Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | following the enlargement to 25 countries in 2004 and to 27 countries
2 -, 1 | countries in 2004 and to 27 countries in 2007, but also previously-identified
3 -, 1 | coverage inevitably vary across countries, due to cultural, technical,
4 -, 1 | Authorities of European Countries for fulfilling their task
5 -, 1. 0. 0(1) | These Countries will be referred collectively
6 -, 1. 0. 0(1) | collectively as the “EUGLOREH Countries” and will be listed in Tables
7 I, 2. 1 | marriage is high in some countries, even after a child is born.
8 I, 2. 1 | and services of European countries have evolved to meet the
9 I, 2. 1 | outcomes in high-income countries such as the EU Member States
10 I, 2. 1 | the labour market in rich countries, while country-level historical
11 I, 2. 2 | of Europe with low-income countries results in a regular flow
12 I, 2. 2 | malaria re-introduction in countries where it has been eradicated
13 I, 2. 3 | country, but generally in many countries its contribution has increased
14 I, 2. 3 | adapt.~ ~Migration to EU countries has been constantly increasing
15 I, 2. 3 | originate from Mediterranean countries and former colonies. During
16 I, 2. 3 | asylum seekers from these countries FGM has now also become
17 I, 2. 3 | immigrants from Western countries (EU Member States, Northern
18 I, 2. 3 | healthcare workforce in their countries of birth and training~ ~
19 I, 2. 4 | not only between European countries, but also within the country’
20 I, 2. 4 | Europe and neighbouring countries.~ ~As highlighted in the
21 I, 2. 4 | differences existing between countries are the per capita Gross
22 I, 2. 4 | between the groups of the 15 countries already members of the EU
23 I, 2. 4 | Income per capita in EUGLOREH Countries, 2007.~ ~GDP is defined
24 I, 2. 4 | dynamics of economy in these countries.~ ~Europe has become wealthier
25 I, 2. 4 | domestic product in EUGLOREH countries.~ ~Inequalities persist,
26 I, 2. 4 | not only between European countries, but also within the country’
27 I, 2. 4 | Europe and neighbouring countries. Regions of relative wealth
28 I, 2. 4 | range from 8% in the Nordic countries, the Czech Republic and
29 I, 2. 4 | indicate that:~ ~· in all countries with available data, rates
30 I, 2. 4 | In many Western European countries, mortality differences between
31 I, 2. 4 | In many Western European countries, the 1980s and 1990s were
32 I, 2. 4 | inequalities in mortality in all countries, both among men and women.
33 I, 2. 4 | the three Eastern European countries, as compared to between
34 I, 2. 4 | the three Western European countries. Among women, however, relative
35 I, 2. 4 | compared to the Western countries. Since the political transition,
36 I, 2. 4 | changed dramatically in many countries in Eastern Europe, sometimes
37 I, 2. 4 | socio-economic groups: in the countries with available data, mortality
38 I, 2. 4 | some other Eastern European countries suggests a similar widening
39 I, 2. 4 | is not seen in some other countries (e.g. the Czech Republic),
40 I, 2. 4 | Population Ageing in Six European Countries”. DG Employment and Social
41 I, 2. 5 | states (i.e. Eastern European countries). In many of these countries
42 I, 2. 5 | countries). In many of these countries the traditional occupational
43 I, 2. 5 | cent in 2005 in developed countries. Services include wholesale
44 I, 2. 5 | workforce. In all European countries, the average age of the
45 I, 2. 5 | widely across developed countries. Many countries took steps
46 I, 2. 5 | developed countries. Many countries took steps to increase retirement
47 I, 2. 5 | Population Ageing in Six European Countries”. As retired people generally
48 I, 2. 5 | report integrates accession countries into the analysis. The report
49 I, 2. 5 | in work in the accession countries compared to 40% in the EU.
50 I, 2. 5 | country, but generally in many countries its contribution has increased
51 I, 2. 5 | managers and favours those countries more capable of meeting
52 I, 2. 5 | skill-biased in developed countries. Perceived lack of control
53 I, 2. 5 | mortality. In industrialised countries, high-skilled occupations,
54 I, 2. 5 | intensity is increasing in all countries in Europe with more weekend
55 I, 2. 6 | States, candidates and EFTA countries.~ ~The indicator shows the
56 I, 2. 6 | be achieved in European countries after varying lengths of
57 I, 2. 6 | school leavers in EUGLOREH Countries, per gender, in 2006.~ ~
58 I, 2. 6 | 2003/04 in virtually all countries for which data are available
59 I, 2. 6 | programmes in most European countries. In the EU25 as a whole,
60 I, 2. 6 | however, in the three Southern countries of Spain, Italy and Portugal,
61 I, 2. 6 | increased in nearly all countries, by an average of almost
62 I, 2. 6 | graduated in 2004 in all countries except Turkey, where women
63 I, 2. 6 | outnumbered women in most countries. The exceptions are Ireland,
64 I, 2. 6 | share of enrolments in most countries, which partly reflects the
65 I, 2. 6 | from 2002 to 2050 in all countries but Luxembourg. Measured
66 I, 2. 6 | ratio are expected in all countries but Denmark and the Netherlands,
67 I, 2. 6 | expenditure varies across countries depending on the specific
68 I, 2. 7 | billion (UNFPA, 2007). In most countries, the trend towards urbanisation
69 I, 2. 7 | diverse picture. However, EU15 countries tend to be more urbanised
70 I, 2. 7 | in rural settlements. The countries where a significant proportion
71 I, 2. 7 | differences, as in many countries there is a trend for rural areas
72 I, 2. 7 | settlements which in many EU countries represent a significant
73 I, 2. 8 | central and Eastern European countries, both in district heating
74 I, 2. 9 | occurring in several European countries and there is a risk of human
75 I, 2. 10. 4 | Several studies in different countries indicate the significance
76 I, 2. 10. 4 | satisfy the needs of those countries, but when products move
77 I, 2. 10. 5 | approaches in different countries should be compared looking
78 I, 3. 1 | Scandinavian and Western European countries in the early 1970s; elsewhere
79 I, 3. 1 | replacement fertility in all countries except France (2.23), Ireland (
80 I, 3. 1 | of the main reasons that countries in Eastern and Southern
81 I, 3. 1 | characteristic for Eastern European countries. Opposite is the ‘pattern
82 I, 3. 2 | between 5 and 10%. Five Countries will have almost the same
83 I, 3. 2 | over the past 25 years. In countries with a net natural decrease
84 I, 3. 2 | originate from Mediterranean countries, former colonies, or countries
85 I, 3. 2 | countries, former colonies, or countries of Eastern Europe. The strict
86 I, 3. 3 | Currently, all European countries are facing population ageing
87 I, 3. 3 | various degrees. In many countries, the population has already
88 I, 3. 3 | come, much larger in these countries than in EU15 (the so-called ‘
89 I, 3. 3 | of this century. The EU15 countries can also still make a profit
90 I, 3. 3 | beginning of the 1980s in most countries, caused by the baby-boom
91 I, 3. 3 | 26.1). In this group of countries only Sweden shows an atypical
92 I, 3. 3 | Nevertheless, some countries show declining old-age dependency
93 I, 3. 3 | last 20 years. All other countries saw their old-age dependency
94 I, 3. 3 | increase by 2.3% per year. The countries with the lowest growth rates
95 I, 3. 3 | This means that several countries witness large changes in
96 I, 3. 3 | here the variation across countries diminished over time, although
97 II, 4. 1 | fact that new Member States countries have much lower life expectancies,
98 II, 4. 1 | in health in individual countries than between different countries.~ ~
99 II, 4. 1 | countries than between different countries.~ ~Table 4.1.1 shows estimates
100 II, 4. 1 | expansion of morbidity among all countries for men and women. If we
101 II, 4. 1 | between Western and eastern countries. A specific analysis made
102 II, 4. 1 | diverge. In one group of countries, the growth in life expectancy
103 II, 4. 1 | These are high convergence countries. A second group, where growth
104 II, 4. 1 | These are low convergence countries. The third group includes
105 II, 4. 1 | third group includes those countries that at some time ceased
106 II, 4. 1 | values. These are divergent countries. It is in this third group
107 II, 4. 1 | Baltic and Eastern Europe countries are found as their life
108 II, 4. 1 | comparison with these two countries, LE does. Thus Table 4.1.
109 II, 4. 2 | Since 1970, in the EU15 countries life expectancy at birth
110 II, 4. 2 | Slovenia and Slovakia) countries life expectancy has developed
111 II, 4. 2 | increasing in the latter countries as well. Behind the overall
112 II, 4. 2 | has risen in most European countries during the last decades,
113 II, 4. 2 | expectancy across European countries has become smaller or larger.~ ~
114 II, 4. 2 | expectancy at birth across EU countries can be attributed to the
115 II, 4. 2 | trends is limited to some Countries only, due to the availability
116 II, 4. 2 | unweighted) average of the EU15 countries during the last decades,
117 II, 4. 2 | were visible in most EU countries. In all countries, the decline
118 II, 4. 2 | most EU countries. In all countries, the decline in mortality
119 II, 4. 2 | groups, even though in most countries the decline of mortality
120 II, 4. 2 | life expectancy. In most countries, mortality decline was larger
121 II, 4. 2 | in the Southern European countries Spain, Portugal, Greece
122 II, 4. 2 | three Southern European countries. In the 1990s, mortality
123 II, 4. 2 | life expectancy in all EU countries. In most countries, the
124 II, 4. 2 | all EU countries. In most countries, the increase in life expectancy
125 II, 4. 2 | Among Western European countries Denmark showed a deviating
126 II, 4. 2 | considerably. In Eastern EU countries, life expectancy had developed
127 II, 4. 2 | favourably than in the Western EU countries, particularly for men. In
128 II, 4. 2 | men. In several Eastern countries mortality of men in their
129 II, 4. 2 | of death for selected EU countries for the periods 1980-1990
130 II, 4. 2 | 1990 and 1990-2000. These countries were selected on the basis
131 II, 4. 2 | both periods. They include countries in North, Western, South,
132 II, 4. 2 | in mortality across the countries of the European Union.~ ~
133 II, 4. 2 | cause of death, selected countries.~ ~In most EU countries,
134 II, 4. 2 | countries.~ ~In most EU countries, the decline in mortality
135 II, 4. 2 | are some differences among countries in the relative importance
136 II, 4. 2 | in the 1980s in several countries, but in the 1990s the decline
137 II, 4. 2 | expectancy of women in almost all countries. Infectious diseases (cause
138 II, 4. 2 | of men in 9 out of the 13 countries. In several countries, infectious
139 II, 4. 2 | 13 countries. In several countries, infectious diseases had
140 II, 4. 2 | table 3) declined in most countries. This may be related to
141 II, 4. 2 | 3) has decreased in most countries. One remarkable exception
142 II, 4. 2 | exception is that in Eastern countries mortality by traffic accidents
143 II, 4. 2 | in the Eastern European countries. There are remarkable differences
144 II, 4. 2 | remarkable differences across countries in the size of the contribution
145 II, 4. 2 | table 3) across European countries. For example, the effect
146 II, 4. 2 | Southern and Eastern European countries and relatively small in
147 II, 4. 2 | small in Northern European countries. It is not clear to what
148 II, 4. 2 | coding causes of death across countries. In spite of these differences
149 II, 4. 2 | differences across European countries, the overall patterns in
150 II, 4. 2 | 7 out of the 13 selected countries the decline in mortality
151 II, 4. 2 | even in 9 out of the 13 countries. For Polish men and Dutch
152 II, 4. 2 | birth 1980-2000, selected countries~ ~Table 4.2.5 shows that
153 II, 4. 2 | 8 out of the 13 selected countries and for women in 12 countries,
154 II, 4. 2 | countries and for women in 12 countries, even though for women in
155 II, 4. 2 | though for women in most countries the effect was smaller than
156 II, 4. 2 | than for men. As in most countries men started to smoke less
157 II, 4. 2 | negative in 7 out of the 13 countries. As women started to smoke
158 II, 4. 2 | expectancy in 12 of the 13 countries. In 9 of these countries
159 II, 4. 2 | countries. In 9 of these countries the negative impact in the
160 II, 4. 2 | expectancy at birth, selected countries.~ ~The decline in mortality
161 II, 4. 2 | expectancy at 65 for selected EU countries. Only countries for which
162 II, 4. 2 | selected EU countries. Only countries for which there was data
163 II, 4. 2 | expectancy at 65, selected countries.~ ~Table 4.2.6 shows that
164 II, 4. 2 | 11 out of the 17 selected countries the increase in life expectancy
165 II, 4. 2 | 1980s and in most other countries there was no big difference
166 II, 4. 2 | decades. In several Eastern EU countries there was a negative development
167 II, 4. 2 | in the 1990s. For those countries for which we also know the
168 II, 4. 2 | an acceleration in most countries except for the Eastern EU
169 II, 4. 2 | except for the Eastern EU countries. Thus it can be concluded
170 II, 4. 2 | apart from the Eastern EU countries for men there is no indication
171 II, 4. 2 | For women in several countries, the increase in life expectancy
172 II, 4. 2 | for men, whereas in all countries the increase for women in
173 II, 4. 2 | development in Eastern EU countries has been negative. In most
174 II, 4. 2 | negative. In most other EU countries, life expectancy has increased
175 II, 4. 2 | the age of 80, selected countries.~ ~The conclusion is that
176 II, 4. 2 | expectancy for European countries is whether differences are
177 II, 4. 2 | they are persistent. If in countries where life expectancy used
178 II, 4. 2 | has been higher than in countries where life expectancy has
179 II, 4. 2 | at birth across European countries in 1970 with the average
180 II, 4. 2 | men in Eastern European countries.~ ~Figure 4.2.3. Relationship
181 II, 4. 2 | men.~ ~If Eastern European countries are excluded, there appears
182 II, 4. 2 | excluding Eastern European Countries, men.~ ~If we exclude Eastern
183 II, 4. 2 | exclude Eastern European countries for women as well, the relationship
184 II, 4. 2 | excluding Eastern European Countries, women.~ ~Thus apart from
185 II, 4. 2 | apart from Eastern European countries we may conclude that there
186 II, 4. 3 | morbidity trends in four countries. Population and Development
187 II, 4. 3 | expectancies in the European Union countries: calculation and comparisons.
188 II, 4. 3 | differences between the 25 EU countries. Montpellier, EHEMU: 9-48.~ ~
189 II, 5. 1. 1 | intolerances.~ ~In developed countries and lower/middle income
190 II, 5. 1. 1 | middle income developing countries, cardiovascular complications
191 II, 5. 1. 1 | In low-income developing countries, infections still remain
192 II, 5. 1. 1 | on the rise also in these countries. Non-communicable diseases,
193 II, 5. 1. 1 | considered from different countries.~ ~ ~ ~Cancer ~ ~The majority
194 II, 5. 2. 1 | productive life.~In most European countries CVD mortality has declined
195 II, 5. 2. 2 | structure differs among European countries. Moreover, among individuals
196 II, 5. 2. 2 | understand differences among countries in order to develop and
197 II, 5. 2. 2 | make trends more visible, countries were divided into Baltic
198 II, 5. 2. 2 | were divided into Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania),
199 II, 5. 2. 2 | Lithuania), Eastern European countries, distinguished in Central
200 II, 5. 2. 2 | Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Poland,
201 II, 5. 2. 2 | Balkan Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania),
202 II, 5. 2. 2 | Romania), Northern European countries (Denmark, Ireland, Finland,
203 II, 5. 2. 2 | Kingdom), Central European countries (Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg,
204 II, 5. 2. 2 | Slovenia) and Southern European countries (Greece, Spain, France,
205 II, 5. 2. 2 | those of the Mediterranean countries; therefore Malta might be
206 II, 5. 2. 2 | group of Southern European countries. The country with the lowest
207 II, 5. 2. 2 | because the majority of countries send to the European organizations (
208 II, 5. 2. 2 | available for the majority of countries (Allender et al, 2008).~
209 II, 5. 2. 2 | in 37 populations of 21 countries the relative contribution
210 II, 5. 2. 2 | necessarily representative of the countries in which they were located,
211 II, 5. 2. 2 | make trends more visible, countries have been divided, as for
212 II, 5. 2. 2 | as for IHD, into Baltic countries, Eastern European countries (
213 II, 5. 2. 2 | countries, Eastern European countries (distinguished in Central
214 II, 5. 2. 2 | Central Eastern European countries and Balkan Eastern European
215 II, 5. 2. 2 | Balkan Eastern European countries), Northern European countries,
216 II, 5. 2. 2 | countries), Northern European countries, Central European countries
217 II, 5. 2. 2 | countries, Central European countries and Southern European countries.
218 II, 5. 2. 2 | countries and Southern European countries. Malta is included among
219 II, 5. 2. 2 | included among Northern Europe countries because mortality rates
220 II, 5. 2. 2 | to those of Mediterranean countries and the population has similar
221 II, 5. 2. 2 | group of Southern European countries. The country with the lowest
222 II, 5. 2. 2 | necessarily representative of the countries in which they were located,
223 II, 5. 2. 2 | Due to differences among countries in the methodology adopted
224 II, 5. 2. 3 | Eastern and Eastern Europe countries (Table 5.2.1). According
225 II, 5. 2. 3 | in Figure 5.2.1: in all countries from 1994 to 2003 mortality
226 II, 5. 2. 3 | fell by 38% in Northern countries2 (from 300 to 186 per 100.
227 II, 5. 2. 3(1) | Baltic Europe countries include: Estonia, Latvia,
228 II, 5. 2. 3 | in Central Eastern Europe countries3 (from 440 to 242 per 100.
229 II, 5. 2. 3(2) | Northern countries include: Denmark, Ireland,
230 II, 5. 2. 3 | 27% in Eastern Europe countries4 (from 450 to 326 per 100.
231 II, 5. 2. 3(3) | Central Eastern Europe countries include: Czech Republic,
232 II, 5. 2. 3 | 37% in Central Europe countries5 (from 225 to 142 per 100.
233 II, 5. 2. 3(4) | Eastern Europe countries include: Bulgaria, Hungary
234 II, 5. 2. 3 | 34% in Southern Europe countries6 (from 139 to 91 per 100.
235 II, 5. 2. 3(5) | Central Europe countries include: Belgium, Germany,
236 II, 5. 2. 3(6) | Southern Europe countries include: Greece, Spain,
237 II, 5. 2. 3 | 000) and 27% in Baltic7 countries (from 696 to 505 per 100.
238 II, 5. 2. 3 | by 40% in Central Europe countries (from 73 to 44 per 100.000),
239 II, 5. 2. 3 | in Central Eastern Europe countries (from 157 to 77 per 100.
240 II, 5. 2. 3 | 23% in Eastern Europe countries (from 169 to 130 per 100.
241 II, 5. 2. 3 | 000), 36% in Baltic Europe countries (from 231 to 148 per 100.
242 II, 5. 2. 3 | and 41% in Southern Europe countries (from 40 to 23 per 100.000).~ ~
243 II, 5. 2. 3 | possible and comparisons among countries are not totally reliable.
244 II, 5. 2. 3 | and stroke, in almost all countries more than half of hospitalizations
245 II, 5. 2. 3 | widely across Europe and all countries have seen significant rate
246 II, 5. 2. 3 | Eastern and Eastern Europe countries have lower rates than Northern
247 II, 5. 2. 3 | than Northern and Southern countries. The only data available
248 II, 5. 2. 3 | than in Southern Europe countries; for men living in Warsaw
249 II, 5. 2. 3 | people living in Northern countries, but not falling as fast
250 II, 5. 2. 3 | Central Eastern and Eastern countries. Case fatality from coronary
251 II, 5. 2. 3 | Eastern and Eastern Europe countries than in Northern and Southern
252 II, 5. 2. 3 | Northern and Southern Europe countries (Tunstall-Pedoe et al, 1999).
253 II, 5. 2. 3 | MONICA experience, some countries continued to collect data
254 II, 5. 2. 3 | 1970s in Western European countries. IHD continued to fall through
255 II, 5. 2. 3 | noticed in Eastern European countries up to the 1990s. Since then,
256 II, 5. 2. 3 | also in Eastern European countries (approximately 20 years
257 II, 5. 2. 3 | later than Western European countries). The decline in IHD mortality
258 II, 5. 2. 3 | rates has been greater for countries with the highest mortality
259 II, 5. 2. 3(7) | Baltic Europe countries include: Latvia, Lithuania,
260 II, 5. 2. 3 | temporal trends in the various countries more difficult. Stroke units
261 II, 5. 2. 3 | men than in women in most countries but the differences narrow
262 II, 5. 2. 3 | substantial differences among countries.~ ~Table 5.2.5. Age-standardized (
263 II, 5. 2. 3 | 40% in Southern Europe countries (from 136 to 82 per 100.
264 II, 5. 2. 3 | 100.000), 21% in Northern countries (from 110 to 87 per 100.
265 II, 5. 2. 3 | and 6% in Baltic Europe countries (from 298 to 279 per 100.
266 II, 5. 2. 3 | rates in Central Europe countries were more than seven times
267 II, 5. 2. 3 | lower than in Eastern Europe countries. Temporal trends from 1993
268 II, 5. 2. 3 | 46% in Southern Europe countries (from 99 to 54 per 100.000),
269 II, 5. 2. 3 | 100.000), 21% in Northern countries (from 87 to 68 per 100.000),
270 II, 5. 2. 3 | 000), 13% in Baltic Europe countries (from 218 to 189 per 100.
271 II, 5. 2. 3 | lower than in Eastern Europe countries.~ ~Figure 5.2.4. Age-standardized (
272 II, 5. 2. 3 | cannot be compared among countries. Their interpretation is
273 II, 5. 2. 3 | mortality has been greater in countries with higher rates. The decline
274 II, 5. 2. 3 | in the former communist countries has greatly affected people’
275 II, 5. 2. 4 | in Sweden, but in several countries this trend is changing.
276 II, 5. 2. 4 | Europe than in Northern countries. In women, it is generally
277 II, 5. 2. 4 | Central Eastern and Eastern countries (see also Chapter 8).~ ~
278 II, 5. 2. 4 | different age ranges in 22 EU countries.~ ~Table 5.2.8. Estimated
279 II, 5. 2. 4 | hypercholesterolemia in 27 EU countries for men and women of different
280 II, 5. 2. 4 | of smoking habit in 27 EU countries for men and women of different
281 II, 5. 2. 4 | as BMI 30kg/m2 ) in 27 EU countries for men and women of different
282 II, 5. 2. 4 | comparison among high risk countries. Therefore, it is important
283 II, 5. 2. 4 | pressure in all participating countries and also in cholesterol
284 II, 5. 2. 4 | myocardial infarction in 52 countries, representing every inhabited
285 II, 5. 2. 4 | 6 in different European countries to describe the management
286 II, 5. 2. 5 | not change equally across countries. For this reason, it is
287 II, 5. 2. 5 | in place in all European countries.~· Several WHO resolutions
288 II, 5. 2. 6 | cholesterol in different countries is associated with the country
289 II, 5. 2. 6 | usually observed in developed countries (now around 200 mg/dL).
290 II, 5. 2. 6 | largely prevalent in European countries, is about 2 times higher
291 II, 5. 2. 6 | men aged 40-59 in seven countries. Acta Med Scand Suppl 460:
292 II, 5. 2. 7 | cardiovascular diseases in 27 countries, 1968-1977. World Health
293 II, 5. 2. 7 | from heart disease in 26 countries from 1950 to 1978. Int J
294 II, 5. 2. 7 | Comparisons of 15 populations in 9 countries within the WHO MONICA stroke
295 II, 5. 2. 7 | mortality in industrialized countries since 1950. World Health
296 II, 5. 2. 7 | myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study):
297 II, 5. 3. 1 | age. The LE of European countries is still increasing, and
298 II, 5. 3. 1 | increasing, and in these countries a cancer epidemic is currently
299 II, 5. 3. 2 | coverage, while in other countries regional CRs cover up to
300 II, 5. 3. 2 | cancer patients. For those countries with regional coverage,
301 II, 5. 3. 2 | establishing cancer registration in countries where is currently absent.~ ~
302 II, 5. 3. 2 | collected data from 34 European countries regarding teaching and continuing
303 II, 5. 3. 2 | looking at 19 European countries aims to determine the existence
304 II, 5. 3. 3 | estimates in the European countries for the year 2006 (Ferlay
305 II, 5. 3. 3 | registration systems in countries. The data available comprise
306 II, 5. 3. 3 | Data are included only for countries reporting data properly
307 II, 5. 3. 3 | available for selected European countries from the EUROCARE project (
308 II, 5. 3. 3 | relative survival show European countries ordered by their per capita
309 II, 5. 3. 5 | incidence rate compared to other countries with a similar GDP. In 2006
310 II, 5. 3. 5 | incidence rate compared to other countries with a similar GDP. In 2006
311 II, 5. 3. 5 | in 2006).~Most European countries have experienced the peak
312 II, 5. 3. 5 | screening programs in various countries that anticipate incidence
313 II, 5. 3. 5 | cervical cancer. If two countries have similar HPV infection
314 II, 5. 3. 5 | screening programmes in various countries. Countries with lower GDP
315 II, 5. 3. 5 | programmes in various countries. Countries with lower GDP may have
316 II, 5. 3. 5 | PSA test in more affluent countries. In fact, the increase of
317 II, 5. 3. 6 | survival in various European countries. The EUROCARE project aims
318 II, 5. 3. 6 | The results of various countries are based mostly only on
319 II, 5. 3. 6 | as proxy-older for other countries in macro-areas (i.e. Northern,
320 II, 5. 3. 6 | Eastern Europe, Nordic countries, and West and South Europe)
321 II, 5. 3. 6 | better survival than men. Countries with 5-year relative survival
322 II, 5. 3. 6 | for women were Northern countries (Finland, Sweden, Iceland
323 II, 5. 3. 6 | survival than the other countries with similar GDP both for
324 II, 5. 3. 6 | December 1999 B) Women~ ~Countries fell into two stomach cancer
325 II, 5. 3. 6 | women: on the one hand, most countries of Northern and Western
326 II, 5. 3. 6 | Denmark and Eastern European countries, i.e those with the lowest
327 II, 5. 3. 6 | women than in men in most countries.~Data on survival trends (
328 II, 5. 3. 6 | in most Western European countries (France, Germany, Italy,
329 II, 5. 3. 6 | 33) exceeding 75% in most countries of Western Europe. In Finland,
330 II, 5. 3. 6 | steadily in all European countries, but at different rates (
331 II, 5. 3. 6 | Europe than in the Nordic countries, where survival rates were
332 II, 5. 3. 6 | rates between the Nordic countries and Western Europe has greatly
333 II, 5. 3. 6 | to other Western European countries. Conversely, improvements
334 II, 5. 3. 6 | evident in Eastern European countries; actually , the gap between
335 II, 5. 3. 6 | Eastern and Western European countries has increased (Coleman et
336 II, 5. 3. 6 | improved steadily in most countries, but not in Eastern European
337 II, 5. 3. 6 | not in Eastern European countries, where it has remained low (
338 II, 5. 3. 6 | Northern and Western European countries with effective cervical
339 II, 5. 3. 6 | failed, survival in these countries is still higher than in
340 II, 5. 3. 6 | than in Eastern European countries where there are no organised
341 II, 5. 3. 6 | time was observed in most countries (data not showed). The main
342 II, 5. 3. 6 | levels, whereas the European countries with the highest survival
343 II, 5. 3. 6 | registries in 23 European countries on 2 699 086 adult cancer
344 II, 5. 3. 6 | cancer was higher in Nordic countries (except Denmark) and central
345 II, 5. 3. 6 | on health (TNEH) for most countries. Denmark and UK had lower
346 II, 5. 3. 6 | all-cancer survival than countries with similar TNEH; Finland
347 II, 5. 3. 6 | health-care services in countries with poor survival, might
348 II, 5. 3. 6 | better cancer care. Wealthy countries with high TNEH generally
349 II, 5. 3. 6 | higher in Northern European countries and lower in Eastern European
350 II, 5. 3. 6 | lower in Eastern European countries, although, patients in Eastern
351 II, 5. 3. 7 | identification of regions or countries in which survival could
352 II, 5. 3. 7 | practice among European countries and pressure to raise consistently
353 II, 5. 3. 7 | achieved, especially in some countries. There is still an urgent
354 II, 5. 3. 7 | oncology in the different countries is often difficult to analyze,
355 II, 5. 3. 7 | matter of concern in many countries. The use of anticancer drugs
356 II, 5. 3. 7 | significantly improved in other countries.~· An increasing number
357 II, 5. 3. 7 | impact accessibility in countries with low purchasing power.
358 II, 5. 3. 7 | Authorities in most European countries define, mainly at national
359 II, 5. 3. 7 | national level and in some countries also at regional level,
360 II, 5. 3. 7 | remain between and within countries in different healthcare
361 II, 5. 3. 8 | of the elderly in richer countries)~· Focus on early diagnosis:
362 II, 5. 3. 8 | especially in Eastern European countries)~ ~Medium and long term
363 II, 5. 3. 8 | control, that even rich countries may soon be unable to meet.
364 II, 5. 4. 1 | T2DM is increasing in most countries worldwide (King 1998; Wild
365 II, 5. 4. 1 | population resides in developing countries. The regions with the highest
366 II, 5. 4. 1 | Mexico and Egypt. Developing countries account for seven of the
367 II, 5. 4. 1 | developed and developing countries (King 1998; Wild 2004).~ ~
368 II, 5. 4. 1 | For low and middle-income countries, economic development leads
369 II, 5. 4. 1 | type 2 diabetes in 8 EU countries: Belgium, France, Germany,
370 II, 5. 4. 1 | et al 2002). For these 8 countries, the average annual costs
371 II, 5. 4. 2 | Patients’ Associations from EU countries joined diabetes experts
372 II, 5. 4. 2 | optimise health care in all EU countries through the definition of
373 II, 5. 4. 2 | and comparable data across countries remains a difficult job,
374 II, 5. 4. 2 | frequent case where different countries/regions adopt different
375 II, 5. 4. 2 | problem at all ages and in all countries.~It causes prolonged ill
376 II, 5. 4. 2 | death can be achieved.~ ~Countries should be given formal recognition
377 II, 5. 4. 2 | estimates refer to more than 200 Countries for the years 2007 and forecasts
378 II, 5. 4. 2 | Network (SPSN). In several EU countries, primary care based sentinel
379 II, 5. 4. 2 | reimbursement systems in most countries, mostly based on Diagnosis
380 II, 5. 4. 2 | that is lacking in most EU countries at the national level.~ ~
381 II, 5. 4. 2 | sales are recorded in most countries.~Through this source and
382 II, 5. 4. 2 | doses adopted by different countries (Papoz 1993), which poses
383 II, 5. 4. 2 | availability in EUCID over 20 countries~ ~Core indicator~ ~Countries
384 II, 5. 4. 2 | countries~ ~Core indicator~ ~Countries with recent data~Data sources~ ~
385 II, 5. 4. 2 | all ages. Almost in all countries, prevalence reaches a peak
386 II, 5. 4. 2 | for EUCID participating countries. Notably, the difference
387 II, 5. 4. 2 | Germany) amongst the four countries that could provide data.~
388 II, 5. 4. 2 | indicator of all, through which countries can evaluate the long term
389 II, 5. 4. 2 | availability in EUCID over 20 countries~Secondary indicator~ ~Countries
390 II, 5. 4. 2 | countries~Secondary indicator~ ~Countries with~recent data~II Epidemiology
391 II, 5. 4. 2 | extremely positive (60% countries above 90%) casts some doubts
392 II, 5. 4. 2 | Europe with a total of 8 countries achieving a percentage of
393 II, 5. 4. 2 | due to the small number of countries submitting data (N=2).~Fundus
394 II, 5. 4. 3 | incidence in the Nordic countries (Lancet, 2000). These data
395 II, 5. 4. 3 | observed in almost all EU countries over ten years, corresponding
396 II, 5. 4. 3 | Germany) amongst the four countries that could provide data.~
397 II, 5. 4. 3 | found a variation across 9 countries from 4 (Cyprus) to 149 (
398 II, 5. 4. 3 | diabetic population. Across 11 countries, the indicators varied between
399 II, 5. 4. 3 | Portugal) per 100,000 in 10 countries delivering accurate data.
400 II, 5. 4. 3 | 2006) show results for 7 EU countries ranging between 77.4% (Spain)
401 II, 5. 4. 3 | The median value across 11 countries is 60.5%, corresponding
402 II, 5. 4. 3 | EUCID crude data from 12 countries are consistent with the
403 II, 5. 4. 3 | indicator varies between countries from 5% (Scotland) to 94% (
404 II, 5. 4. 3 | EUCID indicator varies in 11 countries between 44% (Ireland) and
405 II, 5. 4. 3 | published by EUCID on 11 countries vary from 6% (Scotland)
406 II, 5. 4. 3 | is not consistent amongst countries.~Measurement of triglycerides
407 II, 5. 4. 3 | EUCID crude data from 11 countries present a range between
408 II, 5. 4. 3 | factor was found across 11 countries in crude percentages of
409 II, 5. 4. 3 | databases collected by 10 countries from 25% (Finland) to 97% (
410 II, 5. 4. 3 | measured this value over 9 countries, showing a percentage of
411 II, 5. 4. 3 | pressure control. In EUCID, 11 countries provided data with a percentage
412 II, 5. 4. 3 | and 46% (Sweden) across 12 countries, with a median of 30% for
413 II, 5. 4. 3 | percentages from 11 EUCID countries report values between 10%
414 II, 5. 4. 3 | Important variations between countries have been observed and may
415 II, 5. 4. 3 | among diabetics. In EUCID 12 countries provided data; the percentage
416 II, 5. 4. 3 | In EUCID there were 10 countries contributing data, showing
417 II, 5. 4. 3 | median is 57%. Only three countries reported percentages above
418 II, 5. 4. 3 | OECD collected data on 7 EU countries, with retinal examination
419 II, 5. 4. 3 | EUCID report, only four countries contributed data, ranging
420 II, 5. 4. 3 | creatinine ths. In EUCID 11 countries provided figures, ranging
421 II, 5. 4. 3 | and Scotland. A total of 7 countries reported values above 90%.
422 II, 5. 4. 3 | failure. In EUCID only 8 countries provided data, with figures
423 II, 5. 4. 3 | measured by EUCID across 9 countries, varies from 78 (Scotland)
424 II, 5. 4. 3 | reported by OECD from 13 EU countries lead to a median equal to
425 II, 5. 4. 3 | In EUCID, a total of 10 countries reported a range between
426 II, 5. 4. 4 | general population in most countries are now overweight. The
427 II, 5. 4. 4 | 65 and 74 yrs, where all countries approach at least a figure
428 II, 5. 4. 4 | up to almost 50% in the countries with figures available for
429 II, 5. 4. 4 | it is possible that some countries are using tracking systems
430 II, 5. 4. 4 | dialysis/transplant among countries is even more striking, the
431 II, 5. 4. 4 | variations in data between countries, which may be the result
432 II, 5. 4. 4 | many procedures in most countries. Notably, fundus inspection
433 II, 5. 4. 4 | inspection is performed in 57% of countries submitting data, with information
434 II, 5. 4. 6 | important in the case of countries reporting a percentage as
435 II, 5. 4. 6 | future comparison between countries or regions); reproducibility
436 II, 5. 4. 6 | The project involved 19 Countries and ended in 2008. As shown
437 II, 5. 4. 6 | indicators in 20 European countries, confirming the current
438 II, 5. 4. 6 | last years, with several countries taking steps to move forward
439 II, 5. 4. 6 | to the IDF, among the 14 countries with no plan, six, namely
440 II, 5. 4. 6 | normally published in all countries with the direct contribution
441 II, 5. 4. 6 | duly considered by all EU countries. At the moment, these problems
442 II, 5. 4. 8 | health systems level in OECD countries, OECD Health Technical Papers
443 II, 5. 5.Int | lifetime, costing the EU27 countries an estimated total of €300
444 II, 5. 5.Int | cared for. For example, countries in the European Region spend
445 II, 5. 5.Int | for older people.~ ~Some countries support people with severe
446 II, 5. 5.Int | employment, though in most countries economic inactivity remains
447 II, 5. 5.Int | mental health problems. Countries such as Italy and the UK
448 II, 5. 5.Int | treatment. There are still many countries which continue to incarcerate
449 II, 5. 5.Int | in some Eastern European countries, but also in Belgium and
450 II, 5. 5.Int | prevalence rates in Western countries for anorexia nervosa in
451 II, 5. 5.Int(18)| Western and non-Western countries.MedGenMed.6:49.~
452 II, 5. 5. 1 | euro 118 bn in EU and EFTA countries (Sobocki et al 2006). The
453 II, 5. 5. 1 | among the global top 15 countries in male suicide rates, and
454 II, 5. 5. 1 | health morbidity between EU countries. There are also some discrepancies
455 II, 5. 5. 1 | also be noted that some countries, e.g. Nordic Countries,
456 II, 5. 5. 1 | some countries, e.g. Nordic Countries, currently receive information
457 II, 5. 5. 1 | used in the same way in all countries. However, translation, even
458 II, 5. 5. 1 | problems varies between countries and this may influence the
459 II, 5. 5. 1 | influenced by differences between countries in the availability of resources
460 II, 5. 5. 1 | to be 15% in the ESEMeD countries. Lifetime prevalence of
461 II, 5. 5. 1 | total in the six ESEMeD countries.~ ~Table 5.5.1.1 Lifetime
462 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders in the six ESEMeD countries~ ~About one third of those
463 II, 5. 5. 1 | productivity in the 6 ESEMED countries, a burden higher than that
464 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders in the six ESEMeD countries~ ~Psychological distress~ ~
465 II, 5. 5. 1 | there is variation between countries. Overall, 17% of the subjects
466 II, 5. 5. 1 | psychological distress between countries, taking Germany as the reference.
467 II, 5. 5. 1 | reference. Three groups of countries could thus be distinguished:~ ~
468 II, 5. 5. 1 | country Germany: the Nordic countries and Ireland~2) those with
469 II, 5. 5. 1 | Germany : Most Mediterranean countries (Italy, Portugal, Greece,
470 II, 5. 5. 1 | as well as the Baltic countries (Estonia, Lithuania and
471 II, 5. 5. 1 | Central and Eastern European countries (Romania, Bulgaria, Poland,
472 II, 5. 5. 1 | number of Variables.~ ~In all countries, psychological distress
473 II, 5. 5. 1 | of residence.~ ~In five countries (Portugal, Rumania, Austria,
474 II, 5. 5. 1 | than older adults. In four countries (Sweden, Denmark, Great
475 II, 5. 5. 1 | were not significant. The countries that experienced the most
476 II, 5. 5. 1 | and very similar among all countries. In the 15-64 age group
477 II, 5. 5. 1 | age groups, females in all countries have much lower suicide
478 II, 5. 5. 1 | health promotion Interventions into Countries’ Policies, Practice and
479 II, 5. 5. 1 | health in many European countries, there are still common
480 II, 5. 5. 1 | problems in six European countries. Psychiatric Services 58:
481 II, 5. 5. 1 | gender-specific analysis of countries participating in the "European
482 II, 5. 5. 2 | dementia in several European countries and came up with a set of
483 II, 5. 5. 2 | and residential care. The countries covered in the study were
484 II, 5. 5. 2 | prevalence rates for other countries where there may be other
485 II, 5. 5. 2 | in Eastern Europe between countries with a high death rate and
486 II, 5. 5. 2 | people with dementia in some countries and in the overall total
487 II, 5. 5. 2(23)| EURO B category included countries with a low adult mortality
488 II, 5. 5. 2(23)| category covered all the other countries for which we calculated
489 II, 5. 5. 2 | dementia in selected EUGLOREH countries~ ~The calculations for the
490 II, 5. 5. 2 | together.~ ~However, certain countries have lower percentages of
491 II, 5. 5. 2 | 83. Nevertheless, these countries all follow the same upward
492 II, 5. 5. 2 | long-term care. In some countries (e.g. Luxembourg and Germany),
493 II, 5. 5. 2 | care allowance. In other countries, long-term care is covered
494 II, 5. 5. 2 | welfare services. In some countries, social support for people
495 II, 5. 5. 2 | linked to disability. In countries where the emphasis is on
496 II, 5. 5. 2 | close relative. In some countries, carers are supported in
497 II, 5. 5. 2 | with dementia, but in some countries, support from the government
498 II, 5. 5. 2 | therefore call on European countries to ratify the Hague Convention
499 II, 5. 5. 2 | guardianship measures in host countries. Three member states must
500 II, 5. 5. 3 | developing as well as developed countries and may even manifest themselves
