| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | 1. FOREWORD~ ~The main objectives
2 -, 1 | Organizations (Appendix 1); (iii) reviewed by the
3 I, 2. 1 | 2.1. Introduction~ ~This Chapter
4 I, 2. 1 | macroeconomic level (Figure 2.1).~ ~ ~ ~The analysis of
5 I, 2. 4 | the growth rate. Table 2.1 provides an overview of
6 I, 2. 4 | varying downward.~ ~Table 2.1. Growth rate of real gross
7 I, 2. 5 | even taking into account 1.8 million immigrating into
8 I, 2. 9 | land and oceans, and by 1.0 °C for land alone. Europe
9 I, 2. 9 | than the global average (1.0 and 1.2 °C, respectively),
10 I, 2. 9 | global average (1.0 and 1.2 °C, respectively), especially
11 I, 2. 9 | increases in Europe between 1.0–5.5 °C by the end of the
12 I, 2. 9 | projected global warming (1.8–4.0 °C).~ ~European glaciers
13 I, 2. 9 | Snow cover has decreased by 1.3 % per decade during the
14 I, 2. 9 | rise has increased to 3.1 mm/year in the past 15 years (
15 I, 2. 9 | with a global average of 1.7 mm/year in the 20th century).
16 I, 2. 9 | 0.2 and 5.5 % for every 1 °C increase in temperature
17 I, 2. 10. 1 | 2.10.1. Human genomics and other “
18 I, 2. 10. 2 | dimensions range between 1 and 100 nm (0.001-0.1 μm),
19 I, 2. 10. 2 | between 1 and 100 nm (0.001-0.1 μm), are characterized by
20 I, 2. 10. 2 | Nanorods: nanoparticles with 1- 100 nm length, used in
21 I, 2. 10. 4 | counterfeiting~ ~In Europe, around 1% of pharmaceuticals are
22 I, 2. 11 | affairs. Special Report n° 1/2006. Available at: htt ~ ~
23 I, 2. 11 | Health Perspectives, 115(1), 5-12~Suhrcke M, McKee
24 I, 3. 1 | 3.1. Fertility and marriage
25 I, 3. 1 | between 1975 (3.75) and 1994 (1.85), in the Netherlands
26 I, 3. 1 | between 1964 (3.17) and 1977 (1.58), and in Portugal between
27 I, 3. 1 | between 1968 (3.00) and 1993 (1.51). In Germany fertility
28 I, 3. 1 | about 50%: from 2.51 to 1.25 (1963- 1995). Fertility
29 I, 3. 1 | fertility history (Figure 3.1)~ ~Figure 3.1. Total Period
30 I, 3. 1 | Figure 3.1)~ ~Figure 3.1. Total Period Fertility
31 I, 3. 1 | the EU. In 2005 Ireland (1.88) and France (1.92) reported
32 I, 3. 1 | Ireland (1.88) and France (1.92) reported the highest
33 I, 3. 1 | while the Slovak Republic (1.25) and Poland (1.24) had
34 I, 3. 1 | Republic (1.25) and Poland (1.24) had the lowest. As many
35 I, 3. 1 | had fertility rates below 1.5 in 2005.~ ~The overall
36 I, 3. 2 | and migration rate (per 1,000 population), 2005~ ~
37 I, 3. 2 | 10%) all have more than 1 million citizens born abroad.
38 I, 3. 3 | almost linearly. While about 1.6% of all EU citizens were
39 I, 3. 3 | 1963, this diminishes to 1.0% for those born in 2002,
40 I, 3. 3 | Sweden (26.4) and Belgium (26.1). In this group of countries
41 I, 3. 3 | within the European Union was 1.5% during the last 20 years.
42 I, 3. 3 | followed by Portugal (1.6%) and Spain (1.5%).~ ~
43 I, 3. 3 | Portugal (1.6%) and Spain (1.5%).~ ~Nevertheless, some
44 I, 3. 3 | growth varied from 0.6% to 1.0% over the periods from
45 I, 3. 3 | rates are again Sweden (1%) and Luxemburg (1.2%).~ ~
46 I, 3. 3 | Sweden (1%) and Luxemburg (1.2%).~ ~With relation to
47 I, 3. 3 | EU15 their share rose from 1.2% to the current 4.2%.
48 II, 4. 1 | 4.1. Life expectancy and healthy
49 II, 4. 1 | different countries.~ ~Table 4.1.1 shows estimates for 2005
50 II, 4. 1 | different countries.~ ~Table 4.1.1 shows estimates for 2005
51 II, 4. 1 | the gender gaps.~ ~Table 4.1.1. Life expectancy (LE)
52 II, 4. 1 | gender gaps.~ ~Table 4.1.1. Life expectancy (LE) and
53 II, 4. 1 | inhabitants of the EU25 reached 61.1 years for men and 63.0 years
54 II, 4. 1 | women, respectively (Table 4.1.1). Although in 2005 the
55 II, 4. 1 | respectively (Table 4.1.1). Although in 2005 the EU
56 II, 4. 1 | 17.6 years for men and 19.1 years for women representing
57 II, 4. 1 | age of 50 is much smaller, 1.5 years, than the total
58 II, 4. 1 | of likely trends. Table 4.1.2 gives estimates of life
59 II, 4. 1 | the ECHP survey.~ ~Table 4.1.2. Life expectancy and Disability-free
60 II, 4. 1 | Michel, 2004).~ ~Table 4.1.3 shows 10-year trends in
61 II, 4. 1 | level within EU27.~ ~Table 4.1.3. Life expectancy at birth (
62 II, 4. 1 | longevity gender gap by 1 year (Table 4.1.3). Estimates
63 II, 4. 1 | gender gap by 1 year (Table 4.1.3). Estimates shown in Table
64 II, 4. 1 | Estimates shown in Table 4.1.3 for LE only suggest a
65 II, 4. 1 | MS since 1995.~ ~Table 4.1.4. Minimum and maximum values
66 II, 4. 1 | 2005, per gender~ ~Table 4.1.4 underlines the significant
67 II, 4. 1 | gap) for women. Table 4.1.4 provides additional information
68 II, 4. 1 | range respectively from 9.1 years to 23.6 years (14.
69 II, 4. 1 | and from 10.4 years to 24.1 years (13.7 years gap) for
70 II, 4. 1 | respectively, in Figures 4.1.1. and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure 4.
71 II, 4. 1 | respectively, in Figures 4.1.1. and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure 4.1.
72 II, 4. 1 | in Figures 4.1.1. and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure 4.1.1. Life
73 II, 4. 1 | 1. and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure 4.1.1. Life Expectancy, broken
74 II, 4. 1 | and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure 4.1.1. Life Expectancy, broken
75 II, 4. 1 | in 2005, Men~ ~Figure 4.1.2. Life Expectancy, broken
76 II, 4. 1 | 17.6 years for men and 19.1 years for women, providing
77 II, 4. 1 | countries, LE does. Thus Table 4.1.7 presents the values of
78 II, 4. 1 | Welfare, 2006).5~ ~ ~Table 4.1.5. Life expectancy at birth (
79 II, 4. 1 | 2005, per gender~ ~Table 4.1.5 shows firstly that by
80 II, 4. 2 | expectancy increased by 1.8 years in the 1970s, 2.
81 II, 4. 2 | 8 years in the 1970s, 2.1 years in the 1980s and 3.
82 II, 4. 2 | of increase in the 1980s (1.9 years) was lower than
83 II, 4. 2 | 2.7 years).~ ~Table 4.2.1 shows the contribution of
84 II, 4. 2 | for women.~ ~Table 4.2.1. Arriaga decomposition of
85 II, 4. 2 | Infectious diseases (cause 1 in table 3) did not have
86 II, 4. 2 | high ages.~ ~Figure 4.2.1. Standardized death rates
87 II, 4. 3 | Statistics Report 45(11-Sup 2): 1-80.~ ~Commission of the
88 II, 4. 3 | Journal of Women and Aging 14(1-2): 119-133.~ ~Robine, J.-
89 II, 5. 1 | 5.1. Introduction~ ~
90 II, 5. 1. 1 | 5.1.1. Main non-communicable
91 II, 5. 1. 1 | 5.1.1. Main non-communicable diseases
92 II, 5. 1. 1 | Member States (Figure 5.1.1). At individual level,
93 II, 5. 1. 1 | Member States (Figure 5.1.1). At individual level, the
94 II, 5. 1. 1 | non-communicable diseases (Table 5.1.1). On the other hand, several
95 II, 5. 1. 1 | non-communicable diseases (Table 5.1.1). On the other hand, several
96 II, 5. 1. 1 | all conditions.~ ~Figure 5.1.1a. Proportion of cardiovascular
97 II, 5. 1. 1 | EU27 – A) Women~ ~Figure 5.1.1b. Proportion of cardiovascular
98 II, 5. 1. 1 | B) Men.~ ~ ~ ~Table 5.1.1. Risk factors for non-communicable
99 II, 5. 1. 1 | B) Men.~ ~ ~ ~Table 5.1.1. Risk factors for non-communicable
100 II, 5. 1. 1 | only,) and~· old age.~ Type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility
101 II, 5. 1. 2 | 5.1.2. Patient centeredness~ ~
102 II, 5. 1. 3 | 5.1.3. Therapeutic patient education~ ~
103 II, 5. 1. 4 | 5.1.4. Participation of patients
104 II, 5. 2. 1 | 5.2.1. Introduction~ ~Diseases
105 II, 5. 2. 1 | Council Meeting – Luxembourg – 1 and 2 June 2006; Allender
106 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.1. Ischemic heart disease~ ~
107 II, 5. 2. 3 | 5.2.3.1. Ischemic heart disease~ ~
108 II, 5. 2. 3 | of deaths in EU (Figure 5.1.1). Around half of the deaths
109 II, 5. 2. 3 | deaths in EU (Figure 5.1.1). Around half of the deaths
110 II, 5. 2. 3 | Europe countries (Table 5.2.1). According to the most
111 II, 5. 2. 3 | in Latvia).~ ~Table 5.2.1. Ischemic heart diseases (
112 II, 5. 2. 3 | are shown in Figure 5.2.1: in all countries from 1994
113 II, 5. 2. 3 | per 100.000).~ ~Figure 5.2.1. Age-standardized mortality
114 II, 5. 2. 3 | Table 5.2.3. Crude rates per 1 million population of revascularization
115 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4.1. Risk factors in primary
116 II, 5. 2. 4 | al, 2008) (see Chapter 5.1.4). Recent evidence suggests
117 II, 5. 2. 4 | Heart Health Charter Annex 1). Interestingly, moderate
118 II, 5. 2. 4 | been smokers (see Chapter 5.1.2.).~Unfortunately, despite
119 II, 5. 2. 5 | 5.2.5.1. Prevention~ ~In 1982, the
120 II, 5. 2. 5 | environment see Sections 5.1. or 5.2.; for diabetes mellitus
121 II, 5. 2. 5 | diabetes mellitus see Section 3.1.5. Annex 1 is also relevant
122 II, 5. 2. 5 | see Section 3.1.5. Annex 1 is also relevant within
123 II, 5. 2. 5 | 2586 Council Meeting – 1 and 2 June 2004) on promoting
124 II, 5. 2. 5 | Brussels – 30 November and 1 December 2006)~· The European
125 II, 5. 2. 6 | LDL cholesterol levels by 1% will induce within 5 years
126 II, 5. 2. 6 | induce within 5 years a 1% reduction of CVD incidence (
127 II, 5. 2. 6 | salt) intake to less than 1,5 g (3,8 g) per day, an
128 II, 5. 2. 6 | Acta Med Scand Suppl 460: 1-392.~Weijenberg MP, Feskens
129 II, 5. 2. 7 | Council Meeting – Luxembourg – 1 and 2 June 2006. European
130 II, 5. 2. 7 | Project. Int J Epidemiol 30 (1):S35-S40.~Giampaoli S, Palmieri
131 II, 5. 2. 7 | World Health Stat Q. 35 (1):11–47.~Pol ): Non-pharmacological
132 II, 5. 2. 7 | Am J Public Health 95 (1): 103-108.~WHO Expert Committee (
133 II, 5. 3. 1 | 5.3.1 Introduction~ ~Cancer is
134 II, 5. 3. 1 | the cancer diagnosis (i.e. 1-year, 3-years, 5-years after
135 II, 5. 3. 1 | health relevance. Table 5.3.1 shows the burden of these
136 II, 5. 3. 1 | estimated in 2006.~ ~Table 5.3.1. Estimated incident cases
137 II, 5. 3. 2 | 5.3.2.1 Cancer Registration~ ~Population-based
138 II, 5. 3. 5 | 3,200,000 new cases and 1,700,000 deaths were estimated
139 II, 5. 3. 5 | incidence rates (Figures 5.3.1) were estimated in Hungary
140 II, 5. 3. 6 | 5.3.5.1 Childhood cancer survival~ ~
141 II, 5. 3. 6 | Figures 5.3.32). Estimates of 1-year relative survival are ~
142 II, 5. 3. 6 | in 1992–1994 and from 8.1% to 9.8% in women (Sant
143 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6.1 Primary prevention~ ~The
144 II, 5. 3. 7 | colorectal cancer (with 1 or 2 years of interval).~ ~
145 II, 5. 3. 7 | introductions with a perspective of 1–2 years (as increases in
146 II, 5. 3. 9 | N Engl J Med 350: 2010-1~ ~Verdecchia A, Francisci
147 II, 5. 4.Acr | Surveillance Network~T1DM~Type 1 diabetes mellitus~T2DM~Type
148 II, 5. 4. 1 | 5.4.1 Introduction~Diabetes mellitus
149 II, 5. 4. 1 | or a hyperglycaemia 11.1 mmol/l (200mg/dl) in a random
150 II, 5. 4. 1 | a postprandial value 11.1 mmol/l. (Report WHO/IDF
151 II, 5. 4. 1 | diabetic population:~ ~·Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
152 II, 5. 4. 1 | expected 21 % increase to 9.1% (about 58.6 million people)
153 II, 5. 4. 1 | next 20 years. (Figure 5.4.1). The latest edition of
154 II, 5. 4. 1 | equivalent to an increase of 1.0% in only 3 years. Very
155 II, 5. 4. 1 | rates with 11.8% and 11.1%, while the UK is the country
156 II, 5. 4. 1 | Wild 2004).~ ~Figure 5.4.1. The Growing Diabetes Epidemic~ ~(
157 II, 5. 4. 1 | expenditures ranged from 1.6% in the Netherlands to
158 II, 5. 4. 1 | of hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetes represents also
159 II, 5. 4. 2 | recommendations (Table 5.4.1). The Declaration acknowledged
160 II, 5. 4. 2 | international level.~ ~Table 5.4.1. Recommendations St.Vincent
161 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.1. National and regional registries~ ~
162 II, 5. 4. 2 | Annual incidence of Type 1 diabetes by age/100,000
163 II, 5. 4. 2 | in patients with diabetes/1,000,000 general population~
164 II, 5. 4. 2 | patients with diabetes /1,000,000 general population~
165 II, 5. 4. 2 | children (0-14 year), with type 1 and 2 not separated, is
166 II, 5. 4. 2 | last 12 months with HDL<1.15 mmol/l (<1.0 mmol/l)~
167 II, 5. 4. 2 | months with HDL<1.15 mmol/l (<1.0 mmol/l)~11~Percent of
168 II, 5. 4. 2 | proliferative retinopathy~1~Percent of diabetic subjects
169 II, 5. 4. 2 | glucose equal or above 6.1 mmol/l and below 7.0 mmol/
170 II, 5. 4. 2 | fasting plasma glucose 6,1 mmol/l and <7,0 mmol/l).~
171 II, 5. 4. 2 | HDL cholesterol level <1.0 mmol/l for men and <1.
172 II, 5. 4. 2 | 1.0 mmol/l for men and <1.25 mmol/l for women is measured
173 II, 5. 4. 2 | and HDL cholesterol below 1.0 for men and 1.25 mmol/
174 II, 5. 4. 2 | cholesterol below 1.0 for men and 1.25 mmol/l for women.~Measurement
175 II, 5. 4. 3 | Romania). Relative to Type 1, other sources confirm the
176 II, 5. 4. 3 | of increase were 6.3% (4.1-8.5%) for children aged
177 II, 5. 4. 3 | children aged 0-4 years, 3.1% (1.5-4.8%) for 5-9 years,
178 II, 5. 4. 3 | children aged 0-4 years, 3.1% (1.5-4.8%) for 5-9 years, and
179 II, 5. 4. 3 | for 5-9 years, and 2.4% (1.0-3.8%) for 10-14 years (
180 II, 5. 4. 3 | diagnosed with diabetes (type 1 and type 2).~Annual incidence
181 II, 5. 4. 3 | HDL cholesterol level <1.0 mmol/l for men and <1.
182 II, 5. 4. 3 | 1.0 mmol/l for men and <1.25 mmol/l for women. Crude
183 II, 5. 4. 3 | examination ranging from 45.1 (France) to 83.4% (UK).~
184 II, 5. 4. 3 | contributed data, ranging between 1% and 14%.~Indicator on timely
185 II, 5. 4. 3 | with figures between 0.1% (Netherlands, Sweden) and
186 II, 5. 4. 3 | Cyprus). The median is 1.2%.~The annual incidence
187 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.1. Surveillance~The development
188 II, 5. 4. 6 | Primary prevention~For Type 1 diabetes, genetic susceptibility
189 II, 5. 4. 6 | strategy at EU-level would:~1. create a framework for
190 II, 5. 4. 6 | meeting held in Luxembourg, 1-2 June 2006 (see Table 5.
191 II, 5. 4. 6 | June 2006 (see Table 5.4.1);~ ~Table 5.4.1. EU Council
192 II, 5. 4. 6 | Table 5.4.1);~ ~Table 5.4.1. EU Council Recommendations~
193 II, 5. 4. 8 | Council meeting, Luxembourg, 1-2 June 2006~[http://www.
194 II, 5. 4. 8 | Excess costs of medical care 1 and 8 years after diagnosis
195 II, 5. 4. 8 | Clin Pract, 2000; 50(Suppl 1):35-47.~ ~K H (1998): Global
196 II, 5. 4. 8 | May;11(17):iii-iv, ix-xi, 1-125~WHO (2002), Fact sheet
197 II, 5. 5.Int | psychotic disorders is over 1%, corresponding to around
198 II, 5. 5.Int | female subjects range from 0.1% to 5.7%, whilst for bulimia
199 II, 5. 5.Int | 7.3% in women and from 0.1% to 2.1% in males. There
200 II, 5. 5.Int | women and from 0.1% to 2.1% in males. There is often
201 II, 5. 5.Int | has a prevalence of about 1% equivalent to some 3.7
202 II, 5. 5.Int | varies between 3 and 6 per 1.000 inhabitants. Data, though
203 II, 5. 5.Int | prevalence 4.5-5.0 per 1000), 1.9 million aged 20-64 (prevalence
204 II, 5. 5.Int(21)| 1998, Official Journal L26/1 of 01.02.1999,.Sixth Framework
205 II, 5. 5.Int(21)| 2002, Official Journal L232/1 of 29.08.2002; Official
206 II, 5. 5.Int(21)| 2002; Official Journal L294/1 of 29.10.02.~
207 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1. Depression, mood/anxiety
208 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.1. Introduction~ ~Mood disorders.
209 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.1. Introduction~ ~Mood disorders.
210 II, 5. 5. 1 | 2000s amounted to almost 1% of Gross National Product
211 II, 5. 5. 1 | especially among women (1:9 for males, 1:42 for females) (
212 II, 5. 5. 1 | among women (1:9 for males, 1:42 for females) (Schmidtke
213 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.2. Data sources~ ~ ~
214 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.2.1. Registers~ ~There are
215 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.2.1. Registers~ ~There are problems
216 II, 5. 5. 1 | introductory Section 5.5.1.~ ~Mood and anxiety disorders.
217 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.2.2. Data from population
218 II, 5. 5. 1 | presented in Chapter 5.5.1. Mental Disorders. The ESEMeD
219 II, 5. 5. 1 | in detail in Chapter 5.5.1. Mental Disorders. Two Eurobarometer
220 II, 5. 5. 1 | more detail in Chapter 5.5.1. Mood Disorders.~ ~ ~
221 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.3. Data description and
222 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorder was 14%. Table 5.5.1.1 presents lifetime and
223 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorder was 14%. Table 5.5.1.1 presents lifetime and 12
224 II, 5. 5. 1 | ESEMeD countries.~ ~Table 5.5.1.1 Lifetime and 12 month
225 II, 5. 5. 1 | countries.~ ~Table 5.5.1.1 Lifetime and 12 month prevalence
226 II, 5. 5. 1 | Practitioners (GP) only.~ ~Table 5.5.1.2. Level of care use (%)
227 II, 5. 5. 1 | and diabetes.~ ~Figure 5.5.1.1. Relative burden of some
228 II, 5. 5. 1 | diabetes.~ ~Figure 5.5.1.1. Relative burden of some
229 II, 5. 5. 1 | anxiety disorder.~ ~Table 5.5.1.3. Lifetime suicidal behaviour
230 II, 5. 5. 1 | increased with age.~ ~Table 5.5.1.4. Psychological distress
231 II, 5. 5. 1 | thus be distinguished:~ ~1) those with a lower prevalence
232 II, 5. 5. 1 | and Croatia).~ ~Figure 5.5.1.2. Odds ratio (with 95%
233 II, 5. 5. 1 | psychological distress.~ ~Table 5.5.1.5. Odds Ratio for a score
234 II, 5. 5. 1 | and Latvia.~ ~Figure 5.5.1.3. Odds ratio (with 95%
235 II, 5. 5. 1 | younger adults.~ ~Figure 5.5.1.4. Odds ratio (with 95%
236 II, 5. 5. 1 | Malta and Italy (Figure 5.5.1.5).~ ~Figure 5.5.1.5. Death
237 II, 5. 5. 1 | Figure 5.5.1.5).~ ~Figure 5.5.1.5. Death due to suicide
238 II, 5. 5. 1 | are presented in Table 5.5.1.6.~ ~Table 5.5.1.6. Annually
239 II, 5. 5. 1 | Table 5.5.1.6.~ ~Table 5.5.1.6. Annually age adjusted
240 II, 5. 5. 1 | years is given in Table 5.5.1.7.~ ~Table 5.5.1.7. Age
241 II, 5. 5. 1 | Table 5.5.1.7.~ ~Table 5.5.1.7. Age adjusted mortality
242 II, 5. 5. 1 | annual change estimated at -6.1%(P<0.0001), –5.4%(P<0.0001)
243 II, 5. 5. 1 | 14 age group (Table 5.5.1.8) the suicide rates were
244 II, 5. 5. 1 | and Ireland.~ ~Table 5.5.1.8. Number of deaths (N)
245 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
246 II, 5. 5. 1 | Adolescents and Young People (2000-1) included also interventions
247 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.5. Future developments~ ~
248 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.6. References~ ~Alonso J,
249 II, 5. 5. 1 | Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 17(1):14-9.~ ~S H et al. (2006).
250 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.1. Introduction~ ~The term “
251 II, 5. 5. 2 | in EU is estimated to be 1.1-1.3%, and is constantly
252 II, 5. 5. 2 | EU is estimated to be 1.1-1.3%, and is constantly
253 II, 5. 5. 2 | EU is estimated to be 1.1-1.3%, and is constantly increasing.
254 II, 5. 5. 2 | dementia.~ ~Table 5.5.2.1. EURODEM prevalence rates~ ~
255 II, 5. 5. 2 | This represents between 1.13 and 1.25 percent of the
256 II, 5. 5. 2 | represents between 1.13 and 1.25 percent of the total
257 II, 5. 5. 2 | Europe, 2006a). Figure 5.5.2.1.1 uses the statistics for
258 II, 5. 5. 2 | 2006a). Figure 5.5.2.1.1 uses the statistics for
259 II, 5. 5. 2 | population.~ ~Figure 5.5.2.1. The number of people with
260 II, 5. 5. 2 | increase was from 0.44% to 1.25% (using EURODEM rates).
261 II, 5. 5. 2 | Review of Public Health 25: 1-24.~ ~Kurz A (2002): Dementia:
262 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1. Eating Disorders~ ~
263 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.1. Introduction~ ~Eating
264 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.1. Introduction~ ~Eating disorders
265 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.2. Data sources~ ~ ~Qualitative
266 II, 5. 5. 3 | overview in table 5.5.3.1.2.1 illustrates the limited
267 II, 5. 5. 3 | overview in table 5.5.3.1.2.1 illustrates the limited
268 II, 5. 5. 3 | the project.~ ~Table 5.5.3.1.1 Overview of data availability
269 II, 5. 5. 3 | project.~ ~Table 5.5.3.1.1 Overview of data availability
270 II, 5. 5. 3 | Turkey~ ~X~ ~ ~Table 5.5.3.1.2.1: Available data about
271 II, 5. 5. 3 | X~ ~ ~Table 5.5.3.1.2.1: Available data about anorexia
272 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.3. Data description and
273 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence rate for bulimia is 1% for 15-24-year-old females.
274 II, 5. 5. 3 | 15-24-year-old females. 0.1% of young men are bulimic
275 II, 5. 5. 3 | an incidence rate of 81,1 per 100.000 (Hoek and van
276 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.4. Risk factors and vulnerable
277 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.5. Control tools and policies~ ~
278 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.6. Future developments~ ~
279 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.7. References~Alexander
280 II, 5. 5. 3 | Children in Europe; Volume 1: The Public Health Challenge
281 II, 5. 5. 3 | Journal of Eating Disorder 41:1 92-95.~Hoek H W, van Hoeken
282 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.8 Acronyms~ ~DSMR-IV classification~
283 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.1. Introduction~ ~Schizophrenia (
284 II, 5. 5. 3 | native-born individuals (ratio 1.84), and lower in the least
285 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia occurs in about 1% of the population, independent
286 II, 5. 5. 3 | populations (male:female ratio = 1.4); moreover, not only migrants
287 II, 5. 5. 3 | risk over the life span of 1% of the population.~ ~In
288 II, 5. 5. 3 | Incidence~Figure 5.5.3.2.1. Estimated prevalence of
289 II, 5. 5. 3 | lifetime is about seven per 1 000 people. The latest available
290 II, 5. 5. 3 | point prevalence of 4.6 per 1 000, 3.3 for period prevalence,
291 II, 5. 5. 3 | lifetime prevalence is 0.5 to 1.0%.~Worldwide, between 16
292 II, 5. 5. 3 | Considering in-patients per 1,000 populations (see Figure
293 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2% YLDs).~Table 5.5.3.2.1. DALYs due to schizophrenia~
294 II, 5. 5. 3 | tendency to be obese, i.e. a 1.5 to 4 times increased rate
295 II, 5. 5. 3 | psychiatrists ranges from 1.8 to 25, of psychiatric
296 II, 5. 5. 3 | of psychologists from 0.1 to 96 per 100 000 population (
297 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe. Eur J Neurol 12 Suppl 1:1-27.~Andlin-Sobocki P,
298 II, 5. 5. 3 | Eur J Neurol 12 Suppl 1:1-27.~Andlin-Sobocki P, Rössler
299 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe. Eur J Neurol 12 Suppl 1:74-77.~Andrews G, Sandersson
300 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pract Epidemol Ment Health 3(1):23 [Epub ahead of print].~
301 II, 5. 5. 3 | Neuroscience Research 3(1-2):23-33.~Häfner H and Maurer
302 II, 5. 5. 3 | Wirksamkeit. Psychiat Prax 34(1):S28-S32.~Priebe S (2007):
303 II, 5. 5. 3 | Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 25 (1):CD004838.~Regier DA, Farmer
304 II, 5. 5. 3 | perspective. World Psychiatry 5 (1):53-55.~Silverstone T, Smith
305 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.3.1. Introduction~ ~Autism Spectrum
306 II, 5. 5. 3 | finding of 6.6 and 6.7 per 1,000 eight-year-olds translates
307 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.1. Introduction~ ~ ~Epilepsy
308 II, 5. 5. 3 | continent (Table 5.5.3.4.1). The annual incidence of
309 II, 5. 5. 3 | design.~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.1. Incidence of epilepsy in
310 II, 5. 5. 3 | localization-related epilepsies (idiopathic 1.7; symptomatic 13.6), 6.
311 II, 5. 5. 3 | idiopathic 5.6; symptomatic 1.1) and 1.9 per 100,000 for
312 II, 5. 5. 3 | idiopathic 5.6; symptomatic 1.1) and 1.9 per 100,000 for
313 II, 5. 5. 3 | 6; symptomatic 1.1) and 1.9 per 100,000 for undetermined
314 II, 5. 5. 3 | ranges from 3.2 to 7.8 per 1,000 (Table 5.5.3.4.3). The
315 II, 5. 5. 3 | cases ~Prevalence ratio (per 1,000)~Reference(s), year~ ~
316 II, 5. 5. 3 | 199/235~ ~81/47~6.2/5.1~ ~3.9/5.2~ ~3.3/3.1~Granieri
317 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2/5.1~ ~3.9/5.2~ ~3.3/3.1~Granieri et al., 1989 (*) /
318 II, 5. 5. 3 | across sectional ~405 ~4.1 ~Luengo et al., 2001 (*)~
319 II, 5. 5. 3 | idiopathic epilepsies was 1.2 per 1,000, while that
320 II, 5. 5. 3 | idiopathic epilepsies was 1.2 per 1,000, while that of cryptogenic
321 II, 5. 5. 3 | cryptogenic epilepsies was 1.0 per 1,000. In another
322 II, 5. 5. 3 | cryptogenic epilepsies was 1.0 per 1,000. In another study of
323 II, 5. 5. 3 | common syndromic category (1.5 per 1,000) followed by
324 II, 5. 5. 3 | syndromic category (1.5 per 1,000) followed by generalized
325 II, 5. 5. 3 | generalized epilepsies (1.3 per 1,000) and undetermined
326 II, 5. 5. 3 | generalized epilepsies (1.3 per 1,000) and undetermined epilepsies (
327 II, 5. 5. 3 | undetermined epilepsies (0.6 per 1,000). Localization-related
328 II, 5. 5. 3 | juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 1-5%, West syndrome 0.5-8%,
329 II, 5. 5. 3 | to epilepsy ranges from 1 to 8 per 100,000 population
330 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual mortality rates at 1-2 per 100,000 (Massey et
331 II, 5. 5. 3 | mortality rate of 6.23 per 1,000 person-years was reported (
332 II, 5. 5. 3 | was found to range from 1.6 to 9.3 in community-based
333 II, 5. 5. 3 | community-based studies and 1.9-8.7 in institutionalised
334 II, 5. 5. 3 | for epilepsy ranges from 1.6 to 5.3 in children and
335 II, 5. 5. 3 | MF~Incident cohort~149~16.1~9.3~Loiseau et al., 1999~
336 II, 5. 5. 3 | Incident cohort~45~28.0~1.6~Olafsson et al., 1998~
337 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohort~218~121.0~1.8~Zielinski, 1974~Sweden~
338 II, 5. 5. 3 | Accident-related deaths range between 1 and 6% of all deaths, with
339 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 20% and the SMRs from 1 and 5.8. The wide difference
340 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence of SUDEP ranges from 1 per 1,000 in prevalence
341 II, 5. 5. 3 | SUDEP ranges from 1 per 1,000 in prevalence studies (
342 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sander, 1997) to 3.5 per 1,000 in incidence studies (
343 II, 5. 5. 3 | SUDEP was 2.5 vs. 6.3 per 1,000 (Nilsson et al, 2003).
344 II, 5. 5. 3 | medical event occurring in a 1-2 year period in a large
345 II, 5. 5. 3 | comorbid disorder (PR 6.1) followed by schizophrenia (
346 II, 5. 5. 3 | accidents (rate ratio, RR 1.8)(Vaa, 2005) and the risk
347 II, 5. 5. 3 | of serious accidents (RR 1.4)(Taylor et al, 1996) may
348 II, 5. 5. 3 | during sleep (license valid 1 year;~ 2 years if seizure
349 II, 5. 5. 3 | during sleep established by 1 year~Italy I 24 months -~
350 II, 5. 5. 3 | community-based survey. Epilepsy Behav 1:S9-S14.~Forsgren L, Bucht
351 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevention. Epilepsy Res 60:1-16.~Vaa T (2005): Impairments,
352 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.5.1. Introduction~ ~Multiple
353 II, 5. 5. 3 | summarised here. Tables 5.5.3.5.1-5.5.3.5.4 provide further
354 II, 5. 5. 3 | available.~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.1. Prevalence of Multiple
355 II, 5. 5. 3 | female:male ratios between 1.1 and 3.4. Mean total prevalence
356 II, 5. 5. 3 | female:male ratios between 1.1 and 3.4. Mean total prevalence
357 II, 5. 5. 3 | 3.5.5 and Figure 5.5.3.5.1. RR-MS ranged from 24% (
358 II, 5. 5. 3 | mortality ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 per 100 000 as reported
359 II, 5. 5. 3 | living.~ ~Figure 5.5.3.5.1. Distribution of total cost
360 II, 5. 5. 3 | the 20 categories (0, 0.5, 1, etc. to 10) which indicate
361 II, 5. 5. 3 | employment prospects.~Paragraph 1 of the substantive resolution
362 II, 5. 5. 3 | Oslo, Norway: prevalence on 1 January 1995 and incidence
363 II, 5. 5. 3 | study. Neuroepidemiology 11:1-10.~Koch-Henriksen N (1999):
364 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.1. Introduction~ ~Parkinson’
365 II, 5. 5. 3 | much lower prevalence (MSA:1.86 to 4.9/100.000, PSP:
366 II, 5. 5. 3 | number of PD patients at 1.2 million within the European
367 II, 5. 5. 3 | community (Figure 5.5.3.6.1. Estimated total number
368 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe~ ~Figure 5.5.3.6.1. Estimated total number
369 II, 5. 5. 3 | shown in Table 5. 5. 3. 6. 1.~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.1. Incidence
370 II, 5. 5. 3 | 3. 6. 1.~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.1. Incidence studies of Parkinson’
371 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence were much higher: 1,280 to 1,500/100,000 and
372 II, 5. 5. 3 | were much higher: 1,280 to 1,500/100,000 and 346/100,
373 II, 5. 5. 3 | men: some studies found a 1.5-2-fold increase, but these
374 II, 5. 5. 3 | reports that SMR is about 1.8 (Hely et al, 2005; Hely
375 II, 5. 5. 3 | cost category totalling €6.1 billion, constituting 57%
376 II, 5. 5. 3 | healthcare cost, estimated at €1.9 billion. However, these
377 II, 5. 5. 3 | 50 with PD was between 4.1 and 4.6 million and the
378 II, 5. 5. 3 | specific foods. Mov Disord 14(1):21-27.~Andlin-Sobocki P,
379 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe. Eur J Neurol 12 Suppl 1:1-27.~Baldereschi M, Di
380 II, 5. 5. 3 | Eur J Neurol 12 Suppl 1:1-27.~Baldereschi M, Di Carlo
381 II, 5. 5. 3 | neurosurgery, and psychiatry 62(1):10-15.~Dodel RC, Singer
382 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disease. Moving Along 5 (1): 6. Available at http://
383 II, 5. 5. 3 | international survey. Mov Disord 17(1):60-67.~Goetz CG, Stebbins
384 II, 5. 5. 3 | relationship. Neurology 52(1):115-119.~Gorell JM, Peterson
385 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease. Pharmacoeconomics 16(1):59-69.~Lindgren P, von
386 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe. Eur J Neurol 12 Suppl 1:68-73.~Logroscino G (2005):
387 II, 5. 5. 3 | Parkinsonism Relat Disord 10(1):19-21.~Orphanet (2007):
388 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sardinia). Acta neurologica 1(4):303-308.~Rosati G, Granieri
389 II, 5. 5. 3 | s disease. Mov Disord 18(1):19-31.~Uitti RJ, Ahlskog
390 II, 5. 6. 1 | 5.6.1. Introduction~ ~Musculoskeletal
391 II, 5. 6. 1 | and conditions include: (1) joint conditions e.g. rheumatoid
392 II, 5. 6. 3 | are given in table 5.6.1.~ ~Table 5.6.1. General
393 II, 5. 6. 3 | table 5.6.1.~ ~Table 5.6.1. General Incidence and Prevalence
394 II, 5. 6. 3 | et al, 1997) (Figure 5.6.1), explained partly by a
395 II, 5. 6. 3 | working place.~ ~Figure 5.6.1. The age and sex-specific
396 II, 5. 6. 3 | care costs compared to 8.1% for mental retardation.
397 II, 5. 6. 3 | and 5.6.4 and Tables 5.6.1-5.6.3) and this is where
398 II, 5. 6. 3 | for OA: 4.5 for farming 1-9 years and 9.3 for farming
399 II, 5. 6. 3 | from national data were 0.1% of 1991 GNP, of which almost
400 II, 5. 6. 3 | prevalence of RA range from 1-6 per 1000 for men and 3-
401 II, 5. 6. 3 | men (the ratio varied from 1.7 to 4.0) .~ ~The incidence
402 II, 5. 6. 3 | same three countries is 1%, 0.86% and 0.51%. These
403 II, 5. 6. 3 | mass): a BMD value between 1 and 2.5 standard deviations
404 II, 5. 6. 3 | women (–2.5 BMD T–score –1).~ ~Clinically, osteoporosis
405 II, 5. 6. 3 | ratio of approximately 2:1 (EULAR Online Course, 2008).
406 II, 5. 6. 3 | female to male ratio being 4:1), and around 50% occur in
407 II, 5. 6. 3 | vertebral deformity are 1% per year among women and
408 II, 5. 6. 3 | replacement of the joint. At 1 year, hip fracture is associated
409 II, 5. 6. 3 | affecting 20 – 44% within 1 year in the working population
410 II, 5. 6. 3 | Most return to work within 1 week with 90% returning
411 II, 5. 6. 3 | persisting for more than 1 month. In cases with chronic
412 II, 5. 6. 4 | sickness absence (less than 1-2 weeks), musculoskeletal
413 II, 5. 6. 6 | ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 66(1):34-45~Cooper C (1997):
414 II, 5. 6. 6 | in Great Britain Report 1: The prevalence of disability
415 II, 5. 6. 6 | community. Eur J Gen Pract 1:25-28~Naz SM and Symmons
416 II, 5. 6. 6 | in Great Britain Report 1: Prevalence of disability
417 II, 5. 6. 6 | a prospective study over 1 year. Osteoporos Int 3:148-
418 II, 5. 6. 6 | Mosby-Elsevier; Section C, Chapter 1.~Zollman C, Vickers A (1999):
419 II, 5. 7. 1 | 5.7.1. Introduction~ ~Chronic
420 II, 5. 7. 1 | NHANES III) show that about 1 out 10 adult Americans exhibit
421 II, 5. 7. 1 | population level.~ ~Figure 5.7.1. Development and progression
422 II, 5. 7. 1 | estimated that in Italy 1.8% of the total health care
423 II, 5. 7. 1 | initiative (Tables 5.7.1 and 5.7.2). Data about CKD
424 II, 5. 7. 1 | GFR cut-offs.~ ~Table 5.7.1. KDIGO Definition of Chronic
425 II, 5. 7. 1 | months, as manifested by:~1. Kidney damage, with or
426 II, 5. 7. 1 | transplantation~2. GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 , with or without
427 II, 5. 7. 1 | Description~GFR*~(mL/min per 1.73 m2 )~ICD 9 CM Code~ ~
428 II, 5. 7. 1 | 9 CM Code~ ~Treatment~ ~1~Kidney damage~with normal
429 II, 5. 7. 1 | normal or higher GFR*~>90~585.1~1-5 T if kidney transplant
430 II, 5. 7. 1 | or higher GFR*~>90~585.1~1-5 T if kidney transplant
431 II, 5. 7. 2 | prevalence of CKD (stages 1-5) in EU countries were
432 II, 5. 7. 3 | as a GFR <75 ml/min per 1.74 m2 ) of 12.1 cases per
433 II, 5. 7. 3 | min per 1.74 m2 ) of 12.1 cases per million of the
434 II, 5. 7. 3 | year pmarp (<30 ml/min per 1.74 m2 ) (Esbjorner et al,
435 II, 5. 7. 3 | children aged 0-14 was 7.1 patients pmarp (Table 5.
436 II, 5. 7. 3 | in Norway. Prevalence of 1-5 CKD in Norway was 10.2%
437 II, 5. 7. 3 | System, USRDS, 2007) are 1.5-3 times as high as in
438 II, 5. 7. 3 | prevalence of stages 3-5 CKD was 1.3 to 1.5 times higher in
439 II, 5. 7. 3 | stages 3-5 CKD was 1.3 to 1.5 times higher in medical
440 II, 5. 7. 3 | as a GFR <75 ml/min per 1.74 m2) of 74.7 cases pmarp (
441 II, 5. 7. 3 | defining CKD (<30 ml/min per 1.74 m2 ), the corresponding
442 II, 5. 7. 3 | as defined in Tables 5.7..1 and 5.7..2) in The Netherlands (
443 II, 5. 7. 3 | the prevalence of stage 1-5 CKD rose from 14.5% (NHANES
444 II, 5. 7. 3 | prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD was 1.3 to 1.5 times higher in
445 II, 5. 7. 3 | stage 3-5 CKD was 1.3 to 1.5 times higher in medical
446 II, 5. 7. 5 | chronic renal failure: (1) to stabilize (or decrease)
447 II, 5. 7. 5 | was in operation, roughly 1.5 million people were diagnosed
448 II, 5. 7. 7 | Pediatrics 2003 Apr;111(4 Pt 1):e382-e387.~Atthobari J,
449 II, 5. 7. 7 | Soc Nephrol 2005 Jan;16(1):180-8.~de Zeeuw D, Hillege
450 II, 5. 7. 7 | Semin Nephrol 2006 Jan;26(1):68-79.~Kurella M, Lo JC,
451 II, 5. 7. 7 | Ann Epidemiol 2007 Jan;17(1):19-26.~Lysaght MJ (2002)
452 II, 5. 7. 7 | Soc Nephrol 2002;13(Suppl 1):S37-S40.~McKenna AM, Keating
453 II, 5. 7. 7 | Kidney Dis 2002;39(Supple 1):S1-S266.~National Kidney
454 II, 5. 7. 7 | Kidney Dis 2004;43(Suppl 1):S1-S290.~Obrador GT, Pereira
455 II, 5. 7. 7 | Disease study. PLoS Med 1:e27.~Sarnak MJ, Levey AS,
456 II, 5. 7. 7 | Kidney Int 2007 Jul;72(1):92-9.~Stewart JH, McCredie
457 II, 5. 8. 1 | 5.8.1. Introduction~ ~The term
458 II, 5. 8. 2 | al 2004).~ ~Table 5.8.2.1. ICD10 Codes for pulmonary
459 II, 5. 8. 2 | transparency of lung~J43.1~ ~Panlobular emphysema~ ~ ~
460 II, 5. 8. 2 | with influenza ( J9 )~J44.1~ ~Chronic obstructive pulmonary
461 II, 5. 8. 3 | of GOLD-defined COPD of 1.8% in never smokers, in
462 II, 5. 8. 3 | moderate and severe COPD was 1% in never smokers, with
463 II, 5. 8. 3 | four estimates (Table 5.8.1)~ ~Table 5.8.1. Prevalence
464 II, 5. 8. 3 | Table 5.8.1)~ ~Table 5.8.1. Prevalence estimates for
465 II, 5. 8. 3 | between 40 and 69 years is 9.1% (Sobradillo Pena et al,
466 II, 5. 8. 3 | Romania, Hungary (Figure 5.8.1).~ ~ ~ ~In two model studies
467 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2001) and by 50% (from 1.9 to 2.9 per 1 000) in males
468 II, 5. 8. 3 | 50% (from 1.9 to 2.9 per 1 000) in males and by 90%
469 II, 5. 8. 3 | by 90% in females (from 1.0 to 2.9 per 1 000) from
470 II, 5. 8. 3 | females (from 1.0 to 2.9 per 1 000) from 2000 to 2025 (
471 II, 5. 8. 3 | COPD GOLD stage II was 10.1% overall, 11.8% for men,
472 II, 5. 8. 3 | higher was estimated at 26.1%, regardless of gender,
473 II, 5. 8. 3 | 0.7%, and very severe 0.1%) (Lindberg et al 2006).
474 II, 5. 8. 3 | symptomatic.~ ~Prevalence (per 1 000 in Dutch population)
475 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2005) in males and 3..9, 8.1, 2.3, 0.4, respectively,
476 II, 5. 8. 3 | higher, and a frequency > 1% within the first year after
477 II, 5. 8. 3 | 0), osteoporosis (RR = 3.1), RI (RR = 2.2), MI (RR =
478 II, 5. 8. 3 | RI (RR = 2.2), MI (RR = 1.7), angina (RR = 1.7), fractures (
479 II, 5. 8. 3 | RR = 1.7), angina (RR = 1.7), fractures (RR = 1.6),
480 II, 5. 8. 3 | 1.7), fractures (RR = 1.6), and glaucoma (RR = 1.
481 II, 5. 8. 3 | 1.6), and glaucoma (RR = 1.3) [all p <0.05].~ ~The
482 II, 5. 8. 3 | costs per patient were about 1 200, 1 600 and 2 300 € in
483 II, 5. 8. 3 | patient were about 1 200, 1 600 and 2 300 € in Spain
484 II, 5. 8. 3 | Spain (Masa et al, 2004) and 1 261€ in Italy.~ ~An analysis
485 II, 5. 8. 3 | treatment per patient was 1.017 Euro. It was found that
486 II, 5. 8. 4 | continuous smokers, compared to 1% in never smokers, with
487 II, 5. 8. 4 | cough and phlegm (odds ratio 1.22 compared to males) (Cerveri
488 II, 5. 8. 4 | GOLD stage 0), 2.5 and 1.1% for GOLD stages I and
489 II, 5. 8. 4 | GOLD stage 0), 2.5 and 1.1% for GOLD stages I and II+,
490 II, 5. 8. 5 | were current smokers, 25.1% former smokers and 10.9%
491 II, 5. 8. 6 | in hospital (47.6% vs 5.1%, p<0.001) or at home (37.
492 II, 5. 8. 7 | Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=989] (on-line publication,
493 II, 5. 8. 7 | Monograph 38, 2006; 11: 1-6.~ ~Sidney S, Sorel M,
494 II, 5. 9. FB | 5.FB.1. Introduction~ ~An allergy
495 II, 5. 9. FB | spontaneously with age (Figure 5.FB.1).~ ~Figure 5.FB.1. Symptoms
496 II, 5. 9. FB | Figure 5.FB.1).~ ~Figure 5.FB.1. Symptoms of allergic march~ ~
497 II, 5. 9. FB | increase in relative risk (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8). The
498 II, 5. 9. FB | relative risk (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8). The combined
499 II, 5. 9. FB | risk (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8). The combined results
500 II, 5. 9. FB | asthma had a pooled RR of 1.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.3) and
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