Part, Question

 501   2, 42  |               fear can regard evil of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[42] A[
 502   2, 42  |             deed, which is an evil of sin. Therefore ~fear does so
 503   2, 42  |          proper cause of the evil ~of sin: and consequently evil of
 504   2, 42  |              and consequently evil of sin, properly speaking, is not
 505   2, 42  |               will may be inclined to sin by an extrinsic cause; ~
 506   2, 42  |             man ~may fear the evil of sin, in so far as it arises
 507   2, 42  |            lest he be ~led by them to sin. But, properly speaking,
 508   2, 42  |            led astray rather than the sin considered in its proper
 509   2, 42  |             punishment resulting from sin: and ~every punishment is,
 510   2, 42  |              fear of ~the very act of sin, but of the disgrace or
 511   2, 46  |           penitent, on account of his sin; hence it ~is written (Ps.
 512   2, 46  |                4:5): "Be ye angry and sin not." Therefore anger is
 513   2, 47  |          angry with man on account of sin, according to Ps. 105:40: "
 514   2, 47  |           wills to take vengeance on ~sin. Because the sinner, by
 515   2, 47  |           injury on purpose, ~seem to sin from contempt; wherefore
 516   2, 55  |          should ~be a good habit. For sin is always taken in a bad
 517   2, 55  |            there is a ~virtue even of sin; according to 1 Cor. 15:
 518   2, 55  |                Douay: ~'strength'] of sin is the Law." Therefore virtue
 519   2, 55  |              so ~that the "virtue" of sin is said to be law, in so
 520   2, 55  |             in so far as occasionally sin ~is aggravated through the
 521   2, 57  |               contrary to prudence to sin willingly than unwillingly,
 522   2, 58  |               of knowledge, he cannot sin; and that every one who
 523   2, 58  |             of knowledge he ~does not sin: provided, however, that
 524   2, 58  |              contrary to prudence "to sin willingly" (Ethic. vi, 5). ~
 525   2, 59  |              if vice is taken to mean sin which ~is a vicious act,
 526   2, 59  |              man can be without grave sin, yet no ~man is to be found
 527   2, 59  |             If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves."
 528   2, 59  |            not actually in a state of sin, ~may have been so in the
 529   2, 59  |      commended if he sorrow for ~that sin, according to 2 Cor. 7:10: "
 530   2, 59  |   praiseworthily sorrow for another's sin. Therefore sorrow is compatible ~
 531   2, 59  |               passions ~incline us to sin which is contrary to virtue:
 532   2, 59  |       ordinate, passion that leads to sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[59] A[
 533   2, 63  |             and ~is not taken away by sin, since even in the demons
 534   2, 63  |              men; and is ~cast out by sin. Therefore it is not in
 535   2, 63  |               that is not of faith is sin," says: ~"The whole life
 536   2, 63  |            life of an unbeliever is a sin: and there is no good without ~
 537   2, 63  |             Para. 1/1~OBJ 2: Further, sin and virtue are contraries,
 538   2, 63  |    incompatible. Now man cannot avoid sin except by the grace of God, ~
 539   2, 63  |               1/1~Reply OBJ 2: Mortal sin is incompatible with divinely
 540   2, 63  |             perfect state. But actual sin, ~even mortal, is compatible
 541   2, 63  |               man cannot avoid mortal sin without grace, so as never ~
 542   2, 63  |        without grace, so as never ~to sin mortally, yet he is not
 543   2, 64  |            the mean it is possible to sin ~by excess as well as by
 544   2, 65  |               that is not of faith is sin" (Rm. 14:23), says: "He
 545   2, 65  |                being free from mortal sin, and yet they find it ~difficult
 546   2, 65  |          loses charity through mortal sin, forfeits all the infused
 547   2, 70  |            born of God, committeth no sin, for His seed ~abideth in
 548   2, 70  |              the fruit . . . that the sin . . . be taken away." Therefore
 549   2, 71  |                QQ[71]-89)~OF VICE AND SIN CONSIDERED IN THEMSELVES (
 550   2, 71  |            place to consider vice and sin: about which six ~points
 551   2, 71  |              considered: (1) Vice and sin considered in themselves; ~(
 552   2, 71  |          another; (4) the ~subject of sin; (5) the cause of sin; (
 553   2, 71  |              of sin; (5) the cause of sin; (6) the effect of sin.~
 554   2, 71  |             of sin; (6) the effect of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] Out.
 555   2, 71  |             virtue?~(5) Whether every sin includes action?~(6) Of
 556   2, 71  |               6) Of the definition of sin proposed by Augustine (Contra
 557   2, 71  |                Contra Faust. xxii): ~"Sin is a word, deed, or desire
 558   2, 71  |              Metaph. x, text. 17. Now sin and malice ~are contrary
 559   2, 71  |             virtue. One of ~these is "sin," which is opposed to virtue
 560   2, 71  |             since, properly speaking, sin denotes an inordinate ~act;
 561   2, 71  |             in the ~same respect: for sin is opposed to virtue, according
 562   2, 71  |             Para. 1/1~OBJ 4: Further, sin is compared to vice, as
 563   2, 71  |             stated ~above (A[1]). Now sin is defined as "a word, deed,
 564   2, 71  |                the same that vice and sin are against the order of
 565   2, 71  |            bad habit, is worse than a sin, ~i.e. a bad act. For, as
 566   2, 71  |               Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether sin is compatible with virtue?~
 567   2, 71  |              that a vicious act, i.e. sin, is incompatible with ~virtue.
 568   2, 71  |              in the same subject. Now sin ~is, in some way, contrary
 569   2, 71  |              above (A[1]). Therefore ~sin is incompatible with virtue.~
 570   2, 71  |             Para. 1/1~OBJ 2: Further, sin is worse than vice, i.e.
 571   2, 71  |              neither, therefore, ~can sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
 572   2, 71  |             Para. 1/1~OBJ 3: Further, sin occurs in natural things,
 573   2, 71  |              Phys. ii, text. 82). Now sin never happens in natural
 574   2, 71  |               Phys. ~ii. Therefore no sin occurs in voluntary matters,
 575   2, 71  |           virtue in the soul: so that sin and virtue cannot be ~together
 576   2, 71  |              Para. 1/2~I answer that, Sin is compared to virtue, as
 577   2, 71  |          virtue may produce an act of sin. And this sinful act, so
 578   2, 71  |         sinful act. For ~every mortal sin is contrary to charity,
 579   2, 71  |        banished by ~one act of mortal sin, it follows that all the
 580   2, 71  |              unquickened after mortal sin, so that they are no longer ~
 581   2, 71  |              other hand, since venial sin is neither contrary to ~
 582   2, 71  |               one ~act of any kind of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
 583   2, 71  |               2/2~Accordingly, mortal sin is incompatible with the
 584   2, 71  |         acquired virtue: while venial sin is compatible with ~virtues,
 585   2, 71  |              1 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Sin is contrary to virtue, not
 586   2, 71  |              reason of its act. Hence sin is incompatible with the
 587   2, 71  |           contrary to virtue, even as sin to ~virtuous act: and so
 588   2, 71  |              excludes virtue, just as sin excludes acts of ~virtue.~
 589   2, 71  |               power is unimpaired, no sin can be found in the act.
 590   2, 71  |               Para. 1/1~Whether every sin includes an action?~Aquin.:
 591   2, 71  |              It would seem that every sin includes an action. For
 592   2, 71  |               with virtue, even so is sin compared with vice. Now
 593   2, 71  |               therefore, can there be sin without ~action.~Aquin.:
 594   2, 71  |             So "true is it that every sin is voluntary, that, unless ~
 595   2, 71  |             it be voluntary, it is no sin at all." Now nothing can
 596   2, 71  |             the will. Therefore every sin implies an act.~Aquin.:
 597   2, 71  |                1/1~OBJ 3: Further, if sin could be without act, it
 598   2, 71  |                 Therefore there is no sin without an act.~Aquin.:
 599   2, 71  |           doth it not, to him it is a sin." Now "not to do" does ~
 600   2, 71  |               imply an act. Therefore sin can be without act.~Aquin.:
 601   2, 71  |        question has reference to the ~sin of omission, about which
 602   2, 71  |               some ~say that in every sin of omission there is some
 603   2, 71  |              hand, others say, that a sin of ~omission does not necessarily
 604   2, 71  |               one is bound to do is a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
 605   2, 71  |            truth in it. For if in the sin of omission we look merely
 606   2, 71  |              which the essence of the sin consists, ~the sin of omission
 607   2, 71  |             of the sin consists, ~the sin of omission will be sometimes
 608   2, 71  |               3/4~If, however, in the sin of omission, we consider
 609   2, 71  |             of the omission, then the sin of omission must of necessity ~
 610   2, 71  |             some act. For there is no sin of omission, unless we omit
 611   2, 71  |          because ~the volition of any sin whatever, pertains, of itself,
 612   2, 71  |          pertains, of itself, to that sin, ~since voluntariness is
 613   2, 71  |         voluntariness is essential to sin. Sometimes, however, the
 614   2, 71  |              is evident that then the sin of omission has indeed an
 615   2, 71  |              act is accidental to the sin of ~omission.~Aquin.: SMT
 616   2, 71  |               is ~truer to say that a sin can be without any act;
 617   2, 71  |                Div. Nom. iv): so that sin may ~arise from a man doing
 618   2, 71  |            act, whereas there ~can be sin without act.~Aquin.: SMT
 619   2, 71  |            Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 3: The sin of omission is contrary
 620   2, 71  |               Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether sin is fittingly defined as
 621   2, 71  |             OBJ 1: It would seem that sin is unfittingly defined by
 622   2, 71  |       unfittingly defined by saying: "Sin is ~a word, deed, or desire,
 623   2, 71  |             an act; whereas not every sin implies an act, ~as stated
 624   2, 71  |               does not include every ~sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
 625   2, 71  |           says (De Duab. Anim. xii): "Sin is the will to ~retain or
 626   2, 71  |               it ~was enough to say: "Sin is a desire contrary to
 627   2, 71  |             Para. 1/1~OBJ 3: Further, sin apparently consists properly
 628   2, 71  |               De Lib. Arb. i) defines sin in reference to the end,
 629   2, 71  |             the end, by saying ~that "sin is nothing else than to
 630   2, 71  |           insufficient definition of ~sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
 631   2, 71  |              they are evil. Therefore sin in general should not ~be
 632   2, 71  |           Para. 1/1~OBJ 5: Further, a sin denotes a bad human act,
 633   2, 71  |               been better to say that sin is against ~reason than
 634   2, 71  |               was shown above (A[1]), sin is nothing else than a bad ~
 635   2, 71  |          things ~in the definition of sin; one, pertaining to the
 636   2, 71  |               matter, so to speak, of sin, when he says "word," ~"
 637   2, 71  |              the form, as it were, of sin, when he says, "contrary
 638   2, 71  |             OBJ 2: The first cause of sin is in the will, which commands
 639   2, 71  |               acts, in which alone is sin to be found: and hence it
 640   2, 71  |           Augustine sometimes defines sin in reference to the will
 641   2, 71  |           pertain to the substance of sin, through being ~evil of
 642   2, 71  |             was necessary in defining sin to ~include something referring
 643   2, 71  |             it is said that not every sin is evil through being ~forbidden,
 644   2, 71  |              human reason, then every sin is evil through being ~prohibited:
 645   2, 71  |              The theologian considers sin chiefly as an offense against ~
 646   2, 71  |              Hence ~Augustine defines sin with reference to its being "
 647   2, 72  |                 AA[4],6). Since ~then sin is nothing else than a bad
 648   2, 72  |             species of opposites. Now sin is an evil in the genus
 649   2, 72  |             to find the same specific sin with ~diverse objects: and
 650   2, 72  |           Para. 1/1~On the contrary, "Sin is a word, deed, or desire
 651   2, 72  |              concur in the ~nature of sin, viz. the voluntary act,
 652   2, 72  |            inordinateness inherent to sin. Now ~voluntary acts differ
 653   2, 72  |               is at the root of every sin. Consequently it amounts
 654   2, 72  |              2 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 2: Sin is not a pure privation
 655   2, 72  |            object, from which aspect ~sin receives its species. It
 656   2, 72  |              to the nature of ~carnal sin. Therefore carnal sins should
 657   2, 72  |      according to a ~gloss. Now every sin, which is committed in accordance
 658   2, 72  |         Apostle (1 Cor. 6:18), "every sin that a man doth, ~is without
 659   2, 72  |              would be the only carnal sin, ~whereas the Apostle (Eph.
 660   2, 72  |              their objects. Now every sin consists in the desire for
 661   2, 72  |               the gloss says, "in the sin of fornication the soul
 662   2, 72  |            also be said that ~in this sin, an injury is done to the
 663   2, 72  |       inordinately: wherefore by this sin alone is man said specifically
 664   2, 72  |              man said specifically to sin ~against his body. While
 665   2, 72  |                that it is a spiritual sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[72] A[
 666   2, 72  |          species. Now the object in a sin is like its material ~cause.
 667   2, 72  |               down," says that "every sin is due either to fear inducing
 668   2, 72  |              the world on account of ~sin, in as much as the world
 669   2, 72  |               is the beginning of all sin," and (1 Tim. 6:10) that ~"
 670   2, 72  |              15,16), and consequently sin ~derives both its being
 671   2, 72  |               Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether sin is fittingly divided into
 672   2, 72  |             is fittingly divided into sin against God, against oneself, ~
 673   2, 72  |             OBJ 1: It would seem that sin is unfittingly divided into
 674   2, 72  |              unfittingly divided into sin against ~God, against one'
 675   2, 72  |              part in the division of ~sin. But it is common to all
 676   2, 72  |          stated in ~the definition of sin that it is "against God'
 677   2, 72  |               Q[66], A[6]). Therefore sin against God should not be
 678   2, 72  |              part of ~the division of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[72] A[
 679   2, 72  |              But these three kinds of sin are not opposed to one another: ~
 680   2, 72  |               against ~God. Therefore sin is not fittingly divided
 681   2, 72  |             to them: and consequently sin is unfittingly ~divided
 682   2, 72  |             says that "man is said to sin against himself, against
 683   2, 72  |               above (Q[71], AA[1],6), sin is an inordinate ~act. Now
 684   2, 72  |              or blasphemy, is said to sin against God. In like ~manner,
 685   2, 72  |               matters, he is ~said to sin against himself, as is seen
 686   2, 72  |              neighbor, he is ~said to sin against his neighbor, as
 687   2, 72  |             Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: To sin against God is common to
 688   2, 72  |       surpasses the other two orders, sin against God is a special
 689   2, 72  |              God is a special kind of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[72] A[
 690   2, 72  |            not external to the act of sin, but are related to it ~
 691   2, 72  |           species; for instance, when sin is ~divided into "mortal"
 692   2, 72  |                But ~venial and mortal sin are infinitely apart, since
 693   2, 72  |          punishment is ~due to venial sin, and eternal punishment
 694   2, 72  |          eternal punishment to mortal sin; and the measure ~of the
 695   2, 72  |       According to the measure of the sin shall the measure be also ~
 696   2, 72  |               to its reward, ~so does sin stand in relation to punishment.
 697   2, 72  |              punishment is the end of sin. Now sins differ ~specifically
 698   2, 72  |                But punishment follows sin as the ~effect thereof.
 699   2, 72  |             between venial and mortal sin, ~or any other difference
 700   2, 72  |             accidentally ~referred to sin on the part of the sinner.
 701   2, 72  |       Nevertheless it is referred to ~sin by an extrinsic principle,
 702   2, 72  |             to the various manners of sin. Therefore ~the difference
 703   2, 72  |             between venial and mortal sin is consequent to the ~diversity
 704   2, 72  |             constitutes the notion of sin. For ~inordinateness is
 705   2, 72  |              soul is so disordered by sin as to ~turn away from its
 706   2, 72  |             charity, ~there is mortal sin; but when it is disordered
 707   2, 72  |            from ~God, there is venial sin. For even as in the body,
 708   2, 72  |           consider the nature of his ~sin, falls irreparably, and
 709   2, 72  |              and therefore is said to sin mortally and to ~deserve
 710   2, 72  |             by the very nature of his sin, his disorder can be repaired, ~
 711   2, 72  |              wherefore he is said ~to sin venially, because, to wit,
 712   2, 72  |          because, to wit, he does not sin so as to deserve to be ~
 713   2, 72  |            first movement is a venial sin; while an idle word, which
 714   2, 72  |          venial, may even be a mortal sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[72] A[
 715   2, 72  |                From the fact that one sin is mortal by reason of its ~
 716   2, 72  |      specifically. For "offense" and "sin" are condivided with one
 717   2, 72  |              sins of omission; while "sin" ~denotes sins of commission.
 718   2, 72  |           Further, it is essential to sin to be against God's law,
 719   2, 72  |       precepts, against which is the ~sin of omission, are different
 720   2, 72  |       precepts, against which ~is the sin of omission. Therefore sins
 721   2, 72  |               in the same species ~of sin. For the covetous man both
 722   2, 72  |        belongs to others, which is ~a sin of commission; and gives
 723   2, 72  |              should give, ~which is a sin of omission. Therefore omission
 724   2, 72  |       formally in the same species of sin, because they are directed
 725   2, 72  |          different ~species. Moreover sin is not specified by that
 726   2, 72  |          which it turns, in so far as sin is an act. Consequently
 727   2, 72  |            describes three ~stages of sin, of which the first is "
 728   2, 72  |         offers a ~bait," which is the sin of thought; the second stage
 729   2, 72  |             these three belong to the sin of ~thought. Therefore it
 730   2, 72  |             it is unfitting to reckon sin of thought as one kind ~
 731   2, 72  |               thought as one kind ~of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[72] A[
 732   2, 72  |               reckons four degrees of sin; the ~first of which is "
 733   2, 72  |              and two other degrees of sin are added. Therefore the ~
 734   2, 72  |              Further, there can be no sin of word or deed unless there
 735   2, 72  |            deed unless there precede ~sin of thought. Therefore these
 736   2, 72  |             subject to three kinds of sin, for when we sin, it is
 737   2, 72  |             kinds of sin, for when we sin, it is either by ~thought,
 738   2, 72  |              for the ~consummation of sin is in the deed, wherefore
 739   2, 72  |            but the first beginning of sin is its foundation, as it ~
 740   2, 72  |       foundation, as it ~were, in the sin of thought; the second degree
 741   2, 72  |              the second degree is the sin of word, in so ~far as man
 742   2, 72  |             of the various degrees of sin. ~Nevertheless it is evident
 743   2, 72  |              one complete ~species of sin, since they proceed from
 744   2, 72  |              to lust and to any other sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[72] A[
 745   2, 72  |               the complete species of sin, even as boyhood and youth
 746   2, 72  |              3 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 3: Sin of thought and sin of word
 747   2, 72  |             OBJ 3: Sin of thought and sin of word are not distinct
 748   2, 72  |            are not distinct from the ~sin of deed when they are united
 749   2, 72  |               OBJ 2: Further, just as sin, in matters of action, is
 750   2, 72  |             neither is the species of sin diversified by straying
 751   2, 72  |         deficiency are ~united in one sin; for some are at once illiberal
 752   2, 72  |       wasteful - illiberality being a sin of deficiency, and prodigality,
 753   2, 72  |               there are two things in sin, viz. the act itself ~and
 754   2, 72  |          inordinateness, in so far as sin is a departure from the
 755   2, 72  |            Divine law, the species of sin is gathered, not from its ~
 756   2, 72  |            inclining the intention to sin, there will be ~a different
 757   2, 72  |                a different species of sin. Now it is evident that
 758   2, 72  |            just as ~the motive in the sin of intemperance is love
 759   2, 72  |              while ~the motive in the sin of insensibility is hatred
 760   2, 72  |              corresponding species of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[72] A[
 761   2, 72  |             Therefore the ~species of sin is diversified according
 762   2, 72  |             is a different species of sin, because the ~motive for
 763   2, 72  |              is the end and object of sin. Now it happens sometimes ~
 764   2, 72  |             as ~other privations. But sin does not take its species
 765   2, 73  |              OF THE COMPARISON OF ONE SIN WITH ANOTHER (TEN ARTICLES)~
 766   2, 73  |        consider the comparison of one sin with another: under which ~
 767   2, 73  |                Whether the gravity of sin depends on its object?~(
 768   2, 73  |         sinned against? ~(10) Whether sin is aggravated by reason
 769   2, 73  |               says (De Parad. viii), "sin is a transgression of the
 770   2, 73  |        Therefore whoever commits ~one sin is guilty of all.~Aquin.:
 771   2, 73  |              1/1~OBJ 2: Further, each sin banishes its opposite virtue.
 772   2, 73  |        Therefore ~whoever commits one sin, is deprived of all the
 773   2, 73  |        Therefore ~whoever commits one sin, is guilty of all sins.~
 774   2, 73  |             of that which completes a sin's ~species, sins are not
 775   2, 73  |       connected with one another. For sin does not ~consist in passing
 776   2, 73  |               1: James is speaking of sin, not as regards the thing
 777   2, 73  |               regards that from which sin turns away, in as much as ~
 778   2, 73  |              God is despised in every sin; and in this ~sense he says
 779   2, 73  |            much as, by committing one sin, he incurs the debt of ~
 780   2, 73  |              banished by every act of sin; because venial sin does
 781   2, 73  |            act of sin; because venial sin does not destroy virtue; ~
 782   2, 73  |         destroy virtue; ~while mortal sin destroys infused virtue,
 783   2, 73  |               one act, even of mortal sin, does not destroy the habit
 784   2, 73  |            present; secondly, because sin is directly opposed to ~
 785   2, 73  |               sins are equal. Because sin is to do what ~is unlawful.
 786   2, 73  |              in all things. Therefore sin is reproved in one and the
 787   2, 73  |              same way. ~Therefore one sin is not graver than another.~
 788   2, 73  |               1~OBJ 2: Further, every sin is a transgression of the
 789   2, 73  |       corporeal things. ~Therefore to sin is the same as to pass over
 790   2, 73  |             to thee, hath the greater sin," and yet it is evident
 791   2, 73  |             Pilate was guilty of some sin. Therefore one sin is greater
 792   2, 73  |               some sin. Therefore one sin is greater than another.~
 793   2, 73  |         conclusion through looking at sin on the side of the privation ~
 794   2, 73  |              much to the gravity of a sin whether one ~departs more
 795   2, 73  |              1~Reply OBJ 1: To commit sin is lawful on account of
 796   2, 73  |              This argument looks upon sin as though it were a pure ~
 797   2, 73  |              Because the gravity of a sin pertains to its mode or ~
 798   2, 73  |           object is the matter of the sin. Therefore the ~gravity
 799   2, 73  |             Further, the gravity of a sin is the intensity of its
 800   2, 73  |         intensity of its malice. Now ~sin does not derive its malice
 801   2, 73  |               30, seqq. Therefore one sin is not graver than ~another
 802   2, 73  |           more dangerous. Wherefore a sin must needs be so much the ~
 803   2, 73  |            human acts, the graver the sin. Now the object of an act
 804   2, 73  |               as his end. Wherefore a sin which is about the very
 805   2, 73  |              murder, is graver than a sin which is about external
 806   2, 73  |          theft; and graver still is a sin committed directly against
 807   2, 73  |               each of these grades of sin, ~one sin will be graver
 808   2, 73  |             these grades of sin, ~one sin will be graver than another
 809   2, 73  |               to wit, ~the graver the sin is opposed to the greater
 810   2, 73  |             which ~is a less grievous sin than murder, which less
 811   2, 73  |          Therefore the least grievous sin is opposed to the greatest ~
 812   2, 73  |             But it is a less grievous sin to ~fail in what is more
 813   2, 73  |          Therefore ~the less grievous sin is opposed to the greater
 814   2, 73  |            charity is a less grievous sin ~than unbelief or despair
 815   2, 73  |          Therefore ~the less grievous sin is opposed to the greater
 816   2, 73  |            worst is the most grievous sin. Therefore the most grievous
 817   2, 73  |           Therefore the most grievous sin is ~opposed to the greatest
 818   2, 73  |            Para. 1/1~I answer that, A sin is opposed to a virtue in
 819   2, 73  |        principally and directly; that sin, to with, which is about
 820   2, 73  |               way, the ~more grievous sin must needs be opposed to
 821   2, 73  |               degrees of gravity in a sin depend on the object, so
 822   2, 73  |               of a virtue, since both sin and virtue take their ~species
 823   2, 73  |                Wherefore the greatest sin must needs be directly opposed
 824   2, 73  |               opposition of virtue to sin may be considered in respect
 825   2, 73  |             of the virtue in checking sin. For the greater a virtue
 826   2, 73  |         removes man from the contrary sin, so that it withdraws man ~
 827   2, 73  |               man ~not only from that sin, but also from whatever
 828   2, 73  |           this way the less grievous ~sin is opposed to the greater
 829   2, 73  |         consists in ~restraining from sin; for thus abundant justice
 830   2, 73  |               opposed directly to the sin which is about a more difficult
 831   2, 73  |           adultery is a more grievous sin than theft: for ~it is written (
 832   2, 73  |   covetousness, which is ~a spiritual sin; while adultery pertains
 833   2, 73  |               lust, which is a carnal sin. ~Therefore carnal sins
 834   2, 73  |          rejoices more in the greater sin. ~Therefore, since lust
 835   2, 73  |                since lust is a carnal sin, it seems that the carnal
 836   2, 73  |             But anger is a ~spiritual sin, according to Gregory (Moral.
 837   2, 73  |         carnal sins. Therefore carnal sin is more grievous than ~spiritual
 838   2, 73  |              grievous than ~spiritual sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 839   2, 73  |              mean that each spiritual sin is of greater guilt than
 840   2, 73  |               guilt than each ~carnal sin; but that, considering the
 841   2, 73  |             the body; so that carnal ~sin, as such, denotes more a "
 842   2, 73  |           cleaving; whereas spiritual sin denotes more a "turning ~
 843   2, 73  |               the person against whom sin is committed: because carnal
 844   2, 73  |             committed: because carnal sin, as such, is ~against the
 845   2, 73  |              stronger the impulse ~to sin, the less grievous the sin,
 846   2, 73  |            sin, the less grievous the sin, as we shall state further
 847   2, 73  |               belongs not only to the sin of lust, but also to ~the
 848   2, 73  |             of lust, but also to ~the sin of injustice, and in this
 849   2, 73  |             to rejoice chiefly in the sin of lust, ~because it is
 850   2, 73  |              Whether the gravity of a sin depends on its cause?~Aquin.:
 851   2, 73  |            seem that the gravity of a sin does not depend on its ~
 852   2, 73  |          cause. Because the greater a sin's cause, the more forcibly
 853   2, 73  |            more forcibly it moves to ~sin, and so the more difficult
 854   2, 73  |        difficult is it to resist. But sin is lessened by ~the fact
 855   2, 73  |               he cannot easily resist sin; and a sin that is due to
 856   2, 73  |              easily resist sin; and a sin that is due to weakness ~
 857   2, 73  |              less grievous. Therefore sin does not derive its gravity
 858   2, 73  |   concupiscence is a general cause of sin; wherefore a ~gloss on Rm.
 859   2, 73  |                the less grievous his ~sin. Therefore the gravity of
 860   2, 73  |            Therefore the gravity of a sin is diminished by the greatness
 861   2, 73  |              seems to be the cause of sin. Now the ~greater the defect
 862   2, 73  |         reason, the less grievous the sin: so much so ~that he who
 863   2, 73  |               altogether excused from sin, and ~he who sins through
 864   2, 73  |           Therefore the ~gravity of a sin is not increased by the
 865   2, 73  |              the greater the cause of sin, the more grievous the sin.~
 866   2, 73  |            sin, the more grievous the sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 867   2, 73  |          answer that, In the genus of sin, as in every other genus,
 868   2, 73  |            direct and proper cause of sin, and is ~the will to sin:
 869   2, 73  |              sin, and is ~the will to sin: for it is compared to the
 870   2, 73  |               more grievous will the ~sin be, since the greater the
 871   2, 73  |               the greater the will to sin, the more grievously does
 872   2, 73  |             more grievously does man ~sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 873   2, 73  |              2/2 ~The other causes of sin are extrinsic and remote,
 874   2, 73  |               the will is inclined to sin. Among these causes we must ~
 875   2, 73  |               them induce the will to sin in accord ~with the very
 876   2, 73  |              and by a such like cause sin is made more grievous, ~
 877   2, 73  |             if his will is induced to sin by the ~intention of a more
 878   2, 73  |            causes incline the will to sin, ~against the nature and
 879   2, 73  |               diminish the gravity of sin, even ~as they diminish
 880   2, 73  |               a cause diminishes the ~sin, as stated.~Aquin.: SMT
 881   2, 73  |    concupiscence, there is a greater ~sin. But if by concupiscence
 882   2, 73  |              the will, diminishes the sin, ~because the man who sins,
 883   2, 73  |         concupiscence, the graver the sin: because sometimes the movement ~
 884   2, 73  |             diminishes the gravity of sin, as stated.~Aquin.: SMT
 885   2, 73  |             circumstance aggravates a sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 886   2, 73  |     circumstance does not aggravate a sin. ~Because sin takes its
 887   2, 73  |             aggravate a sin. ~Because sin takes its gravity from its
 888   2, 73  |      circumstance does ~not specify a sin, for it is an accident thereof.
 889   2, 73  |           Therefore the gravity ~of a sin is not taken from a circumstance.~
 890   2, 73  |      circumstance nowise aggravates a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 891   2, 73  |              Further, the malice of a sin is derived from its turning
 892   2, 73  |              But circumstances affect sin on the part of the object
 893   2, 73  |      Therefore they do not add to the sin's malice.~Aquin.: SMT FS
 894   2, 73  |               circumstance diminishes sin: for he who ~sins through
 895   2, 73  |            circumstance aggravated ~a sin. Therefore a circumstance
 896   2, 73  |      Therefore a circumstance makes a sin more grievous.~Aquin.: SMT
 897   2, 73  |              Now it is evident that a sin is caused by a defect in ~
 898   2, 73  |              that it is natural for a sin to be aggravated by ~reason
 899   2, 73  |             as a circumstance draws a sin from one kind to another:
 900   2, 73  |              the wife of another, the sin ~is drawn to another kind
 901   2, 73  |              drawn to another kind of sin, viz. injustice, in so far
 902   2, 73  |           adultery is a more grievous sin ~than fornication. Secondly,
 903   2, 73  |             circumstance aggravates a sin, not by ~drawing it into
 904   2, 73  |              multiplying the ratio of sin: ~thus if a wasteful man
 905   2, 73  |              commits the same kind of sin in more ways than if he
 906   2, 73  |              for that very reason his sin ~is more grievous; even
 907   2, 73  |             circumstance aggravates a sin by ~adding to the deformity
 908   2, 73  |               the deformity which the sin derives from another circumstance: ~
 909   2, 73  |              property constitutes the sin of theft; but if to ~this
 910   2, 73  |              another's property, ~the sin will be more grievous; although
 911   2, 73  |              species, may aggravate a sin; because, even as the goodness
 912   2, 73  |          circumstance may aggravate a sin either way. For if it is ~
 913   2, 73  |               that it constitutes the sin's species; because ~it may
 914   2, 73  |              evil, it may aggravate a sin in relation to the ~malice
 915   2, 73  |               Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether sin is aggravated by reason
 916   2, 73  |               1: It would seem that a sin is not aggravated by reason
 917   2, 73  |               20], A[5]). Therefore a sin is not aggravated ~on account
 918   2, 73  |               leading her into mortal sin. If therefore a sin were ~
 919   2, 73  |            mortal sin. If therefore a sin were ~more grievous on account
 920   2, 73  |          speaking, is a more grievous sin than ~murder, which is evidently
 921   2, 73  |         evidently untrue. Therefore a sin is not more grievous ~on
 922   2, 73  |         nature is a harm. Therefore a sin is graver according as it
 923   2, 73  |               a threefold relation to sin. Because ~sometimes the
 924   2, 73  |             the harm resulting from a sin is foreseen and intended,
 925   2, 73  |       quantity of harm aggravates the sin directly, ~because then
 926   2, 73  |              the direct object of the sin. Sometimes the harm ~is
 927   2, 73  |             harm done aggravates ~the sin; indirectly, however, in
 928   2, 73  |            being strongly inclined to sin, that a man does not forbear
 929   2, 73  |            harm is connected with the sin accidentally, it does not ~
 930   2, 73  |               does not ~aggravate the sin directly; but, on account
 931   2, 73  |           intended, it aggravates the sin directly, because whatever
 932   2, 73  |             directly ~consequent to a sin, belongs, in a manner, to
 933   2, 73  |             the very species of that ~sin: for instance, if a man
 934   2, 73  |            him, yet it aggravates his sin directly.~Aquin.: SMT FS
 935   2, 73  |        intended, does not aggravate a sin, nor does ~it correspond
 936   2, 73  |               with the gravity of the sin: for instance, if a man
 937   2, 73  |           harm does not make greater ~sin, but, on the contrary, a
 938   2, 73  |             on the contrary, a graver sin calls for the infliction
 939   2, 73  |            greater pain in hell for a sin of murder than for a ~sin
 940   2, 73  |             sin of murder than for a ~sin of theft: but his sin is
 941   2, 73  |              a ~sin of theft: but his sin is not aggravated on account
 942   2, 73  |             may satisfy his desire to sin; but the ~gravity of this
 943   2, 73  |         caused by the sole gravity of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 944   2, 73  |            the harm done aggravates a sin, it does not follow ~that
 945   2, 73  |             that this alone renders a sin more grievous: in fact,
 946   2, 73  |          which of itself aggravates a sin. Wherefore the harm ~itself
 947   2, 73  |              that ensues aggravates a sin, in so far only as it renders
 948   2, 73  |             Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether a sin is aggravated by reason
 949   2, 73  |             OBJ 1: It would seem that sin is not aggravated by reason
 950   2, 73  |              if this were ~the case a sin would be aggravated chiefly
 951   2, 73  |             this does not aggravate a sin: because a virtuous ~man
 952   2, 73  |             the person against whom a sin is committed ~does not aggravate
 953   2, 73  |                does not aggravate the sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 954   2, 73  |             the person aggravated the sin, this ~would be still more
 955   2, 73  |            not apparently aggravate a sin, because every ~man is most
 956   2, 73  |        against does not aggravate the sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 957   2, 73  |          person who sins aggravates a sin ~chiefly on account of his
 958   2, 73  |           person ~sinned against, the sin is made more grievous by
 959   2, 73  |             it is not a more grievous sin to inflict ~an injury on
 960   2, 73  |             judgment the gravity of a sin is measured. Therefore the
 961   2, 73  |        against does not aggravate the sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 962   2, 73  |              blame is attached to the sin committed by a man ~against
 963   2, 73  |         sinned against aggravates the sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 964   2, 73  |            manner, the object of ~the sin. Now it has been stated
 965   2, 73  |             the primary gravity of ~a sin is derived from its object;
 966   2, 73  |            from its object; so that a sin is deemed to be so much ~
 967   2, 73  |               or lesser gravity ~of a sin, in respect of the person
 968   2, 73  |               of My eye." Wherefore a sin is the more ~grievous, according
 969   2, 73  |            bond; ~because he seems to sin against himself rather than
 970   2, 73  |          grievously, according as his sin ~affects more persons: so
 971   2, 73  |               more persons: so that a sin committed against a public
 972   2, 73  |              is ~more grievous than a sin committed against a private
 973   2, 73  |          which does not extenuate the sin of the injurer.~Aquin.:
 974   2, 73  |      spiritual goods, it is a ~graver sin to inflict an injury on
 975   2, 73  |               it is ~less grievous to sin in their regard, unless
 976   2, 73  |              more ~severely those who sin against a person of higher
 977   2, 73  |         person sinning aggravates the sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
 978   2, 73  |               does not ~aggravate the sin. For man becomes great chiefly
 979   2, 73  |         cleaves to God, the less is a sin imputed to him: for it is ~
 980   2, 73  |             sanctified." ~Therefore a sin is not aggravated by the
 981   2, 73  |        another, for one and the ~same sin. Therefore a sin is not
 982   2, 73  |            the ~same sin. Therefore a sin is not aggravated by the
 983   2, 73  |            his goodness. ~Therefore a sin is not aggravated by reason
 984   2, 73  |             De Summo Bono ii, 18): "A sin is deemed ~so much the more
 985   2, 73  |              Para. 1/1~I answer that, Sin is twofold. There is a sin
 986   2, 73  |            Sin is twofold. There is a sin which takes us unawares
 987   2, 73  |                can more easily resist sin; hence Our Lord said (Lk.
 988   2, 73  |          temporal goods, aggravates a sin, according to Wis. 6:7: "
 989   2, 73  |         Gregory says (Pastor. i, 2): "Sin becomes much more ~scandalous,
 990   2, 73  |               to the gravity of their sin, ~as stated.~Aquin.: SMT
 991   2, 74  |               1/1 - OF THE SUBJECT OF SIN (TEN ARTICLES)~We must now
 992   2, 74  |       consider the subject of vice or sin: under which head there
 993   2, 74  |            will can be the subject of sin?~(2) Whether the will alone
 994   2, 74  |               alone is the subject of sin?~(3) Whether the sensuality
 995   2, 74  |      sensuality can be the subject of sin?~(4) Whether it can be the
 996   2, 74  |              be the subject of mortal sin?~(5) Whether the reason
 997   2, 74  |          reason can be the subject of sin?~(6) Whether morose delectation
 998   2, 74  |               reason?~(7) Whether the sin of consent in the act of
 999   2, 74  |              of consent in the act of sin is subjected in the ~higher
1000   2, 74  |              be the subject of mortal sin?~(9) Whether the higher