| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | experts listed in Appendix 2; (iv) supervised by officers
2 I, 2 | 2.~ ~THE CHANGING CONTEXT
3 I, 2. 1 | 2.1. Introduction~ ~This Chapter
4 I, 2. 1 | macroeconomic level (Figure 2.1).~ ~ ~ ~The analysis of
5 I, 2. 2 | 2.2. Globalisation, travel
6 I, 2. 2 | 2.2. Globalisation, travel and
7 I, 2. 3 | 2.3. Migration~ ~The impact
8 I, 2. 3 | reached an annual level of 2 million. Increased immigration
9 I, 2. 4 | 2.4. Socio-economic trends
10 I, 2. 4 | data reported in Figure 2.2 clearly show that large
11 I, 2. 4 | data reported in Figure 2.2 clearly show that large
12 I, 2. 4 | the EU in 2004.~ ~Figure 2.2. Gross Domestic Product
13 I, 2. 4 | the EU in 2004.~ ~Figure 2.2. Gross Domestic Product
14 I, 2. 4 | inflate the growth rate. Table 2.1 provides an overview of
15 I, 2. 4 | varying downward.~ ~Table 2.1. Growth rate of real gross
16 I, 2. 4. 0(1) | PREREL_YEAR_2009_MONTH_02/2-13022009-EN-AP.PDF]~
17 I, 2. 4 | observed (APPLICA, 2005; Table 2.2).~ ~Table 2.2. At risk
18 I, 2. 4 | APPLICA, 2005; Table 2.2).~ ~Table 2.2. At risk of
19 I, 2. 4 | 2005; Table 2.2).~ ~Table 2.2. At risk of poverty rate
20 I, 2. 4 | 2005; Table 2.2).~ ~Table 2.2. At risk of poverty rate
21 I, 2. 4 | 4 to 6 years among men, 2 to 4 years among women).
22 I, 2. 5 | 2.5. Unemployment rates and
23 I, 2. 5 | achieved since the 80s. Figure 2.3 shows the significant
24 I, 2. 5. 0(3) | PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_12/2-16122008-EN-AP.PDF~
25 I, 2. 6 | 2.6. Education~ ~Education
26 I, 2. 6 | secondary education (Table 2.3) and of total early school
27 I, 2. 6 | early school leavers (Figure 2.4).~ ~Table 2.3. Total population
28 I, 2. 6 | leavers (Figure 2.4).~ ~Table 2.3. Total population percentage
29 I, 2. 6 | educational systems.~ ~Figure 2.4. Early school leavers
30 I, 2. 6 | is expected to decline by 2.4 percentage points. Declines
31 I, 2. 7 | 2.7. Urbanisation~In 2008,
32 I, 2. 8 | 2.8. Energy production~ ~Due
33 I, 2. 8 | below as shown in Table 2.4.~ ~ ~Table 2.4. Health
34 I, 2. 8 | in Table 2.4.~ ~ ~Table 2.4. Health impacts of different
35 I, 2. 9 | 2.9 Climate Changes~ ~Climate
36 I, 2. 9 | global average (1.0 and 1.2 °C, respectively), especially
37 I, 2. 9 | risk increases by between 0.2 and 5.5 % for every 1 °C
38 I, 2. 10 | 2.10 Technological developments~ ~
39 I, 2. 10. 1 | 2.10.1. Human genomics and
40 I, 2. 10. 2 | 2.10.2. Nanotechnologies~ ~
41 I, 2. 10. 2 | 2.10.2. Nanotechnologies~ ~Due
42 I, 2. 10. 3 | 2.10.3. Information and communication
43 I, 2. 10. 4 | 2.10.4. Automatic identification
44 I, 2. 10. 4 | which may cost around £2 billion/year in hospital
45 I, 2. 10. 4 | reach the patient, only 2% of administration errors
46 I, 2. 10. 4 | were reduced by 67% from 2.7% to 0.9% of prescriptions12.~ ~
47 I, 2. 10. 4 | Internet pharmacies. In 2006, 2.7 million items were seized
48 I, 2. 10. 5 | 2.10.5. Health technology
49 I, 2. 11 | 2.11. References~ ~APPLICA (
50 I, 3. 1 | children per woman) was below 2.5 only in Bulgaria, the
51 I, 3. 1 | Europe was this number below 2.0. In several other EU Member
52 I, 3. 1 | dropped by about 50%: from 2.51 to 1.25 (1963- 1995).
53 I, 3. 1 | Member State has a TFR above 2.0. This means that fertility
54 I, 3. 1 | so-called replacement level of 2.2 children per woman everywhere
55 I, 3. 1 | so-called replacement level of 2.2 children per woman everywhere
56 I, 3. 1 | countries except France (2.23), Ireland (2.67), Poland (
57 I, 3. 1 | France (2.23), Ireland (2.67), Poland (2.29), the
58 I, 3. 1 | Ireland (2.67), Poland (2.29), the Slovak Republic (
59 I, 3. 1 | 29), the Slovak Republic (2.85) and Romania (2.26).
60 I, 3. 1 | Republic (2.85) and Romania (2.26). Cohorts born in the
61 I, 3. 2 | 3.2. Population growth and migration~ ~
62 I, 3. 2 | Bulgaria (-5%).~ ~Figure 3.2. Population size per Member
63 I, 3. 2 | coming decades (Figure 3.2). Based on the EUROPOP 2004
64 I, 3. 2 | reached an annual level of 2 million. Increased immigration
65 I, 3. 3 | average annual growth of 2%, followed by Portugal (
66 I, 3. 3 | for the United Kingdom to 2% for Italy. The country
67 I, 3. 3 | old-age-dependency ratio rose by 2.8% in the period from 2000
68 I, 3. 3 | from 25.9 in 2005 to 53.2 in 2050. This means that
69 I, 3. 3 | ratios will increase by 2.3% per year. The countries
70 I, 3. 3 | Sweden (1%) and Luxemburg (1.2%).~ ~With relation to various
71 I, 3. 3 | their share rose from 1.2% to the current 4.2%. A
72 I, 3. 3 | from 1.2% to the current 4.2%. A figure of 6.6% is expected
73 I, 3. 4 | Démographie européenne, vol.2: Dynamique démographique,
74 II, 4. 1 | much smaller, less than 2 years, than the total longevity
75 II, 4. 1 | likely trends. Table 4.1.2 gives estimates of life
76 II, 4. 1 | ECHP survey.~ ~Table 4.1.2. Life expectancy and Disability-free
77 II, 4. 1 | by 3 years for men and by 2 years for women, thereby
78 II, 4. 1 | years to 78.5 years (13.2 years gap) for men and from
79 II, 4. 1 | gap) for men and from 52.2 years to 70.2 years (18.
80 II, 4. 1 | and from 52.2 years to 70.2 years (18.0 years gap) for
81 II, 4. 1 | in Figures 4.1.1. and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure 4.1.1. Life Expectancy,
82 II, 4. 1 | in 2005, Men~ ~Figure 4.1.2. Life Expectancy, broken
83 II, 4. 1 | gender gaps range from 5.2 years in the USA to 7 years
84 II, 4. 2 | 4.2. Life expectancy and causes
85 II, 4. 2 | increased, on average, by about 2 years per decade. In several
86 II, 4. 2 | at birth has increased by 2.3 years per decade for both
87 II, 4. 2 | 1.8 years in the 1970s, 2.1 years in the 1980s and
88 II, 4. 2 | lower than in the 1970s (2.3 years), but similarly
89 II, 4. 2 | was observed in the 1990s (2.7 years).~ ~Table 4.2.1
90 II, 4. 2 | 1990s (2.7 years).~ ~Table 4.2.1 shows the contribution
91 II, 4. 2 | 40% for women.~ ~Table 4.2.1. Arriaga decomposition
92 II, 4. 2 | causes of death. Table 4.2.2 shows the contribution
93 II, 4. 2 | causes of death. Table 4.2.2 shows the contribution of
94 II, 4. 2 | men decreased.~ ~Table 4.2.2. Arriaga decomposition
95 II, 4. 2 | men decreased.~ ~Table 4.2.2. Arriaga decomposition of
96 II, 4. 2 | EU15 average.~ ~Table 4.2.3 shows the Arriaga decomposition
97 II, 4. 2 | European Union.~ ~Table 4.2.3. Arriaga decomposition
98 II, 4. 2 | of death, cancer (causes 2, 3, 4 and 5 in table 3),
99 II, 4. 2 | respiratory diseases.~ ~Table 4.2.4 shows by how many years
100 II, 4. 2 | life expectancy.~ ~Table 4.2.4. Contribution of change
101 II, 4. 2 | selected countries~ ~Table 4.2.5 shows that cancers caused
102 II, 4. 2 | in the 1980s.~ ~Table 4.2.5. The effect of smoking
103 II, 4. 2 | were selected.~ ~Table 4.2.6. Average annual change
104 II, 4. 2 | selected countries.~ ~Table 4.2.6 shows that in 11 out of
105 II, 4. 2 | that for women.~ ~Table 4.2.7 shows the development
106 II, 4. 2 | men and women.~ ~Table 4.2.7. Average annual change
107 II, 4. 2 | at high ages.~ ~Figure 4.2.1. Standardized death rates
108 II, 4. 2 | average increase (Fig. 4.2.2). This indicates that
109 II, 4. 2 | average increase (Fig. 4.2.2). This indicates that there
110 II, 4. 2 | is completed.~ ~Figure 4.2.2. Relationship between
111 II, 4. 2 | completed.~ ~Figure 4.2.2. Relationship between the
112 II, 4. 2 | significant relationship (Figure 4.2.3). However, this is mainly
113 II, 4. 2 | European countries.~ ~Figure 4.2.3. Relationship between
114 II, 4. 2 | 1970 for menl (Figure 4.2.4). The regression coefficient
115 II, 4. 2 | some 40 years.~ ~Figure 4.2.4. Relationship between
116 II, 4. 2 | if we compare Figure 4.2.5 with Figure 4.2.2). In
117 II, 4. 2 | Figure 4.2.5 with Figure 4.2.2). In that case the regression
118 II, 4. 2 | Figure 4.2.5 with Figure 4.2.2). In that case the regression
119 II, 4. 2 | take 30 years.~ ~Figure 4.2.5. Relationship between
120 II, 4. 3 | Statistics Report 45(11-Sup 2): 1-80.~ ~Commission of
121 II, 4. 3 | of Women and Aging 14(1-2): 119-133.~ ~Robine, J.-
122 II, 4. 3 | across Europe: the Euro-REVES 2 project. European Journal
123 II, 4. 3 | across Europe: The Euro-REVES 2 project. European Journal
124 II, 4. 3 | comparisons. Genus LVII(2): 89-101.~ ~Robine, J.-M.,
125 II, 5. 1. 1 | major risk factor for Type 2 diabetes is excess body weight,
126 II, 5. 1. 1 | factors for developing type 2 diabetes:~ ~· obese or with
127 II, 5. 1. 1 | high cholesterol;~· type 2 diabetes runs in the family;~·
128 II, 5. 1. 1 | periodontitis and make them 2-5 times more susceptible
129 II, 5. 1. 2 | 5.1.2. Patient centeredness~ ~
130 II, 5. 2 | 5.2. Cardiovascular diseases~ ~
131 II, 5. 2. 1 | 5.2.1. Introduction~ ~Diseases
132 II, 5. 2. 1 | in Europe and more than 2.0 million deaths each year
133 II, 5. 2. 1 | Meeting – Luxembourg – 1 and 2 June 2006; Allender et al,
134 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2. Data sources~The magnitude
135 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2. Data sources~The magnitude
136 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.1. Ischemic heart disease~ ~
137 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.1. Ischemic heart disease~ ~
138 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.2. Stroke~ ~Mortality~
139 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.2. Stroke~ ~Mortality~Following
140 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.2. Stroke~ ~Mortality~Following
141 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.3 Risk factors~CVD clinically
142 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.3 Risk factors~CVD clinically
143 II, 5. 2. 3 | 5.2.3. Data description and
144 II, 5. 2. 3 | 5.2.3.1. Ischemic heart disease~ ~
145 II, 5. 2. 3 | As explained in chapter 5.2.2 ‘Data sources’, it was
146 II, 5. 2. 3 | explained in chapter 5.2.2 ‘Data sources’, it was decided
147 II, 5. 2. 3 | Europe countries (Table 5.2.1). According to the most
148 II, 5. 2. 3 | 167 in Latvia).~ ~Table 5.2.1. Ischemic heart diseases (
149 II, 5. 2. 3 | men are shown in Figure 5.2.1: in all countries from
150 II, 5. 2. 3 | found in women (Figure 5.2.2) for whom mortality rates
151 II, 5. 2. 3 | found in women (Figure 5.2.2) for whom mortality rates
152 II, 5. 2. 3 | per 100.000).~ ~Figure 5.2.1. Age-standardized mortality
153 II, 5. 2. 3 | aged 35-74 years~ ~Figure 5.2.2. Age-standardized mortality
154 II, 5. 2. 3 | 35-74 years~ ~Figure 5.2.2. Age-standardized mortality
155 II, 5. 2. 3 | years~ ~Morbidity~ ~Table 5.2.2 shows IHD and AMI hospital
156 II, 5. 2. 3 | Morbidity~ ~Table 5.2.2 shows IHD and AMI hospital
157 II, 5. 2. 3 | medical care.~ ~Table 5.2.2. Crude hospital discharge
158 II, 5. 2. 3 | medical care.~ ~Table 5.2.2. Crude hospital discharge
159 II, 5. 2. 3 | and reported in Table 5.2.3 (Allender et al, 2008).
160 II, 5. 2. 3 | patients with IHD.~ ~Table 5.2.3. Crude rates per 1 million
161 II, 5. 2. 3 | Project, reported in Table 5.2.4; here we can see mean
162 II, 5. 2. 3 | Group, 2003).~ ~Table 5.2.4. WHO-MONICA 13 EU population.
163 II, 5. 2. 3 | 5.2.3.2. Stroke~Data on morbidity
164 II, 5. 2. 3 | 5.2.3.2. Stroke~Data on morbidity
165 II, 5. 2. 3 | As explained in chapter 4.2.2 ‘Data sources’, it was
166 II, 5. 2. 3 | explained in chapter 4.2.2 ‘Data sources’, it was decided
167 II, 5. 2. 3 | among countries.~ ~Table 5.2.5. Age-standardized (standard
168 II, 5. 2. 3 | higher. As shown in table 5.2.5, in the age range 75-84
169 II, 5. 2. 3 | men are shown in Figure 5.2.3; from 1994 to 2003 mortality
170 II, 5. 2. 3 | Eastern Europe.~ ~Figure 5.2.3. Age-standardized (standard
171 II, 5. 2. 3 | found in women (Figure 5.2.4) for which mortality rates
172 II, 5. 2. 3 | Europe countries.~ ~Figure 5.2.4. Age-standardized (standard
173 II, 5. 2. 3 | years~ ~Morbidity~ ~Table 5.2.2 also shows stroke hospital
174 II, 5. 2. 3 | Morbidity~ ~Table 5.2.2 also shows stroke hospital
175 II, 5. 2. 3 | are reported in Table 5.2.6: here mean attack rates
176 II, 5. 2. 3 | et al, 2003).~ ~Table 5.2.6. WHO-MONICA Project 6
177 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4. Risk factors~ ~
178 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4.1. Risk factors in primary
179 II, 5. 2. 4 | examination surveys. Table 5.2.7 (htt b, 2007) provides
180 II, 5. 2. 4 | mmHg; 160 mmHg).~Table 5.2.8 shows data on total cholesterol:
181 II, 5. 2. 4 | existing definitions ( 5.2 mmol/l, 6.2, 6.5 or 7.8)
182 II, 5. 2. 4 | definitions ( 5.2 mmol/l, 6.2, 6.5 or 7.8) and difficulties
183 II, 5. 2. 4 | among elderly women.~Table 5.2.9 reports smoking habit
184 II, 5. 2. 4 | also Chapter 8).~ ~Table 5.2.7. Estimated prevalence
185 II, 5. 2. 4 | EU countries.~ ~Table 5.2.8. Estimated mean values
186 II, 5. 2. 4 | different age ranges.~ ~Table 5.2.9. Estimated prevalence
187 II, 5. 2. 4 | and overweight (Table 5.2.10) are also included alongside
188 II, 5. 2. 4 | also Chapter 10).~ ~Table 5.2.10. Estimated prevalence
189 II, 5. 2. 4 | WHO-MONICA Project (Table 5.2.11) collected between mid
190 II, 5. 2. 4 | environmental conditions.~ ~Table 5.2.11. Prevalence of smoking (%),
191 II, 5. 2. 4 | smokers (see Chapter 5.1.2.).~Unfortunately, despite
192 II, 5. 2. 5 | 5.2.5. Control tools and policies~ ~
193 II, 5. 2. 5 | 5.2.5.1. Prevention~ ~In 1982,
194 II, 5. 2. 5 | environment see Sections 5.1. or 5.2.; for diabetes mellitus
195 II, 5. 2. 5 | Council Meeting – 1 and 2 June 2004) on promoting
196 II, 5. 2. 5 | 5.2.5.2. Policy~ ~· In 2002,
197 II, 5. 2. 5 | 5.2.5.2. Policy~ ~· In 2002, the
198 II, 5. 2. 6 | 5.2.6. Future developments~ ~
199 II, 5. 2. 6 | European countries, is about 2 times higher than the risk
200 II, 5. 2. 6 | references can be found in 5.2.7)~Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney
201 II, 5. 2. 7 | 5.2.7. References~Allender S,
202 II, 5. 2. 7 | Meeting – Luxembourg – 1 and 2 June 2006. European Journal
203 II, 5. 3. 2 | 5.3.2 Data sources~ ~
204 II, 5. 3. 2 | 5.3.2.1 Cancer Registration~ ~
205 II, 5. 3. 2 | 5.3.2.2 Data from European networks
206 II, 5. 3. 2 | 5.3.2.2 Data from European networks
207 II, 5. 3. 5 | Figure 5.3.4b).~Figures 5.3.2 show that incidence rates
208 II, 5. 3. 6 | 5.3.5.2 Adult cancer survival~ ~
209 II, 5. 3. 6 | diagnosed in 1983–1985 to 9.2% in 1992–1994 and from 8.
210 II, 5. 3. 6 | 23 European countries on 2 699 086 adult cancer cases
211 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6.2 Early diagnosis (secondary
212 II, 5. 3. 7 | breast cancer screening (with 2 or 3 years of interval)
213 II, 5. 3. 7 | colorectal cancer (with 1 or 2 years of interval).~ ~It
214 II, 5. 3. 7 | with a perspective of 1–2 years (as increases in costs >
215 II, 5. 3. 7 | Member States (see Table 5.3.2) consider national cancer
216 II, 5. 3. 7 | cancer control.~ ~Table 5.3.2. Cancer national control
217 II, 5. 3. 9 | Council recommendation of 2 December 2003 on cancer
218 II, 5. 3. 9 | 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55(2):74-108.~ ~Sant M, Aareleid
219 II, 5. 4.Acr | diabetes mellitus~T2DM~Type 2 diabetes mellitus~ ~ ~
220 II, 5. 4. 1 | the last 30 years.~ ~·Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
221 II, 5. 4. 1 | with diabetes have type 2 diabetes and over 80% of
222 II, 5. 4. 1 | and Middle East, where 9.2 % of the adult population
223 II, 5. 4. 1 | increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes. For low and middle-income
224 II, 5. 4. 1 | costs of people with type 2 diabetes in 8 EU countries:
225 II, 5. 4. 1 | costs per patient with type 2 diabetes were estimated
226 II, 5. 4. 1 | diabetes were estimated at €2,834 in 1999. The health
227 II, 5. 4. 1 | forms of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes tends to be associated
228 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2 Data sources~ ~ ~
229 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2 Data sources~ ~The different
230 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.1. National and regional
231 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.2. IDF Diabetes Atlas~ ~
232 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.2. IDF Diabetes Atlas~ ~The
233 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.3. Quality of care monitoring~ ~
234 II, 5. 4. 2 | et al 2004, see Table 5.4.2), only three were available
235 II, 5. 4. 2 | Outcomes Framework.~ ~Table 5.4.2. OECD indicators~ ~ ~Areas~ ~
236 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.4. Health Surveys~ ~Health
237 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.5. Sentinel Surveillance
238 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.6. Hospital discharge records~ ~
239 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.7. Insurance/reimbursement
240 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.8. National drug sales~ ~
241 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.9. Conclusion~ ~Different
242 II, 5. 4. 2 | 14 year), with type 1 and 2 not separated, is defined
243 II, 5. 4. 2 | this indicator varied from 2% (Turkey) to 15% (Germany)
244 II, 5. 4. 2 | tolerance and/or diet only~2~III Risk factors for complications~ ~
245 II, 5. 4. 2 | last 12 months with LDL>2.6 mmol/l (>3 mmol/l)~13~
246 II, 5. 4. 2 | months with triglycerides >2.3 mmol/l (>2.0 mmol/l)~12~
247 II, 5. 4. 2 | triglycerides >2.3 mmol/l (>2.0 mmol/l)~12~Percent of
248 II, 5. 4. 2 | mellitus by 10 year age bands~2~IV Epidemiology of complications~ ~
249 II, 5. 4. 2 | LDL cholesterol level >2.6 mmol/l is an important
250 II, 5. 4. 2 | presenting a value above 2.6 mmol/l.~Measurement of
251 II, 5. 4. 2 | months.~Triglycerides level >2.3 mmol/l is an important
252 II, 5. 4. 2 | total cholesterol above 2.3 mmol/l.~Microalbuminuria
253 II, 5. 4. 2 | countries submitting data (N=2).~Fundus inspection is a
254 II, 5. 4. 3 | years, corresponding to 3.2% annually. When pooled over
255 II, 5. 4. 3 | 4.8%) for 5-9 years, and 2.4% (1.0-3.8%) for 10-14
256 II, 5. 4. 3 | diabetes (type 1 and type 2).~Annual incidence of blindness
257 II, 5. 4. 3 | this indicator varied from 2% (Turkey) to 15% (Germany)
258 II, 5. 4. 3 | LDL cholesterol level >2.6 mmol/l. Crude percentages
259 II, 5. 4. 3 | Denmark.~Triglycerides level >2.3 mmol/l. In EUCID databases
260 II, 5. 4. 3 | Cyprus). The median is 1.2%.~The annual incidence of
261 II, 5. 4. 3 | between 37 (Cyprus) and 2,675 (Germany), with a median
262 II, 5. 4. 5 | major risk factor for Type 2 diabetes is excess body weight
263 II, 5. 4. 5 | factors for developing type 2 diabetes are:~- high blood
264 II, 5. 4. 5 | high cholesterol;~- type 2 diabetes familiarity;~-
265 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.2. Primary prevention~For
266 II, 5. 4. 6 | dither prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising and has
267 II, 5. 4. 6 | cholesterol, see Chapter 5.2.4. and for other risk factors
268 II, 5. 4. 6 | should be guaranteed. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular
269 II, 5. 4. 6 | cooperation between Member States;~2. help to increase the coherence
270 II, 5. 4. 6 | Government of Austria made Type 2 diabetes a key health priority
271 II, 5. 4. 6 | Conference on Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes, organized in Vienna
272 II, 5. 4. 6 | lifestyles and prevention of type 2 diabetes at the Employment,
273 II, 5. 4. 6 | meeting held in Luxembourg, 1-2 June 2006 (see Table 5.4.
274 II, 5. 4. 8 | Nutrition and Metabolism 2001;14(2), 100-103.~Carinci M, Federici
275 II, 5. 4. 8 | lifestyles and prevention of type 2 diabetes, 2733rd Employment,
276 II, 5. 4. 8 | Council meeting, Luxembourg, 1-2 June 2006~[http://www.consilium.
277 II, 5. 4. 8 | 2007): Immigrants and type 2 diabetes. Occurrence, treatment
278 II, 5. 4. 8 | 2007): Screening for type 2 diabetes: literature review
279 II, 5. 5.Int | people with depression are 2-3 times more likely to have
280 II, 5. 5.Int | times more likely to have 2 or more chronic illnesses
281 II, 5. 5.Int | more chronic illnesses and 2-6 times more likely to have
282 II, 5. 5.Int | in women and from 0.1% to 2.1% in males. There is often
283 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.2. Data sources~ ~ ~
284 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.2.1. Registers~ ~There are
285 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.2.2. Data from population
286 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.2.2. Data from population surveys~ ~ ~
287 II, 5. 5. 1 | GP) only.~ ~Table 5.5.1.2. Level of care use (%) among
288 II, 5. 5. 1 | Nordic countries and Ireland~2) those with a similar prevalence
289 II, 5. 5. 1 | Croatia).~ ~Figure 5.5.1.2. Odds ratio (with 95% confidence
290 II, 5. 5. 1 | Clin Psychiatry 68(suppl 2): 3-9.~ ~Berk M, Dodd S,
291 II, 5. 5. 1 | suicide. Psychol Med 36(2):181-9.~ ~Blakely TA, Collings
292 II, 5. 5. 1 | Psychiatr Clin North Am. 31(2):247-69.~ ~European Commission (
293 II, 5. 5. 1 | suicide in Ireland. Crisis 28(2):89-94.~ ~K B (2007): Lifetime
294 II, 5. 5. 1 | Clin Psychiatry 68(Suppl 2):36-41.~ ~L . (2002). Contact
295 II, 5. 5. 1 | Mental Health Policy Econ 9(2):87-98.~ ~S F et al. (2007).
296 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2. Dementia including Alzheimer’
297 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.1. Introduction~ ~The term “
298 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.2. Data sources~ ~The data
299 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.2. Data sources~ ~The data
300 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.3. Data description and
301 II, 5. 5. 2 | from dementia.~ ~Table 5.5.2.1. EURODEM prevalence rates~ ~
302 II, 5. 5. 2 | prevalence rates~ ~Table 5.5.2.2. Prevalence rates reported
303 II, 5. 5. 2 | prevalence rates~ ~Table 5.5.2.2. Prevalence rates reported
304 II, 5. 5. 2 | as follows:~ ~Table 5.5.2.3. The estimated number
305 II, 5. 5. 2 | Europe, 2006a). Figure 5.5.2.1.1 uses the statistics
306 II, 5. 5. 2 | population.~ ~Figure 5.5.2.1. The number of people
307 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.4. Risk factors~ ~A tremendous
308 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.5. Control and policy tools~ ~
309 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.6. Future developments~ ~
310 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.7. References~ ~Alzheimer
311 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.2. Data sources~ ~ ~Qualitative
312 II, 5. 5. 3 | Children in Europe; Volume 2: Available Health Information
313 II, 5. 5. 3 | overview in table 5.5.3.1.2.1 illustrates the limited
314 II, 5. 5. 3 | Turkey~ ~X~ ~ ~Table 5.5.3.1.2.1: Available data about
315 II, 5. 5. 3 | Children in Europe; Volume 2: Available Health Information
316 II, 5. 5. 3 | high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, menstrual dysfunction,
317 II, 5. 5. 3 | Children in Europe; Volume 2: Available Health Information
318 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2. Schizophrenia and disorders
319 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.1. Introduction~ ~Schizophrenia (
320 II, 5. 5. 3 | and lifetime morbid risk 7.2 per 1000, respectively.
321 II, 5. 5. 3 | psychosis accounts for 32.2% world wide, of which 17.
322 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.2. Data Sources~ ~There
323 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.2. Data Sources~ ~There are
324 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.3. Data description and
325 II, 5. 5. 3 | and Incidence~Figure 5.5.3.2.1. Estimated prevalence
326 II, 5. 5. 3 | lifetime prevalence and 7.2 for lifetime morbidity risk (
327 II, 5. 5. 3 | elevated by a factor of 2.5 (median value). Suicide
328 II, 5. 5. 3 | mortality rate (23.0% vs. 11.2%) was mainly the result
329 II, 5. 5. 3 | missing in figure 5.5.3.3.2 due to lacking ICD-10 documentation.
330 II, 5. 5. 3 | documentation.~Figure 5.5.3.2.2. Inter-country comparison
331 II, 5. 5. 3 | documentation.~Figure 5.5.3.2.2. Inter-country comparison
332 II, 5. 5. 3 | codes: F20.~Figure 5.5.3.2.3. Admission rates trend
333 II, 5. 5. 3 | remains high.~Figure 5.5.3.2.4. Average length of stay -
334 II, 5. 5. 3 | populations (see Figure 5.5.3.3.2), the value reported from
335 II, 5. 5. 3 | ranking 11th and accounts for 2.3% of the years lived with
336 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorder accounting for 6.2% YLDs).~Table 5.5.3.2.1.
337 II, 5. 5. 3 | 6.2% YLDs).~Table 5.5.3.2.1. DALYs due to schizophrenia~
338 II, 5. 5. 3 | of morbidity.~Table 5.5.3.2.2. Prevalence and adjusted
339 II, 5. 5. 3 | morbidity.~Table 5.5.3.2.2. Prevalence and adjusted
340 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia as compared to 2 – 3% in the general population.
341 II, 5. 5. 3 | affective-psychoses) was 32.2% (Kohn et al, 2004) worldwide;
342 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.3.5).~Figure 5.5.3.2.5: Prescription of antipsychotics
343 II, 5. 5. 3 | guidelines (Table 5.5.3.2.3).~Table 5.5.3.2.3. Psychosocial
344 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.3).~Table 5.5.3.2.3. Psychosocial interventions
345 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2003) – see table 5.5.3.2.4.~Table 5.5.3.2.4. European
346 II, 5. 5. 3 | table 5.5.3.2.4.~Table 5.5.3.2.4. European practice guidelines
347 II, 5. 5. 3 | respective deficits.~Table 5.5.3.2.5. Mental health service
348 II, 5. 5. 3 | of disease.~Figure 5.5.3.2.6. Experiences of stigma
349 II, 5. 5. 3 | mental disorders were about 2.5 times as high as for outpatient
350 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al, 2007)~Table 5.5.3.2.6. Expenditures by kind
351 II, 5. 5. 3 | to F20-F29~Figure 5.5.3.2.7. Direct healthcare costs
352 II, 5. 5. 3 | into account.~Figure 5.5.3.2.8. Costs per case of schizophrenia
353 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
354 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.5. Future developments~ ~
355 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.6. References~AGREE Collaboration (
356 II, 5. 5. 3 | Neuroscience Research 3(1-2):23-33.~Häfner H and Maurer
357 II, 5. 5. 3 | Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254(2):117-28.~Healy D, Harris
358 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia PLoS Med. 2(5):e141.~Saha S, Chant D,
359 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.7. Acronyms~ ~DALYs~Disability
360 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.3.2. Data sources~ ~Autism Spectrum
361 II, 5. 5. 3 | children were involved and 2,685 eight-year-olds (65.
362 II, 5. 5. 3 | children with autism cost £2.7 billion (Euros 3.8 billion)
363 II, 5. 5. 3 | is £25 billion (Euros 36.2 billion) – i.e. over eight
364 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.2. Data sources~ ~The patients
365 II, 5. 5. 3 | the elderly (Table 5.5.3.4.2), even with significant
366 II, 5. 5. 3 | in Europe~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.2. Incidence (per 100,000)
367 II, 5. 5. 3 | 21%) followed by trauma (2-16%) and neoplasms (6-10%).~
368 II, 5. 5. 3 | active epilepsy ranges from 3.2 to 7.8 per 1,000 (Table
369 II, 5. 5. 3 | examination ~329/348 ~3.9/3.2~Eriksson and Koivikko, 1997 (*) /~
370 II, 5. 5. 3 | 278/51~ ~199/235~ ~81/47~6.2/5.1~ ~3.9/5.2~ ~3.3/3.1~
371 II, 5. 5. 3 | 81/47~6.2/5.1~ ~3.9/5.2~ ~3.3/3.1~Granieri et al.,
372 II, 5. 5. 3 | review and GP contacts~245 ~2.3 ~Krohn, 1961 (*) ~Poland~
373 II, 5. 5. 3 | inquiry/MR review? ~155/195 ~4.2/3.5~Sidenvall et al., 1996/
374 II, 5. 5. 3 | All ages ~GP files~? ~6.2 ~Pond et al., 1960 (*)~U.
375 II, 5. 5. 3 | respectively 36-66%, 30-62%, and 2-4%. The differing proportions
376 II, 5. 5. 3 | idiopathic epilepsies was 1.2 per 1,000, while that of
377 II, 5. 5. 3 | Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 2-6%.~Socio-economic background
378 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual mortality rates at 1-2 per 100,000 (Massey et al,
379 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohorts~32~12.4~2.6~Preston and Clarke, 1966 (*)~
380 II, 5. 5. 3 | Incident cohort~39~15.7~2.5~Lindsten et al., 2000~ ~
381 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohort~160~67.8~2.4~Alstrom, 1950 (*)~ ~Insurance
382 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohort~32~14.6~2.2~Svensson and Astrand,
383 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohort~32~14.6~2.2~Svensson and Astrand, 1976 (*)~ ~
384 II, 5. 5. 3 | Incident cohort~149~58.3~2.6~Lhathoo et al., 2001~
385 II, 5. 5. 3 | with SMR ranging between 2.4 and 5.6 (Gaitatzis and
386 II, 5. 5. 3 | causes) was 4.9 (95% CI 2.7-8.3) vs. 7.9 (95% CI 2.
387 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2.7-8.3) vs. 7.9 (95% CI 2.6-18.4) in non-surgical
388 II, 5. 5. 3 | the incidence of SUDEP was 2.5 vs. 6.3 per 1,000 (Nilsson
389 II, 5. 5. 3 | medical event occurring in a 1-2 year period in a large cohort
390 II, 5. 5. 3 | intelligence exhibiting at least 2-year retardation in reading
391 II, 5. 5. 3 | ranging from 0.02 to 0.2% (Black and Lay, 1997; Sheth
392 II, 5. 5. 3 | First provoked seizure (2 years)~Croatia I 24 months
393 II, 5. 5. 3 | license valid 1 year;~ 2 years if seizure freedom >
394 II, 5. 5. 3 | years if seizure freedom >2 years; 5 years~ if seizure
395 II, 5. 5. 3 | epileptiform epileptiform EEG (2 years)~ activity)~ ~ ~Norway
396 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.5.2. Data sources~ ~The distribution
397 II, 5. 5. 3 | Countries~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.2. Prevalence (per 100 000)
398 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual incidence rate was 2.6 in 1974–88. Multiple assessments
399 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual incidence rate of 5.2 in 1988–97.~In Finland,
400 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual incidence rate of 4.2 (Lauer, personal data).
401 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual incidence rates from 2–4 in the 1990s. Prevalence
402 II, 5. 5. 3 | mean annual incidence of 2.4 in Greece. Methodological
403 II, 5. 5. 3 | 3.5.6 and Figure 5.5.3.5.2. The estimated proportion
404 II, 5. 5. 3 | with a woman:man ratio of 2.0. In the same study the
405 II, 5. 5. 3 | drug costs dominate with €2.5 billion in 2005 (41% of
406 II, 5. 5. 3 | 720-fingolimod, anti IL 2 receptor monoclonal antibody,
407 II, 5. 5. 3 | Society. Eur Neurol. 2006;56(2):78-105~Horakova D (2004):
408 II, 5. 5. 3 | Chronic Disability 1985;38(2):203-10.~Lensky P (1994):
409 II, 5. 5. 3 | 86 to 4.9/100.000, PSP: 2.5 to 7.5/100.000; CGD: 4.
410 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.2. Data source~To identify
411 II, 5. 5. 3 | number of PD patients at 1.2 million within the European
412 II, 5. 5. 3 | summarised in Table 5.5.3.6.2..(von Campenhausen et al,
413 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2005).~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.2. Prevalence studies of Parkinson’
414 II, 5. 5. 3 | some studies found a 1.5-2-fold increase, but these
415 II, 5. 5. 3 | Mutch et al (in which 10.2% of the study population
416 II, 5. 5. 3 | increased mortality (SMR: 2.9) was reported compared
417 II, 5. 5. 3 | including PD (Figure 5.5.3.6.2) (Andlin-Sobocki et al,
418 II, 5. 5. 3 | across Europe, ranging from €2,500 (Estonia) – €13,000 (
419 II, 5. 5. 3 | 7,600.~ ~Figure 5.5.3.6.2. Cost per case in PD in
420 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 64 age group, only 51.2% of the PD patients were
421 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, (1999) investigated a 2-2.5 times greater risk for
422 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1999) investigated a 2-2.5 times greater risk for
423 II, 5. 5. 3 | door-to-door survey. Mov Disord 17(2):242-249.~D’Alessandro R,
424 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease. J Neurol Sci 217(2):169-174.~Granieri E, Carreras
425 II, 5. 5. 3 | 15 years. Mov Disord 20(2):190-199~Hoehn M, Yahr MD (
426 II, 5. 5. 3 | post-levodopa eras. Neurol Clin 10(2):331-339.~Horstink M, Tolosa
427 II, 5. 5. 3 | Journal of neurology 255(2):255-264.~Rosati G, Granieri
428 II, 5. 6. 1 | arthritis, osteoarthritis; (2) bone conditions e.g. osteoporosis
429 II, 5. 6. 2 | 5.6.2. Data sources~ ~The epidemiological
430 II, 5. 6. 3 | with older age (Figure 5.6.2). A decline in the complaint
431 II, 5. 6. 3 | in Sweden~ ~ ~Figure 5.6.2. Prevalence of self reported
432 II, 5. 6. 3 | Netherlands~ ~Figure 5.6.2.b Prevalence of self reported
433 II, 5. 6. 3 | a rheumatic disorder, 8.2% were disabled and of these
434 II, 5. 6. 3 | symptomatic knee OA was 2.3% compared to 17% based
435 II, 5. 6. 3 | et al, 2003).~ ~Table 5.6.2. Osteoarthritis Incidence
436 II, 5. 6. 3 | estimated that a decrease of 2 BMI units would decrease
437 II, 5. 6. 3 | are high during the first 2 years, largely related to
438 II, 5. 6. 3 | the BMD level in women was 2.5 standard deviations or
439 II, 5. 6. 3 | Osteoporosis: a BMD value at least 2.5 standard deviations below
440 II, 5. 6. 3 | adult women (BMD T–score –2.5).~ ~Osteopenia (low bone
441 II, 5. 6. 3 | BMD value between 1 and 2.5 standard deviations below
442 II, 5. 6. 3 | BMD of young adult women (–2.5 BMD T–score –1).~ ~Clinically,
443 II, 5. 6. 3 | with age, with rates of 2/100,000 person-years in
444 II, 5. 6. 3 | incidence ratio of approximately 2:1 (EULAR Online Course,
445 II, 5. 6. 3 | the comparable figures are 2.4% and 20%, respectively (
446 II, 5. 6. 3 | with 90% returning within 2 months (Woolf and Pfleger,
447 II, 5. 6. 3 | return to work and after 2 years absence, there is
448 II, 5. 6. 4 | sickness absence (less than 1-2 weeks), musculoskeletal
449 II, 5. 6. 4 | musculoskeletal disorders are 2-4 times more frequent than
450 II, 5. 6. 6 | Rev Rhum Ed Fr 60(6 Pt 2):63S-7S~Lin CT, Albertson
451 II, 5. 7. 1 | cardiovascular complications which is 2-4 times higher than that
452 II, 5. 7. 1 | initiative (Tables 5.7.1 and 5.7.2). Data about CKD in children
453 II, 5. 7. 1 | kidney transplantation~2. GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 ,
454 II, 5. 7. 1 | damage~ ~ ~ ~ ~Table 5.7.2. Current CKD Classification
455 II, 5. 7. 1 | kidney transplant recipient~ ~2~Kidney damage~with mild
456 II, 5. 7. 1 | decrease in GFR*~60–89~585.2~ ~3~Moderate decrease in
457 II, 5. 7. 2 | 5.7.2. Data sources~ ~ ~The present
458 II, 5. 7. 3 | 1-5 CKD in Norway was 10.2% which is similar to the
459 II, 5. 7. 3 | to Norwegian patients was 2.5. This was only modestly
460 II, 5. 7. 3 | in Tables 5.7..1 and 5.7..2) in The Netherlands (De
461 II, 5. 7. 3 | is shown in Figure 5.7.2.~ ~Figure 5.7.2. Prevalence
462 II, 5. 7. 3 | Figure 5.7.2.~ ~Figure 5.7.2. Prevalence of chronic kidney
463 II, 5. 7. 3 | Hallan et al, 2006) to 7.2% (Germany) (Meisinger et
464 II, 5. 7. 3 | 2006) in males and from 6.2% (Italy) (Cirillo et al,
465 II, 5. 7. 3 | Cirillo et al, 2006) to 10.2% (Iceland) (Viktorsdottir
466 II, 5. 7. 5 | the incidence of ESRD and (2) to reduce the impact of
467 II, 5. 7. 5 | transplantation is about 2 years. Accessibility of
468 II, 5. 7. 6 | see also the Chapter 9.2. on Transplants).~ ~
469 II, 5. 7. 7 | Nephrol 2003;14(7 Suppl 2):S131-S138.~Chen J, Wildman
470 II, 5. 7. 7 | Intern Med 2004 Jul 20;141(2):95-101.~Jager KJ, van Dijk
471 II, 5. 8. 2 | 5.8.2. Data sources~ ~The data
472 II, 5. 8. 2 | et al 2004).~ ~Table 5.8.2.1. ICD10 Codes for pulmonary
473 II, 5. 8. 2 | Panacinar emphysema~J43.2~ ~Centrilobular emphysema~
474 II, 5. 8. 3 | 18.3%, the lowest ones (0.2 to 2.5%) being based on
475 II, 5. 8. 3 | the lowest ones (0.2 to 2.5%) being based on WHO expert
476 II, 5. 8. 3 | estimated a prevalence of 9.2% using a spirometric definition
477 II, 5. 8. 3 | reported a prevalence of 6.2% of chronic bronchitis and
478 II, 5. 8. 3 | and by 50% (from 1.9 to 2.9 per 1 000) in males and
479 II, 5. 8. 3 | in females (from 1.0 to 2.9 per 1 000) from 2000 to
480 II, 5. 8. 3 | are reported in Figure 5.8.2.~ ~Figure 5.8.2. Prevalence
481 II, 5. 8. 3 | Figure 5.8.2.~ ~Figure 5.8.2. Prevalence of the GOLD
482 II, 5. 8. 3 | and 7.3%, moderate 4.5 and 2.2%, severe-very severe 0.
483 II, 5. 8. 3 | 7.3%, moderate 4.5 and 2.2%, severe-very severe 0.4
484 II, 5. 8. 3 | COPD was 5.3%, moderate 2.2%, and severe 0.6% (GOLD-COPD:
485 II, 5. 8. 3 | COPD was 5.3%, moderate 2.2%, and severe 0.6% (GOLD-COPD:
486 II, 5. 8. 3 | 0.6% (GOLD-COPD: mild 8.2%, moderate 5.3%, severe
487 II, 5. 8. 3 | in males and 3..9, 8.1, 2.3, 0.4, respectively, in
488 II, 5. 8. 3 | pulmonary embolism (Table 5.8.2).~ ~Table 5.8.2. Incidence
489 II, 5. 8. 3 | Table 5.8.2).~ ~Table 5.8.2. Incidence of comorbidities
490 II, 5. 8. 3 | physician diagnosed, n = 2,699) in 1998 with age, gender,
491 II, 5. 8. 3 | osteoporosis (RR = 3.1), RI (RR = 2.2), MI (RR = 1.7), angina (
492 II, 5. 8. 3 | osteoporosis (RR = 3.1), RI (RR = 2.2), MI (RR = 1.7), angina (
493 II, 5. 8. 3 | baseline, showed that more than 2/3 of them (69.4%) reported
494 II, 5. 8. 3 | depression (OR 3.52, 95%CI 2.04 to 6.07) compared to
495 II, 5. 8. 3 | were for ambulatory care, 2.7 for drugs, 2.9 for inpatient
496 II, 5. 8. 3 | ambulatory care, 2.7 for drugs, 2.9 for inpatient care and
497 II, 5. 8. 3 | were about 1 200, 1 600 and 2 300 € in Spain and 150,
498 II, 5. 8. 4 | developed (GOLD stage 0), 2.5 and 1.1% for GOLD stages
499 II, 5. 8. 5 | aged 53.5±11.5 yrs; 58.2% males) among which 64%
500 II, 5. 8. 6 | 001) or at home (37.4% vs 2.8%, p<0.05) than people
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