Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 3. 7| able to detect cervical anomalies before becoming cancer:
2 II, 5. 11. 3| birth marks or cutaneous anomalies have a high impact on wellness
3 II, 8. 1. 1| those affected by congenital anomalies as well as hearing and vision
4 II, 9 | largely unknown.~ ~Congenital anomalies~ ~In the majority of individual
5 II, 9 | early pregnancy). Congenital anomalies are usually grouped under “
6 II, 9 | probably a range of other anomalies (Botto et al, 2006). Other
7 II, 9 | prevention of congenital anomalies. Some dietary elements in
8 II, 9 | the burden of congenital anomalies in the population.~ ~Rubella
9 II, 9 | risk factor for chromosomal anomalies such as Down syndrome. Trends
10 II, 9 | the section on congenital anomalies are listed in Chapter 9.
11 II, 9. 1. 1| today include congenital anomalies, very preterm birth, and
12 II, 9. 1. 1| Prevalence of selected congenital anomalies~R: Distribution of APGAR
13 II, 9. 1. 1| deaths due to congenital anomalies~F: Prevalence of cerebral
14 II, 9. 1. 1| prematurity and congenital anomalies. Data on congenital anomalies
15 II, 9. 1. 1| anomalies. Data on congenital anomalies are presented elsewhere
16 II, 9. 1. 2| Collectively, congenital anomalies represent an important public
17 II, 9. 1. 2| Congenital (“present from birth”) anomalies which involve structural
18 II, 9. 1. 2| childhood. “Major” congenital anomalies are those with serious medical
19 II, 9. 1. 2| prevalence of congenital anomalies. These are now of two main
20 II, 9. 1. 2| inequalities, congenital anomalies are often ignored in the
21 II, 9. 1. 2| inequalities between congenital anomalies and more common diseases
22 II, 9. 1. 2| Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) is the principal source
23 II, 9. 1. 2| epidemiology of congenital anomalies in Europe. EUROCAT is a
24 II, 9. 1. 2| registers of congenital anomalies not participating in EUROCAT
25 II, 9. 1. 2| minor or poorly defined anomalies are excluded (EUROCAT, 2005a),
26 II, 9. 1. 2| postneonatally diagnosed anomalies among livebirths).~ ~Other
27 II, 9. 1. 2| information about congenital anomalies in Europe include the following:~ ~
28 II, 9. 1. 2| mortality due to congenital anomalies. Their data can be seen
29 II, 9. 1. 2| treatment for congenital anomalies (e.g. surgery for congenital
30 II, 9. 1. 2| useful for major congenital anomalies where livebirth is the most
31 II, 9. 1. 2| Prevalence of congenital anomalies~ ~EUROCAT records a total
32 II, 9. 1. 2| prevalence of major congenital anomalies of 23.8 per 1 000 births
33 II, 9. 1. 2| prevalence of chromosomal anomalies is 3.4 per 1 000 births.
34 II, 9. 1. 2| recorded only under chromosomal anomalies). Congenital heart disease
35 II, 9. 1. 2| prevalence of congenital anomalies (followed by the usual dip
36 II, 9. 1. 2| per 1 000 births of All Anomalies and Cardiac Anomalies, 1992-
37 II, 9. 1. 2| All Anomalies and Cardiac Anomalies, 1992-2004.~ ~Perinatal
38 II, 9. 1. 2| pregnancy.~ ~Congenital anomalies are an important contributor
39 II, 9. 1. 2| anomaly), nervous system anomalies (19% of perinatal deaths
40 II, 9. 1. 2| anomaly), and chromosomal anomalies (21%) (Table 9.1.2.2).~ ~
41 II, 9. 1. 2| 9.1.2.2).~ ~Chromosomal anomalies contribute more to stillbirths
42 II, 9. 1. 2| mortality due to congenital anomalies, 2000-2004.~ ~Perinatal
43 II, 9. 1. 2| but allow TOPFA for lethal anomalies beyond this limit (Netherlands,
44 II, 9. 1. 2| carried out for non-lethal anomalies, but is also influenced
45 II, 9. 1. 2| countries in the prevalence of anomalies such as neural tube defects
46 II, 9. 1. 2| largest group of congenital anomalies. This average figure is
47 II, 9. 1. 2| associated with other congenital anomalies or is lethal.~ ~Down Syndrome~ ~
48 II, 9. 1. 2| largely unknown.~ ~Congenital anomalies~In the majority of individual
49 II, 9. 1. 2| early pregnancy). Congenital anomalies are usually grouped under “
50 II, 9. 1. 2| probably a range of other anomalies (Botto et al, 2006). Other
51 II, 9. 1. 2| prevention of congenital anomalies. Some dietary elements in
52 II, 9. 1. 2| the burden of congenital anomalies in the population~ ~Rubella
53 II, 9. 1. 2| risk factor for chromosomal anomalies such as Down syndrome. Trends
54 II, 9. 1. 2| the section on congenital anomalies are listed in Chapter 9.
55 II, 9. 1. 2| prevention of congenital anomalies has not been an area of
56 II, 9. 1. 2| defects, and possibly other anomalies also (Botto et al, 2006)
57 II, 9. 1. 2| particularly high for some anomalies as presented in section
58 II, 9. 1. 2| necessitates decisions on which anomalies justify this and how late
59 II, 9. 1. 2| available for many rare anomalies. Inevitably, screening involves
60 II, 9. 1. 2| and policies~ ~Congenital anomalies straddle different public
61 II, 9. 1. 2| particularly great for congenital anomalies, coming from the opportunity
62 II, 9. 1. 2| opportunity to pool data on rare anomalies and/or exposures, compare
63 II, 9. 1. 2| The majority of congenital anomalies are rare (as defined by
64 II, 9. 1. 2| risk factors for congenital anomalies, and to further development
65 II, 9. 1. 2| children with congenital anomalies need support. There has
66 II, 9. 1. 2| the “burden” of congenital anomalies in Europe. Such an evaluation
67 II, 9. 1. 2| Risk factors for congenital anomalies amenable to primary prevention
68 II, 9. 1. 2| risk factors for congenital anomalies. Any strategy to tackle
69 II, 9. 1. 2| attention to congenital anomalies as part of a range of outcomes
70 II, 9. 1. 2| However, for congenital anomalies a system of pre-conceptional
71 II, 9. 1. 2| environmental causes of congenital anomalies.~ ~
72 II, 9. 1. 2| the causes of congenital anomalies, have the potential to change
73 II, 9. 1. 2| detection of chromosomal anomalies, and greater sensitivity
74 II, 9. 1. 2| specificity of diagnosis of anomalies. Variation in the quality
75 II, 9. 1. 2| Registration of Congenital Anomalies in Europe", British Medical
76 II, 9. 1. 2| Pollution on Congenital Anomalies". In 'The Impact of Environmental
77 II, 9. 1. 2| Registration of Congenital Anomalies", EUROCAT Central Registry,
78 II, 9. 1. 2| Risk Factors for Congenital Anomalies", EUROCAT Central Registry,
79 II, 9. 1. 2| Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies in Europe 1980-1999”, University
80 II, 9. 1. 2| mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women with
81 II, 9. 2. 6| research, can highlight anomalies.~ ~Moreover, and importantly,
82 II, 9. 3. 2| preterm birth and congenital anomalies (Hansen et al, 2002; Jackson
83 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| aneurysm~angina~angiosarcomas~anomalies~anomaly~anorexia~anthrax~
