congenital anomalies represent an important
39 II, 9. 1. 2| cost to pregnant women.~ ~Congenital (“present from birth”) anomalies
40 II, 9. 1. 2| epidemiological surveillance through congenital anomaly registers, and the
41 II, 9. 1. 2| infancy or childhood. “Major” congenital anomalies are those with
42 II, 9. 1. 2| screening may be included in congenital anomaly registers, but are
43 II, 9. 1. 2| neurological conditions also have a congenital origin but are not diagnosed
44 II, 9. 1. 2| inequalities in the prevalence of congenital anomalies. These are now
45 II, 9. 1. 2| well as these inequalities, congenital anomalies are often ignored
46 II, 9. 1. 2| are inequalities between congenital anomalies and more common
47 II, 9. 1. 2| European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) is the principal
48 II, 9. 1. 2| information on the epidemiology of congenital anomalies in Europe. EUROCAT
49 II, 9. 1. 2| network of population-based congenital anomaly registers, using
50 II, 9. 1. 2| established registers of congenital anomalies not participating
51 II, 9. 1. 2| epidemiological information about congenital anomalies in Europe include
52 II, 9. 1. 2| infant mortality due to congenital anomalies. Their data can
53 II, 9. 1. 2| countries with no current congenital anomaly registers. The data
54 II, 9. 1. 2| limited with regard to type of congenital anomaly. Differences between
55 II, 9. 1. 2| infant mortality due to congenital anomaly can reflect one
56 II, 9. 1. 2| pregnancies being affected by a congenital anomaly in that country
57 II, 9. 1. 2| quality of treatment for congenital anomalies (e.g. surgery
58 II, 9. 1. 2| anomalies (e.g. surgery for congenital heart disease) and e) practices
59 II, 9. 1. 2| stillbirth or livebirth where the congenital anomaly is so severe that
60 II, 9. 1. 2| particularly useful for major congenital anomalies where livebirth
61 II, 9. 1. 2| particularly across years. Many congenital anomaly registers nevertheless
62 II, 9. 1. 2| analysis~ ~Prevalence of congenital anomalies~ ~EUROCAT records
63 II, 9. 1. 2| total prevalence of major congenital anomalies of 23.8 per 1
64 II, 9. 1. 2| 1 000 births of EUROCAT congenital anomaly subgroups 2000-2004~ ~
65 II, 9. 1. 2| chromosomal anomalies). Congenital heart disease is the most
66 II, 9. 1. 2| figures on 95 subgroups of congenital anomaly, available on its
67 II, 9. 1. 2| the overall prevalence of congenital anomalies (followed by the
68 II, 9. 1. 2| increase in the prevalence of congenital heart disease (Figure 9.
69 II, 9. 1. 2| termination of pregnancy.~ ~Congenital anomalies are an important
70 II, 9. 1. 2| rate of stillbirths with congenital anomaly is 0.43 per 1 000
71 II, 9. 1. 2| mortality rate associated to congenital anomaly of 0.99 per 1 000
72 II, 9. 1. 2| Table 9.1.2.2). The main congenital anomaly subgroups contributing
73 II, 9. 1. 2| perinatal mortality are congenital heart disease (23% of perinatal
74 II, 9. 1. 2| first week deaths, while congenital heart disease contributes
75 II, 9. 1. 2| Perinatal mortality due to congenital anomalies, 2000-2004.~ ~
76 II, 9. 1. 2| Perinatal mortality due to congenital anomaly varies per country (
77 II, 9. 1. 2| mortality associated to congenital anomaly are recorded in
78 II, 9. 1. 2| and neonatal deaths with congenital anomaly (Table 9.1.2.3).
79 II, 9. 1. 2| due to the presence of a congenital anomaly, whether as a TOPFA,
80 II, 9. 1. 2| mortality consequences of congenital anomaly, the vast majority
81 II, 9. 1. 2| vast majority of cases of congenital anomaly across Europe are
82 II, 9. 1. 2| or educational needs.~ ~Congenital heart disease~ ~The live
83 II, 9. 1. 2| live birth prevalence of congenital heart disease is 6.1 per
84 II, 9. 1. 2| 1), the largest group of congenital anomalies. This average
85 II, 9. 1. 2| The reported prevalence of congenital heart disease has been increasing (
86 II, 9. 1. 2| TOPFA is not common for congenital heart disease, unless the
87 II, 9. 1. 2| is associated with other congenital anomalies or is lethal.~ ~
88 II, 9. 1. 2| therefore needed to supplement congenital anomaly registers to determine
89 II, 9. 1. 2| fetus are largely unknown.~ ~Congenital anomalies~In the majority
90 II, 9. 1. 2| majority of individual cases of congenital anomaly, the cause of the
91 II, 9. 1. 2| during early pregnancy). Congenital anomalies are usually grouped
92 II, 9. 1. 2| promoted for the prevention of congenital anomalies. Some dietary
93 II, 9. 1. 2| of delivering babies with congenital anomaly due to chronic disease
94 II, 9. 1. 2| both associated with higher congenital anomaly risk (EUROCAT, 2004;
95 II, 9. 1. 2| relation to the burden of congenital anomalies in the population~ ~
96 II, 9. 1. 2| continuing measure to prevent congenital rubella syndrome, associated
97 II, 9. 1. 2| deafness, eye defects and congenital heart disease. Monitoring
98 II, 9. 1. 2| to capture all cases of congenital rubella syndrome, as some
99 II, 9. 1. 2| market which carry a risk of congenital anomaly when taken during
100 II, 9. 1. 2| about the level of risk of congenital anomaly associated with
101 II, 9. 1. 2| cited in the section on congenital anomalies are listed in
102 II, 9. 1. 2| Primary prevention of congenital anomalies has not been an
103 II, 9. 1. 2| socioeconomic differences in congenital anomaly risk at European
104 II, 9. 1. 2| environmental risk factors for congenital anomaly such as maternal
105 II, 9. 1. 2| poverty should help to reduce congenital anomaly risk, as well as
106 II, 9. 1. 2| morbidity, for example for congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic
107 II, 9. 1. 2| initiatives and policies~ ~Congenital anomalies straddle different
108 II, 9. 1. 2| is particularly great for congenital anomalies, coming from the
109 II, 9. 1. 2| euro was being spent on congenital anomaly registers by European
110 II, 9. 1. 2| Union.~ ~The majority of congenital anomalies are rare (as defined
111 II, 9. 1. 2| rare diseases (see Chapter 5.15) are congenital. The rare disease public
112 II, 9. 1. 2| environmental risk factors for congenital anomalies, and to further
113 II, 9. 1. 2| studies of children with congenital anomalies need support.
114 II, 9. 1. 2| evaluation of the “burden” of congenital anomalies in Europe. Such
115 II, 9. 1. 2| agenda.~ ~Risk factors for congenital anomalies amenable to primary
116 II, 9. 1. 2| are also risk factors for congenital anomalies. Any strategy
117 II, 9. 1. 2| pregnancy” can pay attention to congenital anomalies as part of a range
118 II, 9. 1. 2| neuro-developmental outcomes. However, for congenital anomalies a system of pre-conceptional
119 II, 9. 1. 2| environmental causes of congenital anomalies.~ ~
120 II, 9. 1. 2| seen increasing success in congenital anomaly prevention, as evidenced
121 II, 9. 1. 2| research into the causes of congenital anomalies, have the potential
122 II, 9. 1. 2| 2004): Surveillance of congenital malformations in Italy:
123 II, 9. 1. 2| Consent for Registration of Congenital Anomalies in Europe", British
124 II, 9. 1. 2| Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformations Working Group (
125 II, 9. 1. 2| Malformations Working Group (1997): “Congenital Malformations and Maternal
126 II, 9. 1. 2| Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformations", Scandanavian
127 II, 9. 1. 2| Environmental Pollution on Congenital Anomalies". In 'The Impact
128 II, 9. 1. 2| for the Registration of Congenital Anomalies", EUROCAT Central
129 II, 9. 1. 2| Environmental Risk Factors for Congenital Anomalies", EUROCAT Central
130 II, 9. 1. 2| Report 8: Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies in Europe 1980-
131 II, 9. 1. 2| Population Based Study", Congenital Heart Diseases, Vol 2, pp
132 II, 9. 1. 2| Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Malformations in Europe”,
133 II, 9. 1. 2| Procedures in Pregnancies with Congenital Malformations in 14 Regions
134 II, 9. 1. 2| Garne E et al (1999): "Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - A
135 II, 9. 1. 2| Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women
136 II, 9. 1. 2| Inequalities in Risk of Congenital Anomaly”, Arch Dis Childh,
137 II, 9. 2. 3| years (see Chapter 4.1). Congenital malformations are the main
138 II, 9. 2. 4| the child matures. Though congenital abnormalities are well recorded
139 II, 9. 3. 1| young are as a result of congenital disorders, with a rapid
140 II, 9. 3. 2| associated to preterm birth and congenital anomalies (Hansen et al,
141 II, 9. 3. 2| 1998): Contribution of congenital malformations to perinatal
142 IV, 11. 5. 4| due to positive serology, congenital and inherited disorders,
143 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| competitiveness~condom~condoms~conduct~congenital~conjunctivitis~conscious~
