Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 1. 1| to be the main drivers of CKD at population level. Patients
2 II, 5. 1. 1| drugs are at higher risk for CKD. Currently, diabetes mellitus
3 II, 5. 7.Acr| Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities~CKD~Chronic Kidney Disease~ESRD~
4 II, 5. 7. 1| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized
5 II, 5. 7. 1| major public health problem. CKD can be detected via simple
6 II, 5. 7. 1| GFR) (Levey et al, 1999). CKD is now described based on
7 II, 5. 7. 1| adult Americans exhibit CKD (Coresh et al, 2005 ). Estimates
8 II, 5. 7. 1| these studies indicate that CKD is of concern also in EU
9 II, 5. 7. 1| concern also in EU countries. CKD is a dangerous clinical
10 II, 5. 7. 1| patients with stage 4-5 CKD have a death risk for cardiovascular
11 II, 5. 7. 1| stage renal disease (ESRD),~CKD was not listed among chronic
12 II, 5. 7. 1| evidence is emerging that CKD is a risk factor for death
13 II, 5. 7. 1| to frame the link between CKD and other chronic diseases
14 II, 5. 7. 1| useful for the screening of CKD; indeed, studies are currently
15 II, 5. 7. 1| Development and progression of CKD.~ ~ESRD and the resulting
16 II, 5. 7. 1| countries have policies for CKD. The high prevalence of
17 II, 5. 7. 1| The high prevalence of CKD, its contribution to cardiovascular
18 II, 5. 7. 1| resources, full recognition of CKD as a preventable disease
19 II, 5. 7. 1| important issue. Indeed CKD prevention may also help
20 II, 5. 7. 1| in developed countries. CKD is very common in people
21 II, 5. 7. 1| reasons, health policies for CKD need to be harmonized with
22 II, 5. 7. 1| diseases.~ ~Information on CKD in the pre-ESRD phases in
23 II, 5. 7. 1| Available data indicate that CKD at this age is rare (Ardissino
24 II, 5. 7. 1| in Europe. Although rare, CKD and ESRD in children pose
25 II, 5. 7. 1| development.~ ~Economic Impact of CKD~ ~Apart from the morbidity,
26 II, 5. 7. 1| quality of life engendered by CKD and ESRD both in adults (
27 II, 5. 7. 1| indirect costs to society. CKD in the pre ESRD phase entails
28 II, 5. 7. 1| Whenever possible, the CKD data are presented according
29 II, 5. 7. 1| 1 and 5.7.2). Data about CKD in children are presented
30 II, 5. 7. 1| Table 5.7.2. Current CKD Classification Based on
31 II, 5. 7. 2| studies on the prevalence of CKD among children, adolescents
32 II, 5. 7. 2| data on the prevalence of CKD (stages 1-5) in EU countries
33 II, 5. 7. 2| at a recent convention on CKD in European countries made
34 II, 5. 7. 2| presentations. Trend data for CKD are very scarce.~ ~In quite
35 II, 5. 7. 3| Children and adolescents~ ~CKD in the pre-ESRD phases in
36 II, 5. 7. 3| shown an incidence rate of CKD (defined as a GFR <75 ml/
37 II, 5. 7. 3| Table 5.7.3).~ ~Adults~ ~CKD incidence in adults has
38 II, 5. 7. 3| the incidence rate of 3-5 CKD was 7.8 per 1000 patients
39 II, 5. 7. 3| data concerning changes in CKD over time, whilst the correlation
40 II, 5. 7. 3| faster than that observed for CKD (Hsu et al, 2004). Indeed,
41 II, 5. 7. 3| prevalent patients with CKD in 1978. By comparison,
42 II, 5. 7. 3| every 1000 patients with CKD in 1991. A similar finding
43 II, 5. 7. 3| the relative stability of CKD versus a marked increase
44 II, 5. 7. 3| Norway. Prevalence of 1-5 CKD in Norway was 10.2% which
45 II, 5. 7. 3| risk for progression from CKD stages 3 or 4 to ESRD in
46 II, 5. 7. 3| information on the trends of the CKD incidence rate in children/
47 II, 5. 7. 3| surveys on the prevalence of CKD among adults are available
48 II, 5. 7. 3| still a paucity of data on CKD. Data in Europe have been
49 II, 5. 7. 3| prevalence of stages 3-5 CKD was 1.3 to 1.5 times higher
50 II, 5. 7. 3| prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD appears reasonably similar
51 II, 5. 7. 3| The higher prevalence on CKD in females, which flies
52 II, 5. 7. 3| adolescents~ ~Information on CKD in the pre-ESRD phases for
53 II, 5. 7. 3| reported a prevalence of CKD (defined as a GFR <75 ml/
54 II, 5. 7. 3| GFR cut-off for defining CKD (<30 ml/min per 1.74 m2 ),
55 II, 5. 7. 3| Adults~ ~The prevalence of CKD by stages (as defined in
56 II, 5. 7. 3| Prevalence of stages 3-5 CKD - i.e. the stages showing
57 II, 5. 7. 3| et al, 2007). Stage 3-5 CKD prevalence was either similar
58 II, 5. 7. 3| prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD increased with age (Figure
59 II, 5. 7. 3| information on time-trends of CKD. The most solid source of
60 II, 5. 7. 3| prevalence of stage 1-5 CKD rose from 14.5% (NHANES
61 II, 5. 7. 3| the risk of mortality in CKD rises exponentially with
62 II, 5. 7. 3| still a paucity of data on CKD. Data in Europe have been
63 II, 5. 7. 3| prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD was 1.3 to 1.5 times higher
64 II, 5. 7. 3| prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD appears reasonably similar
65 II, 5. 7. 3| The higher prevalence on CKD in females, which flies
66 II, 5. 7. 4| to be the main drivers of CKD at population level. Patients
67 II, 5. 7. 4| drugs are at higher risk for CKD.~ ~There are no data on
68 II, 5. 7. 4| socio-economic status and CKD. It is likely that these
69 II, 5. 7. 4| also the main drivers of CKD, it appears likely that
70 II, 5. 7. 4| factors are also linked to CKD. According to data from
71 II, 5. 7. 5| the general population for CKD is cost-effective (Boulware
72 II, 5. 7. 5| those individuals in whom CKD acts as a risk amplifier)
73 II, 5. 7. 5| are at higher risk for CKD. When the risk of complications
74 II, 5. 7. 5| neoplasia, screening for CKD appears advisable. Both
75 II, 5. 7. 5| infections, screening for CKD could be implemented using
76 II, 5. 7. 5| incidence and the course of CKD. The only activities to
77 II, 5. 7. 5| epidemiological problem of CKD have been related to the
78 II, 5. 7. 5| 2007 a programme to detect CKD in an early phase was presented
79 II, 5. 7. 5| is no single agenda for CKD and ESRD at national level,
80 II, 5. 7. 5| prescription in order to improve CKD diagnosis. Policies regarding
81 II, 5. 7. 5| evaluation of care including CKD are currently in progress.~·
82 II, 5. 7. 5| Statistica did not list CKD among chronic diseases.
83 II, 5. 7. 5| survey on the prevalence of CKD at community level has been
84 II, 5. 7. 5| renal services. Although CKD has hitherto been an under-diagnosed
85 II, 5. 7. 5| and the introduction of CKD into the Quality and Outcomes
86 II, 5. 7. 5| they manage patients with CKD. This helps ensuring that
87 II, 5. 7. 5| people are diagnosed with CKD, they get high quality advice
88 II, 5. 7. 5| people were diagnosed with CKD, creating an opportunity
89 II, 5. 7. 5| life-saving advice and treatment. CKD receives 27 points in QOF,
90 II, 5. 7. 5| national action plan for CKD, including secondary prevention,
91 II, 5. 7. 5| public health policies on CKD or RRT in Estonia and Sweden.
92 II, 5. 7. 6| community management of CKD, including self-care and
93 II, 5. 7. 6| this kind of policies for CKD. The development of these
94 II, 5. 7. 6| including full recognition of CKD as a preventable disease
95 II, 5. 7. 6| introduction, these policies for CKD will need to be harmonized
