| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 7 | services (Marrone, 2007; Arcury et al, 2005).~ ~Human settlements
2 I, 2. 10. 2 | 2004; NIOSH, 2006; Schulte et al, 2007; Nel et al, 2006;
3 I, 2. 10. 2 | Schulte et al, 2007; Nel et al, 2006; Medina et al,
4 I, 2. 10. 2 | Nel et al, 2006; Medina et al, 2007).~ ~The nanoparticles
5 I, 2. 10. 2 | other uses include (Nel et al, 2006); (Medina et al,
6 I, 2. 10. 2 | Nel et al, 2006); (Medina et al, 2007).~ ~- Carbon nanoparticles:
7 I, 2. 10. 3 | organisational adaptation (Freeman, et al, 1995) 7.The process
8 I, 2. 11 | 66(3):188-98.~Medina c. et al. (2007): Nanoparticles:
9 I, 2. 11 | Pharmacology, 150, 552-558.~Nel A et al. (2006): Toxic potential
10 I, 2. 11 | Nanotechnology. htt ch~Oberdörster G. et al., (2005): Nanotoxicology:
11 I, 2. 11 | 15.11.06):.~Schulte P.A. et al. (2007): Ethical and
12 I, 3. 1 | in the Netherlands (Beets et al, 2001).~ ~The trend towards
13 I, 3. 1 | lower educated women (Beets et al, 2001; Esveldt et al,
14 I, 3. 1 | Beets et al, 2001; Esveldt et al, 2001).~ ~Increasingly,
15 II, 4. 1 | Euro-REVES, 2003; Robine et al, 2003).~ ~Following the
16 II, 4. 1 | means of the GALI (van Oyen et al, 2006). The HLY is based
17 II, 4. 1 | country to the next (Robine et al 2005).~ ~One of the main
18 II, 4. 1 | Heath Statistics (Anderson et al, 1997; Kung et al, 2007)4
19 II, 4. 1 | Anderson et al, 1997; Kung et al, 2007)4 and the Japanese
20 II, 4. 1 | health expectancies (Robine et al, 2003), on both sides
21 II, 4. 3 | Anderson R, Kochanek K, et al. (1997): Report of Final
22 II, 4. 3 | Kung, H., D. Hoyert, et al. (2007): Deaths: Preliminary
23 II, 4. 3 | Robine, J.-M., C. Jagger, et al. (2002): European perspectives
24 II, 4. 3 | Robine, J.-M., C. Jagger, et al. (2003): Creating a coherent
25 II, 4. 3 | Robine, J.-M., C. Jagger, et al., Eds. (2003): Determining
26 II, 4. 3 | Robine, J.-M., C. Jagger, et al. (2001): Disability-free
27 II, 4. 3 | Robine, J.-M., S. Le Roy, et al. (2005): Changes in life
28 II, 4. 3 | H., J. van der Heyden, et al. (2006): Monitoring population
29 II, 5. 1. 1 | as compare to men (Parkin et al, 2005). Although male
30 II, 5. 1. 1 | levels of sex hormones (Key et al, 2002). Physical activity
31 II, 5. 2. 1 | European Union (EU) (Allender et al, 2008). CVD is also a
32 II, 5. 2. 1 | and 2 June 2006; Allender et al, 2008) and a higher mortality
33 II, 5. 2. 1 | non-fatal events (Allender et al, 2008; Petersen et al,
34 II, 5. 2. 1 | Allender et al, 2008; Petersen et al, 2005).~Even though clinical
35 II, 5. 2. 1 | slightly increased (Kesteloot et al, 2006). Despite the decline
36 II, 5. 2. 2 | variations [Muller-Nordhorn et al, 2007; Muller-Nordhorn
37 II, 5. 2. 2 | al, 2007; Muller-Nordhorn et al, 2004] were published
38 II, 5. 2. 2 | 1988; Thom, 1989; Thom et al, 1985), European Society
39 II, 5. 2. 2 | Society of Cardiology (Sans et al, 1997) and Kesteloot (
40 II, 5. 2. 2 | and Kesteloot (Kesteloot et al, 2006). Trends over time
41 II, 5. 2. 2 | risk factors (Kuulasmaa et al, 2000) and CVD medical
42 II, 5. 2. 2 | medical care (Tunstall-Pedoe et al, 2000)~ ~
43 II, 5. 2. 2 | Pisa 1988; Thom 1989; Thom et al, 1985; Sans et al, 1997;
44 II, 5. 2. 2 | Thom et al, 1985; Sans et al, 1997; Kesteloot et al,
45 II, 5. 2. 2 | Sans et al, 1997; Kesteloot et al, 2006). For the 27 EU
46 II, 5. 2. 2 | majority of countries (Allender et al, 2008).~From the mid
47 II, 5. 2. 2 | Project (Tunstall-Pedoe et al, 1999) are reported for
48 II, 5. 2. 2 | reported as well (Kuulasmaa et al, 2000).~ ~ ~
49 II, 5. 2. 3 | women die from IHD (Allender et al, 2008). Even below the
50 II, 5. 2. 3 | 1988; Thom, 1989; Thom et al, 1985; Sans et al, 1997;
51 II, 5. 2. 3 | Thom et al, 1985; Sans et al, 1997; Kesteloot et al,
52 II, 5. 2. 3 | Sans et al, 1997; Kesteloot et al, 2006).~In the 35-74
53 II, 5. 2. 3 | in Table 5.2.3 (Allender et al, 2008). The data vary
54 II, 5. 2. 3 | ESC) in 2004 (Allender et al, 2008). Most AMI patients
55 II, 5. 2. 3 | reported (Tunstall-Pedoe et al, 1999). Attack rate,
56 II, 5. 2. 3 | countries (Tunstall-Pedoe et al, 1999). Following the
57 II, 5. 2. 3 | from this disease (Allender et al, 2008). Stroke mortality
58 II, 5. 2. 3 | disease severity (Sarti et al, 2003).~ ~Table 5.2.6.
59 II, 5. 2. 4 | cholesterol and glycaemia (Panico et al, 2008) (see Chapter 5.
60 II, 5. 2. 4 | abdominal circumference (Yusuf et al, 2004) may play a more
61 II, 5. 2. 4 | standardized methods (Kuulasmaa et al, 2000; Tolonen et al,
62 II, 5. 2. 4 | Kuulasmaa et al, 2000; Tolonen et al, 2002). Trends data show
63 II, 5. 2. 4 | change in CVD (Kuulasmaa et al. 2000).~Both decreasing
64 II, 5. 2. 4 | Also the INTERHEART (Yusuf et al, 2004) case-control study,
65 II, 5. 2. 5 | mortality decline (Unal et al, 2005).~The falling rates
66 II, 5. 2. 5 | risk factors (Greenland et al, 2003), and optimal levels
67 II, 5. 2. 5 | very low CVD risk (Palmieri et al, 2006; Giampaoli et al,
68 II, 5. 2. 5 | Palmieri et al, 2006; Giampaoli et al, 2006; Hozawa et al,
69 II, 5. 2. 5 | Giampaoli et al, 2006; Hozawa et al, 2007; Daviglus et al,
70 II, 5. 2. 5 | Hozawa et al, 2007; Daviglus et al, 2007). Low risk individuals
71 II, 5. 2. 5 | years of life (Daviglus et al, 2005). It is commonly
72 II, 5. 2. 5 | international guidelines (Grundy SM et al, 2004, Graham I et al,
73 II, 5. 2. 5 | SM et al, 2004, Graham I et al, 2007)~Within this context,
74 II, 5. 2. 5 | these risk factors (Poli A et al, 2008; Sacks F et al,
75 II, 5. 2. 5 | Poli A et al, 2008; Sacks F et al, 2001); the hypolipidemic
76 II, 5. 2. 5 | protein, fibres (Poli A et al, 2008). In high risk
77 II, 5. 2. 5 | attributed to the Project (Puska et al, 1998).~Experience in
78 II, 5. 2. 6 | Heart Disease (CHD) (Keys A et al, 1966). Subsequently,
79 II, 5. 2. 6 | epidemiological studies (Stamler J et al, 1986). The association
80 II, 5. 2. 6 | and mortality (Baigent C et al, 2005). The available
81 II, 5. 2. 6 | CVD incidence (Robinson JG et al, 2006). The ischemic
82 II, 5. 2. 6 | epidemiological studies (Lewington et al, 2007). From a mechanistic
83 II, 5. 2. 6 | pressure (DBP) (Lewington S et al, 2002). The CVD risk
84 II, 5. 2. 6 | values <120/80 mmHg (Vasan R et al, 2001). Also an isolated
85 II, 5. 2. 6 | subjects (Weijenberg MP et al, 1996). A number of well
86 II, 5. 2. 6 | significant (Turnbull S et al, 2003). Lifestyle improvement
87 II, 5. 2. 6 | desired range (Sacks FM et al, 2001). If the result
88 II, 5. 2. 6 | established CVD) (Graham I et al, 2007).~ ~Focus Box References (
89 II, 5. 2. 7 | ML, Stamler J, Pirzada A et al (2004): Favorable Cardiovascular
90 II, 5. 2. 7 | Dyer AR, Wang R, Lubitz J et al (2005): Cardiovascular
91 II, 5. 2. 7 | S, Palmieri L, Panico S et al (2006): Favorable cardiovascular
92 II, 5. 2. 7 | Tunstall-Pedoe H, Vanuzzo D, Hobbs M et al for the WHO MONICA Project (
93 II, 5. 3. 1 | WHO, 2003; Micheli, Baili et al, 2003).~ ~Main indicators
94 II, 5. 3. 1 | lifestyles (Micheli, Capocaccia et al, 2003), in this chapter
95 II, 5. 3. 2 | EUROCARE project (Capocaccia et al, 2003; Sant et al, 2003;
96 II, 5. 3. 2 | Capocaccia et al, 2003; Sant et al, 2003; Berrino et al,
97 II, 5. 3. 2 | Sant et al, 2003; Berrino et al, 2007)~ ~· Contributing
98 II, 5. 3. 3 | for the year 2006 (Ferlay et al, 2007).~- Cancer incidence
99 II, 5. 3. 3 | estimates in 2006 (Ferlay et al, 2007). The WHO Database
100 II, 5. 3. 3 | the EUROCARE project (Sant et al, 2003; Berrino et al,
101 II, 5. 3. 3 | Sant et al, 2003; Berrino et al, 2007; Verdecchia et
102 II, 5. 3. 3 | et al, 2007; Verdecchia et al, 2007). In the case of
103 II, 5. 3. 4 | compared to men (Parkin et al, 2005). Although male
104 II, 5. 3. 4 | levels of sex hormones (Key et al, 2002). Physical activity
105 II, 5. 3. 5 | all around Europe (Ferlay et al, 2007). Maximum incidence
106 II, 5. 3. 5 | for stomach cancer (Ferlay et al, 2007). In 2006 maximum
107 II, 5. 3. 5 | cancer in Europe (Ferlay et al, 2007). Figures 5.3.9
108 II, 5. 3. 5 | estimated deaths (Ferlay et al, 2007). Worldwide, it
109 II, 5. 3. 5 | the entire Europe (Ferlay et al, 2007). The high incidence
110 II, 5. 3. 5 | invasive cancers (Parkin et al, 2005). The screening
111 II, 5. 3. 5 | the entire Europe (Parkin et al, 2005). The risk of developing
112 II, 5. 3. 5 | cancer in Europe (Ferlay et al, 2007). Comparison of
113 II, 5. 3. 6 | survival~ ~In EUROCARE, Gatta et al (2005) analyzed survival
114 II, 5. 3. 6 | in Eastern Europe (Sant et al, 2003).~ ~Figure 5.3.
115 II, 5. 3. 6 | post-operative mortality (Sant et al, 2003).~ ~Figure 5.3.
116 II, 5. 3. 6 | colon cancer sites (Sant et al, 2003).~ ~Figure 5.3.
117 II, 5. 3. 6 | to 9.8% in women (Sant et al, 2003).~ ~Figure 5.3.
118 II, 5. 3. 6 | between 60 and 67% (Sant et al, 2003).~Relative survival
119 II, 5. 3. 6 | countries has increased (Coleman et al, 2003).~ ~Figure 5.3.
120 II, 5. 3. 6 | Figure 5.3.34) (Sant et al, 2003). Survival has
121 II, 5. 3. 6 | effective treatment (Coleman et al, 2003).~ ~Figure 5.3.
122 II, 5. 3. 6 | low survival (<55%) (Sant et al, 2003). European 5-year
123 II, 5. 3. 6 | high incidence levels (Sant et al, 2003; Coleman et al,
124 II, 5. 3. 6 | Sant et al, 2003; Coleman et al, 2003).~ ~Figure 5.3.
125 II, 5. 3. 6 | diagnosed in 1995-1999~Berrino et al (2007) analysed data
126 II, 5. 3. 6 | in 2000-2002~Verdecchia et al (2007) analysed survival
127 II, 5. 3. 7 | avoid the disease (Boyle et al, 2003).~ ~See Chapter
128 II, 5. 3. 7 | it was stopped (Tsubono et al, 2004).~Ideally, an organised
129 II, 5. 3. 7 | in health care (Coleman et al, 2003).~Estimating the
130 II, 5. 3. 7 | in health care (Coleman et al, 2003). Therefore, it
131 II, 5. 3. 7 | to cancer drugs” (Jonsson et al, 2007) highlights the
132 II, 5. 3. 8 | in recent years (Coleman et al, 2003). Cancer prevalence,
133 II, 5. 3. 8 | have been outlined (Micheli et al, 2007). Moreover, the
134 II, 5. 3. 9 | Autier P, Bartelink H, et al (2003): European Code
135 II, 5. 4. 1 | Sweden and the UK (Jonsson et al 2002). For these 8 countries,
136 II, 5. 4. 1 | A Swedish study (Jonsson et al 2000) observed that the
137 II, 5. 4. 2 | Sweden (Gudbjörnsdottir et al. 2003) and Denmark (Carstersen
138 II, 5. 4. 2 | and Denmark (Carstersen et al. 2008), while at the
139 II, 5. 4. 2 | Tayside, Scotland (Morris et al 1997; Boyle et al 2001),
140 II, 5. 4. 2 | Morris et al 1997; Boyle et al 2001), followed by others
141 II, 5. 4. 2 | Italy (Massi Benedetti et al. 2006) has played a role
142 II, 5. 4. 2 | registers in Europe (Carinci et al 2006).~In other cases,
143 II, 5. 4. 2 | specialist clinics (Pruna et al. 2002; Azzopardi et al.
144 II, 5. 4. 2 | Pruna et al. 2002; Azzopardi et al. 1995; Beck et al. 2001),
145 II, 5. 4. 2 | Azzopardi et al. 1995; Beck et al. 2001), or by extracting
146 II, 5. 4. 2 | immediately feasible (Greenfield et al 2004, see Table 5.4.2),
147 II, 5. 4. 2 | HaemoglobinHbA1c, see Armesto et al. 2006) due to problems
148 II, 5. 4. 2 | reported by the OECD (Armesto et al 2006) as fit for international
149 II, 5. 4. 3 | months. OECD data (Armesto et al, 2006) show results for
150 II, 5. 4. 6 | present.~According to Waugh et al (2007), the scope for
151 II, 5. 4. 6 | A recent paper (Jessani et al. 2007) investigated patients
152 II, 5. 5.Int | perfect. According to Makino et al18, the prevalence rates
153 II, 5. 5. 1 | EU Member States (Alonso et al, 2004a). Major depression
154 II, 5. 5. 1 | for adult women (Alonso et al., 2004a). Depression
155 II, 5. 5. 1 | young age groups (Alonso et al, 2004a). Major depression
156 II, 5. 5. 1 | anxiety disorders (Kessler et al 1996) and alcohol misuse (
157 II, 5. 5. 1 | alcohol misuse (Sullivan et al, 2005), but is also associated
158 II, 5. 5. 1 | threefold (Fryers, 2007, Blakely et al, 2003) although there
159 II, 5. 5. 1 | physical illness (Saarni et al, 2006). In addition,
160 II, 5. 5. 1 | chronic conditions (Ormel et al, 2008).~ ~Most the costs
161 II, 5. 5. 1 | EFTA countries (Sobocki et al 2006). The total costs
162 II, 5. 5. 1 | indirect costs (Sobocki et al, 2007).~ ~Undertreatment
163 II, 5. 5. 1 | the previous year (Alonso et al, 2004b). Of these, only
164 II, 5. 5. 1 | adequate treatment (Alonso et al., 2004b). the reasons
165 II, 5. 5. 1 | EU member States (Kessler et al., 2007). The onset of
166 II, 5. 5. 1 | onset in adulthood (Kessler et al., 2007). Anxiety disorders
167 II, 5. 5. 1 | health services (Alonso et al., 2004b).~ ~Psychological
168 II, 5. 5. 1 | with substance misuse (Mann et al., 2005). Major depression
169 II, 5. 5. 1 | individual (e.g. Blakely et al 2003) and even at community
170 II, 5. 5. 1 | at community level (Berk et al., 2006) and genetic factors (
171 II, 5. 5. 1 | genetic factors (Currier et Mann, 2008).~ ~Across the
172 II, 5. 5. 1 | used suicide means (Värnik et al., 2008).~ ~Mental disorders
173 II, 5. 5. 1 | prior to their death (Luoma et al., 2002).~ ~The economic
174 II, 5. 5. 1 | completed suicide (e.g. Owens et al, 2002). The incidence
175 II, 5. 5. 1 | for females) (Schmidtke et al, 2004).~ ~
176 II, 5. 5. 1 | psychiatric beds ( Katschhnig ET AL., 2006).~ ~ WHO databases~ ~
177 II, 5. 5. 1 | Psichiatr Soc 17(1):14-9.~ ~S H et al. (2006). The impact of
178 II, 5. 5. 1 | Bille-Brahe U, De Leo D et al. (2004). Suicidal behaviour
179 II, 5. 5. 1 | Policy Econ 9(2):87-98.~ ~S F et al. (2007). The economic
180 II, 5. 5. 2 | with dementia.~ ~The Ferri et al study~ ~A second, more
181 II, 5. 5. 2 | was carried out by Ferri et al (2005) on behalf of Alzheimer’
182 II, 5. 5. 2 | peer-group pressure. Ferri et al analysed the 14 WHO worlds
183 II, 5. 5. 2 | separately, whereas in the Ferri et al study, this was not the
184 II, 5. 5. 2 | age of 99, whereas Ferri et al reported a prevalence
185 II, 5. 5. 2 | aged 85 and over. Ferri et al separated Europe into
186 II, 5. 5. 2 | for the EURODEM and Ferri et al (2005) studies are as
187 II, 5. 5. 2 | rates reported by Ferri et al (2005)~ ~Using these
188 II, 5. 5. 2 | same upward trend.~ ~Ferri et al (2005) made estimates
189 II, 5. 5. 2 | twenty years. Therefore Ferri et al predict that there will
190 II, 5. 5. 2 | associated with them (Godfrey et al, 2005). It is becoming
191 II, 5. 5. 2 | and inconclusive (Godfrey et al, 2005).~ ~Secondary Prevention~
192 II, 5. 5. 2 | 2008)~ ~Ferri CL, Prince M et al (2005): Global prevalence
193 II, 5. 5. 3 | abnormal attitudes (Berkman et al, 2007). An anorectic
194 II, 5. 5. 3 | of 5,6% per decade (Misra et al, 2004; Gupta, 1995).
195 II, 5. 5. 3 | behavioural features (Luce et al, 2008). Finally, qualitative
196 II, 5. 5. 3 | list of articles (Berkman et al, 2007; Hoek and van Hoeken,
197 II, 5. 5. 3 | sufficient yet (Berkman et al, 2007). Alexander and
198 II, 5. 5. 3 | international level (Alexander et al, in press).~ ~HBSC (Health
199 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe” written by Alexander et al (in press) deals with
200 II, 5. 5. 3 | published yet (De Henauw et al, 2007). ~ ~ ~
201 II, 5. 5. 3 | age (WHO, 2004).~Berkman et al (2007) reviewed various
202 II, 5. 5. 3 | individual resources (Berkman et al, 2007). Social pressure
203 II, 5. 5. 3 | and weight loss (Harper et al, 2008). Websites publishing
204 II, 5. 5. 3 | professional websites (Harper et al, 2008). This emphasises
205 II, 5. 5. 3 | systematic review (Saha et al, 2005) of prevalence
206 II, 5. 5. 3 | metabolic syndrome) (Brown et al, 1997; Saha et al, 2007).~
207 II, 5. 5. 3 | Brown et al, 1997; Saha et al, 2007).~Aetiology – Symptoms –
208 II, 5. 5. 3 | acute episodes (Marneros et al, 1991). This can lead
209 II, 5. 5. 3 | based knowledge (Lehman et al, 1998). According to
210 II, 5. 5. 3 | WHO European Region (Kohn et al, 2004). Evidence indicates
211 II, 5. 5. 3 | pharmacological treatments (Lehman et al, 2003). Apart from the
212 II, 5. 5. 3 | with schizophrenia (Wrigley et al, 2005). The quality of
213 II, 5. 5. 3 | support (Andlin-Sobocki et al, 2005).~Schizophrenia
214 II, 5. 5. 3 | and prevalence data (Lange et al, 2002). A certain degree
215 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorders and suicide (Saha et al, 2007). Databases on
216 II, 5. 5. 3 | lifetime morbidity risk (Saha et al, 2005). These findings
217 II, 5. 5. 3 | increased over time (Saha et al, 2007). A recent epidemiological
218 II, 5. 5. 3 | pronounced in middle age (Fors et al, 2007).~Thus, mortality
219 II, 5. 5. 3 | contradictory: While Palmer et al quote “that 4.9% of schizophrenics
220 II, 5. 5. 3 | near illness onset” (Palmer et al, 2005), a comparison
221 II, 5. 5. 3 | and other factors (Healy et al, 2006).~Currently available
222 II, 5. 5. 3 | 579006 for females (Mathers et al, 2006).~Deficits in social
223 II, 5. 5. 3 | general population (Leucht et al, 2007).~Available statistics
224 II, 5. 5. 3 | nicotine or cannabis (Regier et al, 1990). Compared to typical
225 II, 5. 5. 3 | common pathomechanism (Prince et al, 2007). In addition,
226 II, 5. 5. 3 | metabolic side effects (Engl et al, 2006) the increased
227 II, 5. 5. 3 | antipsychotic medication (Holt et al, 2005).~A great deal
228 II, 5. 5. 3 | treatment installed (Häfner et al, 2004). During that time,
229 II, 5. 5. 3 | psychosis. (Klosterkötter et al, 2005; Klosterkötter,
230 II, 5. 5. 3 | surveys was 12 months (Kohn et al, 2004).~The percentage
231 II, 5. 5. 3 | affective-psychoses) was 32.2% (Kohn et al, 2004) worldwide; selected
232 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2006,; Glynn, 2003; Pilling et al, 2002) – with a varying
233 II, 5. 5. 3 | of this drug class (Knapp et al, 2007). According to
234 II, 5. 5. 3 | countries (e.g. Hovatta et al, 1997); more recent evidence
235 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence (e.g. Suvisaari et al, 1999), but even higher
236 II, 5. 5. 3 | prescribing atypicals (Knapp et al, 2007) (Figure 5.5.3.
237 II, 5. 5. 3 | evaluation; 24 - 88% (Lacro et al, 2002). According to
238 II, 5. 5. 3 | antipsychotic drugs (Kahn et al, 2008). Non-compliance
239 II, 5. 5. 3 | serious consequences (Byerly et al, 2007). A substantial
240 II, 5. 5. 3 | development process (Leucht et al, 2006; Gaebel et al,
241 II, 5. 5. 3 | Leucht et al, 2006; Gaebel et al, 2005; AGREE Collaboration,
242 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disorders (ESEMeD) (Demyttenaere et al, 2004). The authors concluded
243 II, 5. 5. 3 | interpersonal functioning (Middelboe et al, 2001)~Stigma and discrimination~
244 II, 5. 5. 3 | published in Italy (Buizza et al, 2007) evaluated four
245 II, 5. 5. 3 | social contacts (Lysaker et al, 2007) – factors associated
246 II, 5. 5. 3 | their diagnosis (Baumann et al, 2007).~As stated in
247 II, 5. 5. 3 | social distance (Gaebel et al, 2005).~Direct and indirect
248 II, 5. 5. 3 | these 5 years (Lindström et al, 2007)~Table 5.5.3.2.
249 II, 5. 5. 3 | for schizophrenia (Andrews et al, 2003). Their findings –
250 II, 5. 5. 3 | concerted EU strategy (Knapp et al, 2007).~Database~Since
251 II, 5. 5. 3 | economic backgrounds (Gaebel et al, 2005). Another solution,
252 II, 5. 5. 3 | is most desirable (Wölwer et al, 2003)~Prevention~The
253 II, 5. 5. 3 | 98:194-200.~Marneros, A. et al,: Affektive, schizoaffektive
254 II, 5. 5. 3 | disability (Sanchéz-Valle et al, 2007).~ ~ ~ ~
255 II, 5. 5. 3 | project partners, (Knapp et al, 2007). The findings
256 II, 5. 5. 3 | London.~Sánchez-Valle E et al (2007): Estimating the
257 II, 5. 5. 3 | childhood-onset epilepsy (Berg et al, 2001), intractability
258 II, 5. 5. 3 | were conducted (Forsgren et al, 2005). In these studies,
259 II, 5. 5. 3 | 57 per 100,000 (Forsgren et al, 2005; Olafsson et al,
260 II, 5. 5. 3 | Forsgren et al, 2005; Olafsson et al, 2005). The incidence
261 II, 5. 5. 3 | one exception (Cockerell et al, 1995), the incidence
262 II, 5. 5. 3 | from 31 to 56% (Forsgren et al, 2005). The differences
263 II, 5. 5. 3 | In one study (Cockerell et al, 1995) age-specific incidence
264 II, 5. 5. 3 | reports from Italy (Granieri et al, 1983) and Sweden (Blom
265 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1983) and Sweden (Blom et al, 1978; Sidenvall et al,
266 II, 5. 5. 3 | Blom et al, 1978; Sidenvall et al, 1993), which showed
267 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe. In Iceland (Olafsson et al, 2005), the incidence
268 II, 5. 5. 3 | undetermined epilepsies (Loiseau et al, 1990). Some of the differences
269 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy in Europe (Forsgren et al, 2005). The overall prevalence
270 II, 5. 5. 3 | Forsgren, 2004 and Forsgren et al., 2005~ ~Country ~Population ~
271 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prospective~560 ~3.6 ~Beilmann et al., 1999~Estonia ~Adults ~
272 II, 5. 5. 3 | examination~396 ~5.3 ~Oun et al., 2003 (*)~Finland~Adults ~
273 II, 5. 5. 3 | examination~1233 ~6.3 ~Keranen et al., 1989 (*)~Finland~Children ~
274 II, 5. 5. 3 | 9/5.2~ ~3.3/3.1~Granieri et al., 1989 (*) /Maremmani
275 II, 5. 5. 3 | al., 1989 (*) /Maremmani et al., 1991 (*) /~Beghi et
276 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al., 1991 (*) /~Beghi et al., 1991 (*) /Giuliani
277 II, 5. 5. 3 | al., 1991 (*) /Giuliani et al., 1992 (*)~Rocca et al.,
278 II, 5. 5. 3 | Giuliani et al., 1992 (*)~Rocca et al., 2001(*)/Gallitto et
279 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al., 2001(*)/Gallitto et al, 2005~Italy ~Children ~
280 II, 5. 5. 3 | review~378 ~4.3 ~Endziniene et al., 1997~Norway ~Children ~
281 II, 5. 5. 3 | examination~198 ~5.3 -~Waaler et al., 2000 (*)~Norway ~All
282 II, 5. 5. 3 | sectional ~405 ~4.1 ~Luengo et al., 2001 (*)~Sweden~Adults ~
283 II, 5. 5. 3 | 155/195 ~4.2/3.5~Sidenvall et al., 1996/Bronson, 1970 (*)~
284 II, 5. 5. 3 | survey ~43 ~7.7 ~de la Court et al., 1996 (*)~U.K. ~All
285 II, 5. 5. 3 | ages ~GP files~? ~6.2 ~Pond et al., 1960 (*)~U.K. ~Children
286 II, 5. 5. 3 | review ~69 ~4.3 ~Tidman et al., 2003 (*)~+ = 5-14 years - =
287 II, 5. 5. 3 | children in Estonia (Beilmann et al, 1999), the prevalence
288 II, 5. 5. 3 | in Lithuania (Endziniene et al, 1997), localization-related
289 II, 5. 5. 3 | Koivikko, 1997; Sidenvall et al, 1993; Waaler et al,
290 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sidenvall et al, 1993; Waaler et al, 2000). The prevalence
291 II, 5. 5. 3 | occupied by the owner (Morgan et al, 2000).~ ~Mortality~The
292 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1-2 per 100,000 (Massey et al, 1985).~In a population-based
293 II, 5. 5. 3 | was reported (Sillanpaa et al, 1998). In this cohort,
294 II, 5. 5. 3 | populations (Shackleton et al, 2002). In prospective
295 II, 5. 5. 3 | Modified from Shackleton et al, 2002~ ~Country~Source~
296 II, 5. 5. 3 | cohort~149~16.1~9.3~Loiseau et al., 1999~Iceland~GP/MF~
297 II, 5. 5. 3 | cohort~45~28.0~1.6~Olafsson et al., 1998~Poland~Insurance
298 II, 5. 5. 3 | cohort~39~15.7~2.5~Lindsten et al., 2000~ ~Mental institution~
299 II, 5. 5. 3 | 4001~1109.0~3.6~Nilsson et al, 1997~U.K.~GP/MF~Incident
300 II, 5. 5. 3 | cohort~149~58.3~2.6~Lhathoo et al., 2001~ GP: General practitioner;
301 II, 5. 5. 3 | into adulthood (Sillanpaa et al, 1998), patients not
302 II, 5. 5. 3 | reached 39% (Vignatelli et al, 2003). Although the
303 II, 5. 5. 3 | case-control study (Nilsson et al, 2002), after adjusting
304 II, 5. 5. 3 | seizure-related (Tomson et al, 2004). In these populations,
305 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence studies (Nashef et al, 1995). The patient at
306 II, 5. 5. 3 | childhood epilepsy (Callenbach et al, 2001). In most cases,
307 II, 5. 5. 3 | plausible hypothesis (Nashef et al, 1996).~In patients undergoing
308 II, 5. 5. 3 | 6.3 per 1,000 (Nilsson et al, 2003). There is some
309 II, 5. 5. 3 | with epilepsy (Gaitatzis et al, 2004). Records were
310 II, 5. 5. 3 | Research Database (Gaitatzis et al, 2004). The ICD-9 coding
311 II, 5. 5. 3 | years of age (Cockerell et al, 1995). The 5-year remission
312 II, 5. 5. 3 | was 61% in adults (Lindsen et al, 2001) and the 3 to 5-
313 II, 5. 5. 3 | off medications (Sillanpaa et al, 1998).~ ~Epilepsy and
314 II, 5. 5. 3 | in reading skills (Rutter et al, 1970). A more recent
315 II, 5. 5. 3 | general population (Smeets et al, 2007). However, most
316 II, 5. 5. 3 | people with epilepsy (Jacoby et al, 2004). In addition,
317 II, 5. 5. 3 | of unemployment (Smeets et al, 2007). Psychosocial
318 II, 5. 5. 3 | neuropsychiatric functioning (Batzel et al, 1980; Fraser et al,
319 II, 5. 5. 3 | Batzel et al, 1980; Fraser et al, 1983). Job restrictions
320 II, 5. 5. 3 | virtually unknown (Smeets et al, 2007).~ ~Epilepsy and
321 II, 5. 5. 3 | accidents (RR 1.4)(Taylor et al, 1996) may be too high.
322 II, 5. 5. 3 | Black and Lay, 1997; Sheth et al, 2004). In addition,
323 II, 5. 5. 3 | Beilmann A, Napa A, Soot A, et al (1999): Prevalence of
324 II, 5. 5. 3 | AT, Shinnar S, Levy SR, et al (2001): Early development
325 II, 5. 5. 3 | Westendorp RG, Geertz AT, et al (2001): Mortality risk
326 II, 5. 5. 3 | Eckle I, Goodridge DM, et al (1995): Epilepsy in a
327 II, 5. 5. 3 | G, Serra S, La Spina P, et al (2005): Prevalence and
328 II, 5. 5. 3 | van Merode T, Kessels FGH, et al (2002): Systematic review
329 II, 5. 5. 3 | Loiseau J, Loiseau P, Guyot M, et al (1990): Survey of seizure
330 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nashef L, Fish DR, Garner S, et al (1995): Sudden death
331 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nashef L, Walker F, Allen P, et al (1996): Apnoea and bradycardia
332 II, 5. 5. 3 | Tomson T, Farahmand BY, et al (1997): Cause-specific
333 II, 5. 5. 3 | Ahlbom A, Farahmand BY, et al (2002): Risk factors
334 II, 5. 5. 3 | Ludvigsson P, Gudmundsson G, et al (2005): Incidence of
335 II, 5. 5. 3 | Kastelejin-Nolst Trenite DGA, et al (2002): Survival of patients
336 II, 5. 5. 3 | Lierop BAG, Vanhoutvin JPG, et al (2007): Epilepsy and
337 II, 5. 5. 3 | A, Dreifuss F, Renier O, et al) Boca Raton, FL: CRC
338 II, 5. 5. 3 | axonal degeneration (Trapp et al, 1998). MS etiology is
339 II, 5. 5. 3 | and pathology (Lucchinetti et al, 1996).~ ~MS clinically
340 II, 5. 5. 3 | and productivity (Freal et al, 1984; Krupp et al, 1988).~ ~
341 II, 5. 5. 3 | Freal et al, 1984; Krupp et al, 1988).~ ~
342 II, 5. 5. 3 | Rosati, 2001; Pugliatti et al, 2002; Pugliatti et al,
343 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pugliatti et al, 2002; Pugliatti et al, 2006; Pugliatti and
344 II, 5. 5. 3 | published elsewhere (Pugliatti et al, 2006).~When feasible,
345 II, 5. 5. 3 | Registry (Koch-Henriksen et al, 2001). The Registry
346 II, 5. 5. 3 | Hyllested, 1988; Koch-Henriksen et al, 1992; Brønnum-Hansen
347 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 1992; Brønnum-Hansen et al, 1994; Koch-Henriksen,
348 II, 5. 5. 3 | European Commission (Confavreux et al, 1992; Confavreux, 1994; www g)
349 II, 5. 5. 3 | physiopathology of MS (Confavreux et al, 2000; 2003).~ ~The Norwegian
350 II, 5. 5. 3 | patients in Norway (Myhr et al, 2006; www ). In 2007,
351 II, 5. 5. 3 | MS Society (Flachenecker et al, 2005; www ). This project
352 II, 5. 5. 3 | 82 centers (Flachenecker et al, 2007).~ ~ ~
353 II, 5. 5. 3 | and Sweden (Brønnum-Hansen et al, 2006) probably indicating
354 II, 5. 5. 3 | between 83 and 127 (Pugliatti et al, 2006) and an estimated
355 II, 5. 5. 3 | 65 per 100 000 (Vukusic et al, 2007), and a northeast-to-southwest
356 II, 5. 5. 3 | mortality studies (Vukusic et al, 2007). Further studies
357 II, 5. 5. 3 | Greece and Cyprus (Pugliatti et al, 2006), with a mean annual
358 II, 5. 5. 3 | MS is not mentioned (Ford et al, 2002).~MS is associated
359 II, 5. 5. 3 | and Portugal (Pugliatti et al, 2006), increasing trends
360 II, 5. 5. 3 | were considered (Zivadinov et al, 2003). However, for
361 II, 5. 5. 3 | between countries (Sobocki et al, 2007). Costs, retrospectively
362 II, 5. 5. 3 | individuals (Noseworthy et al, 2000). The most influential
363 II, 5. 5. 3 | Committee criteria (Poser et al, 1983), consisting of
364 II, 5. 5. 3 | of possible MS (McDonald et al, 2001). According to
365 II, 5. 5. 3 | some populations, the Poser et al criteria still comprise
366 II, 5. 5. 3 | according to the McDonald et al criteria than to the
367 II, 5. 5. 3 | criteria than to the Poser et al one CDMS (52% vs 38%) (
368 II, 5. 5. 3 | CDMS (52% vs 38%) (Fangerau et al, 2004).~Lastly, the lack
369 II, 5. 5. 3 | rehabilitation programmes (Miller et al, 2006). Also, home-based
370 II, 5. 5. 3 | survey and analysis (Sobocki et al, 2007) revealed the positive
371 II, 5. 5. 3 | Multiple Sclerosis (Battaglia et al, 2004).~These recommendations
372 II, 5. 5. 3 | Therapie bei MS”. (Henze et al, 2006).~Although there
373 II, 5. 5. 3 | multiple sclerosis ( Haffenden et al, 2006).~This position
374 II, 5. 5. 3 | people with MS (Trisolini et al, 2002)~These 10 principles
375 II, 5. 5. 3 | Ketelaer P, Thompson A et al; (2004): Recommendations
376 II, 5. 5. 3 | U, Eibl G, Ganzinger U, et al (2002): Prevalence of
377 II, 5. 5. 3 | Bencsik K, Rajda C, Füvesi J, et al (2001): The prevalence
378 II, 5. 5. 3 | Magnus S, Guðmundsson J et al (2002): The natural history
379 II, 5. 5. 3 | Benito-Léon J, Martín E, Vela L et al (1998): Multiple sclerosis
380 II, 5. 5. 3 | Compston DA, Hommes OR, et al (1992): EDMUS, a European
381 II, 5. 5. 3 | C, Vukusic S, Moreau T, et al (2000): Relapses and
382 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sã J, Paulos A, Mendes H, et al (2006): The prevalence
383 II, 5. 5. 3 | Elian M, Galea de Bono A, et al (2002): Multiple sclerosis
384 II, 5. 5. 3 | Schimrigk S, Haupts M, et al (2004): Diagnosis of
385 II, 5. 5. 3 | Flachenecker P, Zettl UK , Götze U, et al (2005): [MS registry
386 II, 5. 5. 3 | Flachenecker P, Zettl UK, Elias WG, et al (2007): MS Register in
387 II, 5. 5. 3 | Ford HL, Gerry E, Airey CM, et al (1998): The prevalence
388 II, 5. 5. 3 | E, Malagú S, Casetta I, et al (1996): Multiple sclerosis
389 II, 5. 5. 3 | N, Glad SB, Aarseth JH, et al (2006): A 50-year follow-up
390 II, 5. 5. 3 | SA, Myrvoll E, Hansen G, et al (2000): Multiple sclerosis
391 II, 5. 5. 3 | Rasmussen S, Stenager E, et al (2001). The Danish Multiple
392 II, 5. 5. 3 | Neurology 33:1444-1452.~Larocca et al. Factors associated with
393 II, 5. 5. 3 | WI, Compston A, Edan G, et al (2001): Recommended diagnostic
394 II, 5. 5. 3 | McCarthy A, Quigley C, et al (2004): Latitudinal variation
395 II, 5. 5. 3 | Bartolo ML, Lo Fermo S, et al (2001): Prevalence and
396 II, 5. 5. 3 | Peterlin B, Ristic S, Sepcic J, et al (2006): Region with persistent
397 II, 5. 5. 3 | Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al (1983): New diagnostic
398 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prange AJA, Lauer K, Poser S et al (1986): Epidemiological
399 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Solinas G et al (2001): Multiple sclerosis
400 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pugliatti M, Riise T, Sotgiu MA, et al (2005): Increasing incidence
401 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pugliatti M, Rosati G, Carton H, et al (2006): The epidemiology
402 II, 5. 5. 3 | F, Perini P, Tzintzeva E et al (2003): Increasing frequency
403 II, 5. 5. 3 | Wikström J, Paltamaa J, et al (2004): Occurrence of
404 II, 5. 5. 3 | Svenningsson A, Nyström L, et al (2004): Clinical characteristics
405 II, 5. 5. 3 | Totaro R, Marini C, Cialfi A, et al (2000): Prevalence of
406 II, 5. 5. 3 | Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, et al (1998): Axonal transection
407 II, 5. 5. 3 | Iona L, Monti-Bragadin L, et al (2003): The use of standardized
408 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorders (von Campenhausen et al, 2005). It mainly affects
409 II, 5. 5. 3 | 000, respectively (Nath et al, 2005; Orphanet, 2007;
410 II, 5. 5. 3 | Steering Committee, 2002; Hely et al, 2005).~PD mainly affects
411 II, 5. 5. 3 | severe disability (Horstink et al, 2006). This considerably
412 II, 5. 5. 3 | in Europe (Andlin-Sobocki et al, 2005).~
413 II, 5. 5. 3 | available (Andlin-Sobocki et al, 2005; Dowding et al,
414 II, 5. 5. 3 | Andlin-Sobocki et al, 2005; Dowding et al, 2006; Lindgren et al,
415 II, 5. 5. 3 | Dowding et al, 2006; Lindgren et al, 2005; von Campenhausen
416 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2005; von Campenhausen et al, 2005).~ ~ ~ ~
417 II, 5. 5. 3 | ageing (ILSA) (Baldereschi et al, 2000).~Country-specific
418 II, 5. 5. 3 | 3.6.2..(von Campenhausen et al, 2005).~ ~Table 5.5.3.
419 II, 5. 5. 3 | 000 in Sardinia (Rosati et al, 1980) to 12,500/100,
420 II, 5. 5. 3 | In six studies (Claveria et al, 2002; de Rijk et al,
421 II, 5. 5. 3 | Claveria et al, 2002; de Rijk et al, 1995; Granieri et al,
422 II, 5. 5. 3 | Rijk et al, 1995; Granieri et al, 1991; Schrag and Quinn,
423 II, 5. 5. 3 | and Quinn, 2000; Sutcliffe et al, 1985; van de Vijver
424 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 1985; van de Vijver et al, 2001), the crude prevalence
425 II, 5. 5. 3 | other studies (Benito-Leon et al, 2003; Bergareche et
426 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al, 2003; Bergareche et al, 2004; Chio et al, 1998;
427 II, 5. 5. 3 | Bergareche et al, 2004; Chio et al, 1998; D’Alessandro et
428 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al, 1998; D’Alessandro et al, 1987; Errea et al, 1999;
429 II, 5. 5. 3 | Alessandro et al, 1987; Errea et al, 1999; Rosati et al,
430 II, 5. 5. 3 | Errea et al, 1999; Rosati et al, 1979) the crude prevalence
431 II, 5. 5. 3 | has been shown (de Rijk et al, 1997) that a change
432 II, 5. 5. 3 | estimated rates (Anderson et al, 1998); moreover, also
433 II, 5. 5. 3 | made by experts (Hughes et al, 1992), a considerable
434 II, 5. 5. 3 | underestimated (Bermejo et al, 2001).~We found conflicting
435 II, 5. 5. 3 | other studies (Granieri et al, 1991).~PD progresses
436 II, 5. 5. 3 | of the disease (Findley et al, 2003; Spottke et al,
437 II, 5. 5. 3 | Findley et al, 2003; Spottke et al, 2005). A generally accepted
438 II, 5. 5. 3 | homes. The results by Evers et al and Mutch et al (in which
439 II, 5. 5. 3 | by Evers et al and Mutch et al (in which 10.2% of the
440 II, 5. 5. 3 | and Obladen, 1994; Mutch et al, 1986).~ ~Table 5.5.3.
441 II, 5. 5. 3 | identified studies. Baldareschi, et al, estimated an average
442 II, 5. 5. 3 | aged 65-84 (Baldereschi et al, 2000). Similar to the
443 II, 5. 5. 3 | illustrated in detail (Twelves et al, 2003). Methodological
444 II, 5. 5. 3 | date of diagnosis (Brewis et al, 1966; Granieri et al,
445 II, 5. 5. 3 | Brewis et al, 1966; Granieri et al, 1991)). Standardisation
446 II, 5. 5. 3 | that SMR is about 1.8 (Hely et al, 2005; Hely et al, 1999).
447 II, 5. 5. 3 | Hely et al, 2005; Hely et al, 1999). The 5-year survival
448 II, 5. 5. 3 | levodopa treatment (Uitti et al, 1993).~ ~Comorbidity~
449 II, 5. 5. 3 | the advanced stage (Riedel et al, 2008). Especially psychiatric
450 II, 5. 5. 3 | in PD patients (Aarsland et al, 2000; Goetz and Stebbins,
451 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.3.6.2) (Andlin-Sobocki et al, 2005). The cost per
452 II, 5. 5. 3 | literature (Chrischilles et al, 1998; Dodel et al, 1998;
453 II, 5. 5. 3 | Chrischilles et al, 1998; Dodel et al, 1998; LePen et al, 1999;
454 II, 5. 5. 3 | Dodel et al, 1998; LePen et al, 1999; Lindgren et al,
455 II, 5. 5. 3 | LePen et al, 1999; Lindgren et al, 2005; McCrone et al,
456 II, 5. 5. 3 | Lindgren et al, 2005; McCrone et al, 2007; Spottke et al,
457 II, 5. 5. 3 | McCrone et al, 2007; Spottke et al, 2005). Direct cost only
458 II, 5. 5. 3 | substantial (Whetten-Goldstein et al, 1997). This burden of
459 II, 5. 5. 3 | by other authors (LePen et al, 1999; Spottke et al,
460 II, 5. 5. 3 | LePen et al, 1999; Spottke et al, 2005). Nevertheless,
461 II, 5. 5. 3 | pan-European study (Andlin-Sobocki et al, 2005) also demonstrate
462 II, 5. 5. 3 | Democratic Republic (Späte et al, 1988). In patients with
463 II, 5. 5. 3 | working due to PD (Clarke et al, 1995).~ ~
464 II, 5. 5. 3 | consistently implicated (Chade et al, 2006). Fall et al (1999)
465 II, 5. 5. 3 | Chade et al, 2006). Fall et al (1999) found people handling
466 II, 5. 5. 3 | increased risk of PD. Tsui et al, (1999) investigated
467 II, 5. 5. 3 | risk of developing PD (Lai et al, 2002; Logroscino, 2005;
468 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2007; Quik, 2004; Chade et al 2006). However, whether
469 II, 5. 5. 3 | an American study, Gorell et al (1999) investigated the
470 II, 5. 5. 3 | are inconsistent (Anderson et al, 1999; Gorell et al,
471 II, 5. 5. 3 | Anderson et al, 1999; Gorell et al, 2004).~ ~
472 II, 5. 5. 3 | in Europe (Andlin-Sobocki et al, 2005). Parkinson’s disease
473 II, 5. 5. 3 | 7 to 9.3 million (Dorsey et al, 2007). The burden of
474 II, 5. 6. 3 | the previous year ( Natvig et al, 1995). They were the
475 II, 5. 6. 3 | years of age (Andersson et al, 1993; Bergman et al,
476 II, 5. 6. 3 | Andersson et al, 1993; Bergman et al, 2001; Hagen et al, 1997) (
477 II, 5. 6. 3 | Bergman et al, 2001; Hagen et al, 1997) (Figure 5.6.1),
478 II, 5. 6. 3 | chronic conditions (Sprangers et al, 2000), in particular
479 II, 5. 6. 3 | pain and knee pain (Urwin et al, 1998). In the Eurobarometer
480 II, 5. 6. 3 | adult population (Reynolds et al, 1992). The prevalence
481 II, 5. 6. 3 | high-income countries (Lopez et al, 2006).~ ~Health care
482 II, 5. 6. 3 | primary care physician (Lock et al, 1999; Woolf et al, 2004).
483 II, 5. 6. 3 | Lock et al, 1999; Woolf et al, 2004). Musculoskeletal
484 II, 5. 6. 3 | expert referral for (Lin et al, 2000), see physiotherapists
485 II, 5. 6. 3 | care cost in 1994 (Meerding et al, 1998), accounting for
486 II, 5. 6. 3 | joint pain most days (Altman et al, 1986).~ ~Natural history~ ~
487 II, 5. 6. 3 | deteriorating in the hands (Kallman et al, 1990), knees (Dougados
488 II, 5. 6. 3 | 1990), knees (Dougados et al, 1992), and hips (Danielsson,
489 II, 5. 6. 3 | and disability (Dougados et al, 1992). Progression of
490 II, 5. 6. 3 | the prevalence (Symmons et al, 2003). For example,
491 II, 5. 6. 3 | defined knee OA (Spector et al, 1991).~ ~The prevalence
492 II, 5. 6. 3 | the age of 70 (van Saase et al, 1989). For example,
493 II, 5. 6. 3 | and hip OA 3% (Lawrence et al, 1998).~ ~Men are affected
494 II, 5. 6. 3 | attributed to OA (Symmons et al, 2003).~ ~Table 5.6.2.
495 II, 5. 6. 3 | developing OA knee (Davis et al, 1990). It is estimated
496 II, 5. 6. 3 | sedentary occupations (Croft et al, 1992).~ ~There is a
497 II, 5. 6. 3 | osteoarthritis and smoking (Felson et al, 1996).~ ~These risk
498 II, 5. 6. 3 | costs of medical care (Levy et al, 1993). OA is a major
499 II, 5. 6. 3 | procedures / 100,000 (Merx et al, 2003). The estimated
500 II, 5. 6. 3 | severity of knee disease (Juni et al, 2003).~ ~Future trends~ ~
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