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Part, Question
1001 2, 74 | be the subject of venial sin?~(10) Whether there can
1002 2, 74 | the higher reason a venial sin directed to ~its proper
1003 2, 74 | the will is a subject of sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1004 2, 74 | will cannot be a subject of sin. For ~Dionysius says (Div.
1005 2, 74 | and the ~intention." But sin has the character of evil.
1006 2, 74 | character of evil. Therefore sin cannot be in ~the will.~
1007 2, 74 | wishes the good, it does not sin: and ~that it wishes what
1008 2, 74 | than in the will. Therefore sin is ~nowise in the will.~
1009 2, 74 | and efficient ~cause of sin: because "the efficient
1010 2, 74 | the efficient cause of ~sin: because the first cause
1011 2, 74 | it is not the subject of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1012 2, 74 | is by the will ~that we sin, and live righteously."~
1013 2, 74 | Para. 1/1~I answer that, Sin is an act, as stated above (
1014 2, 74 | Consequently the proper subject of sin must ~needs be the power
1015 2, 74 | Therefore it follows that sin is in the will as its ~subject.~
1016 2, 74 | will, there would be no sin, either in the will, or
1017 2, 74 | defect also is deemed a ~sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1018 2, 74 | alone is the subject of sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1019 2, 74 | alone is the subject of sin. For ~Augustine says (De
1020 2, 74 | will." Now the subject of sin is the power by which we
1021 2, 74 | is the power by which we sin. Therefore the ~will alone
1022 2, 74 | alone is the subject of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1023 2, 74 | Para. 1/1~OBJ 2: Further, sin is an evil contrary to reason.
1024 2, 74 | alone is the subject of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1025 2, 74 | 1~OBJ 3: Further, every sin is a voluntary act, because,
1026 2, 74 | so true is it ~that every sin is voluntary, that unless
1027 2, 74 | it be voluntary, it is no sin at ~all." Now the acts of
1028 2, 74 | them ~to be the subject of sin, because then even the external
1029 2, 74 | will, would be a subject of sin; which is ~clearly untrue.
1030 2, 74 | alone is the subject of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1031 2, 74 | Para. 1/1~On the contrary, Sin is contrary to virtue: and
1032 2, 74 | not ~the only subject of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1033 2, 74 | voluntary act is a subject of sin. Now voluntary acts are
1034 2, 74 | will can be a subject of sin, but ~also all those powers
1035 2, 74 | 1~Reply OBJ 1: We do not sin except by the will as first
1036 2, 74 | will as first mover; but we sin ~by the other powers as
1037 2, 74 | subject of virtue, vice, and sin, in so far as ~they partake
1038 2, 74 | that is inflicted in the sin ~of murder. Consequently
1039 2, 74 | 1/1~Whether there can be sin in the sensuality?~Aquin.:
1040 2, 74 | seem that there cannot be sin in the sensuality. For sin ~
1041 2, 74 | sin in the sensuality. For sin ~is proper to man who is
1042 2, 74 | irrational animals. Therefore sin cannot be in the ~sensuality.~
1043 2, 74 | the sensuality is not a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1044 2, 74 | not imputed to him ~as a sin. Now "that alone do we seem
1045 2, 74 | not imputed to a man as a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1046 2, 74 | Therefore there can be sin in the sensuality.~Aquin.:
1047 2, 74 | stated above (AA[2],3), sin may be found in any power ~
1048 2, 74 | consists the nature of ~sin. Now it is evident that
1049 2, 74 | Wherefore it ~follows that sin can be in the sensuality.~
1050 2, 74 | consequently, the subject of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1051 2, 74 | though the stain of original sin passes, ~its effect remains.
1052 2, 74 | conditions of a voluntary ~sin, that he be able to avoid
1053 2, 74 | perfect act of virtue or of sin, but is something imperfect ~
1054 2, 74 | the ~reason, is a venial sin, which is something imperfect
1055 2, 74 | imperfect in the genus of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1056 2, 74 | Para. 1/1~Whether mortal sin can be in the sensuality?~
1057 2, 74 | It would seem that mortal sin can be in the sensuality.
1058 2, 74 | possible to commit a mortal ~sin about the objects of the
1059 2, 74 | sensuality can be a mortal sin, so that mortal ~sin can
1060 2, 74 | mortal sin, so that mortal ~sin can be found in the sensuality.~
1061 2, 74 | 1~OBJ 2: Further, mortal sin is opposed to virtue. But
1062 2, 74 | be the subject of mortal sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1063 2, 74 | 1~OBJ 3: Further, venial sin is a disposition to mortal
1064 2, 74 | a disposition to mortal sin. Now ~disposition and habit
1065 2, 74 | Since therefore venial sin ~may be in the sensuality,
1066 2, 74 | above (A[3], ad 3), mortal sin can be ~there also.~Aquin.:
1067 2, 74 | concupiscence, which is the sin of the sensuality, can even ~
1068 2, 74 | in whom, however, mortal sin is ~not to be found. Therefore
1069 2, 74 | sensuality is ~not a mortal sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1070 2, 74 | death, ~which is mortal sin, as stated above (Q[72],
1071 2, 74 | the end. Wherefore mortal sin cannot be ~in the sensuality,
1072 2, 74 | concur towards a mortal sin: ~yet the fact of its being
1073 2, 74 | fact of its being a mortal sin is due, not to its being
1074 2, 74 | belongs. Consequently mortal sin is imputed, not to the ~
1075 2, 74 | same applies ~to mortal sin, as stated (ad 1).~Aquin.:
1076 2, 74 | In this way the venial sin that is in the sensuality,
1077 2, 74 | a disposition to mortal sin, which is in the reason.~
1078 2, 74 | Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether sin can be in the reason?~Aquin.:
1079 2, 74 | OBJ 1: It would seem that sin cannot be in the reason.
1080 2, 74 | be in the reason. For the sin of ~any power is a defect
1081 2, 74 | fault of the reason is not a sin, ~on the contrary, it excuses
1082 2, 74 | the contrary, it excuses sin: for a man is excused from
1083 2, 74 | for a man is excused from sin on account ~of ignorance.
1084 2, 74 | of ignorance. Therefore sin cannot be in the reason.~
1085 2, 74 | Further, the primary object of sin is the will, as stated above ~(
1086 2, 74 | it directs it. Therefore sin ~cannot be in the reason.~
1087 2, 74 | Further, there can be no sin except about things which
1088 2, 74 | shrewd-minded. Therefore no sin is in the reason.~Aquin.:
1089 2, 74 | De Trin. xii, 12) that sin is in the ~lower and in
1090 2, 74 | 1/1~I answer that, The sin of any power is an act of
1091 2, 74 | these ways there may be sin in the reason. First, ~in
1092 2, 74 | imputed to ~the reason as a sin, when it is in ignorance
1093 2, 74 | defect of reason is not a sin, and excuses from sin, as
1094 2, 74 | a sin, and excuses from sin, as is ~evident with regard
1095 2, 74 | altogether excused from sin, and the defect is imputed
1096 2, 74 | is imputed to him as a ~sin. The defect which belongs
1097 2, 74 | always imputed to reason as a sin, because it can always ~
1098 2, 74 | voluntary. Accordingly sin is found in the reason,
1099 2, 74 | Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether the sin of morose delectation is
1100 2, 74 | It would seem that the sin of morose delectation is
1101 2, 74 | the reason. Therefore the sin of morose delectation is
1102 2, 74 | xii, 12). Therefore the sin of morose ~delectation is
1103 2, 74 | that, As stated (A[5]), sin may be in the reason, not
1104 2, 74 | directing the internal passions, sin is said to be in the reason,
1105 2, 74 | away. And in this sense the sin of morose delectation is
1106 2, 74 | Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether the sin of consent to the act is
1107 2, 74 | It would seem that the sin of consent to the act is
1108 2, 74 | apprehensive power. ~Therefore the sin of consent to the act is
1109 2, 74 | to an act. ~Therefore the sin of consent to the act is
1110 2, 74 | so far ~approves of any sin, as to point, if possible,
1111 2, 74 | decide on the commission of a sin, unless by ~its consent,
1112 2, 74 | delectation is a mortal sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1113 2, 74 | delectation is not a mortal sin, ~for consent to delectation
1114 2, 74 | from them. Now every mortal sin consists in turning away ~
1115 2, 74 | Augustine's definition of mortal sin, which was quoted above (
1116 2, 74 | delectation is not a mortal sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1117 2, 74 | without deed is not a mortal sin, but only a venial sin.
1118 2, 74 | mortal sin, but only a venial sin. Therefore ~neither is the
1119 2, 74 | the delectation a mortal sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1120 2, 74 | thought is not a mortal sin, nor is the consent to that ~
1121 2, 74 | or adultery is a mortal ~sin, not by reason of the delectation,
1122 2, 74 | Therefore he seems not to sin mortally.~Aquin.: SMT FS
1123 2, 74 | 1/1~OBJ 5: Further, the sin of murder is more grievous
1124 2, 74 | Now it is not a mortal sin to consent to the delectation ~
1125 2, 74 | therefore is it a mortal ~sin to consent to the delectation
1126 2, 74 | Trin. xii, 12) that "this sin is much less ~grievous than
1127 2, 74 | delectation ~is a venial sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1128 2, 74 | lost except through mortal sin. Therefore consent to delectation
1129 2, 74 | delectation is a ~mortal sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1130 2, 74 | delectation is not a mortal sin, but only a ~venial sin,
1131 2, 74 | sin, but only a ~venial sin, while others have held
1132 2, 74 | have held it to be a mortal sin, and this ~opinion is more
1133 2, 74 | is not in itself a mortal sin; sometimes ~indeed it is
1134 2, 74 | indeed it is only a venial sin, as when a man thinks of
1135 2, 74 | and sometimes it is no sin at all, as when a man has
1136 2, 74 | fornication is not a mortal sin in virtue of its genus,
1137 2, 74 | but is ~sometimes a venial sin and sometimes no sin at
1138 2, 74 | venial sin and sometimes no sin at all: wherefore neither
1139 2, 74 | neither is ~it a mortal sin to consent to such a thought.
1140 2, 74 | appetite. Now it is a mortal sin, if a man deliberately chooses
1141 2, 74 | what is in itself a mortal sin. Wherefore such a ~consent
1142 2, 74 | delectation in a mortal sin, is itself a mortal sin,
1143 2, 74 | sin, is itself a mortal sin, as the ~second opinion
1144 2, 74 | them in this sense, it may sin mortally; since ~even the
1145 2, 74 | Reply OBJ 2: Consent to a sin that is venial in its genus,
1146 2, 74 | genus, is itself a ~venial sin, and accordingly one may
1147 2, 74 | fornication, is a venial sin. But ~delectation in the
1148 2, 74 | in its genus, a mortal ~sin: and that it be a venial
1149 2, 74 | and that it be a venial sin before the consent is given,
1150 2, 74 | complete nature and is a mortal sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1151 2, 74 | thought of, is a mortal sin also: but not the consent
1152 2, 74 | preserved not only from venial sin, but also from mortal sin.~
1153 2, 74 | sin, but also from mortal sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
1154 2, 74 | Whether there can be venial sin in the higher reason as
1155 2, 74 | that there cannot be venial sin in the higher ~reason as
1156 2, 74 | eternal law." But mortal sin consists in ~turning away
1157 2, 74 | be ~no other than mortal sin in the higher reason.~Aquin.:
1158 2, 74 | OBJ 3: Further, a venial sin becomes a mortal sin if
1159 2, 74 | venial sin becomes a mortal sin if it be done out of ~contempt.
1160 2, 74 | to commit even a venial sin, ~deliberately, without
1161 2, 74 | cannot be without mortal sin, on account of the ~contempt
1162 2, 74 | consent to an act of venial sin is itself a ~venial sin.
1163 2, 74 | sin is itself a ~venial sin. Therefore a venial sin
1164 2, 74 | sin. Therefore a venial sin can be in the higher reason.~
1165 2, 74 | the same way as ~mortal sin is, because it does not
1166 2, 74 | law, as an act of venial sin is. Therefore when the higher ~
1167 2, 74 | consents to the act of a venial sin, it does not turn away from ~
1168 2, 74 | manner there is ~mortal sin in the higher reason whenever
1169 2, 74 | leaves this untouched, the sin is not mortal but venial.~
1170 2, 74 | Deliberate consent to a sin does not always amount to ~
1171 2, 74 | Divine law, but only when the sin is contrary to the ~Divine
1172 2, 74 | Para. 1/1~Whether venial sin can be in the higher reason
1173 2, 74 | It would seem that venial sin cannot be in the higher
1174 2, 74 | disorder without mortal sin. Therefore ~there can be
1175 2, 74 | there can be no venial sin in the higher reason as
1176 2, 74 | deliberate, is a mortal sin. Therefore ~venial sin is
1177 2, 74 | mortal sin. Therefore ~venial sin is never in the higher reason
1178 2, 74 | happens sometimes that a sin which takes us unawares, ~
1179 2, 74 | us unawares, ~is a venial sin. Now a deliberate sin is
1180 2, 74 | venial sin. Now a deliberate sin is a mortal sin, through
1181 2, 74 | deliberate sin is a mortal sin, through the ~reason, in
1182 2, 74 | unawares is not a mortal sin, ~neither will the subsequent
1183 2, 74 | deliberation make it a mortal sin; which is ~clearly false.
1184 2, 74 | Therefore there can be no venial sin in the higher reason ~as
1185 2, 74 | of unbelief is a venial sin. But it ~belongs to the
1186 2, 74 | Therefore there can be a venial sin ~in the higher reason as
1187 2, 74 | consent to what is a mortal ~sin in its genus, is itself
1188 2, 74 | genus, is itself a mortal sin; and consequently the higher ~
1189 2, 74 | its ~genus, is a mortal sin, yet a sudden movement of
1190 2, 74 | of unbelief is a venial ~sin, because there is no mortal
1191 2, 74 | because there is no mortal sin unless it be contrary to
1192 2, 74 | deliberation, it ~is a mortal sin. Therefore, in sudden movements,
1193 2, 74 | the higher reason may ~sin venially in respect of its
1194 2, 74 | even if it be a mortal sin ~in its genus; or it may
1195 2, 74 | in its genus; or it may sin mortally in giving a deliberate
1196 2, 74 | Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: A sin which is against the eternal
1197 2, 74 | movement ~was not a mortal sin, becomes a mortal sin in
1198 2, 74 | mortal sin, becomes a mortal sin in virtue of the deliberation ~
1199 2, 75 | 1/1 - OF THE CAUSES OF SIN, IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES) ~
1200 2, 75 | now consider the causes of sin: (1) in general; (2) in ~
1201 2, 75 | of inquiry:~(1) Whether sin has a cause?~(2) Whether
1202 2, 75 | external cause?~(4) Whether one sin is the cause of another?~
1203 2, 75 | Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether sin has a cause?~Aquin.: SMT
1204 2, 75 | OBJ 1: It would seem that sin has no cause. For sin has
1205 2, 75 | that sin has no cause. For sin has the nature of ~evil,
1206 2, 75 | Div. Nom. iv). Therefore sin has no cause.~Aquin.: SMT
1207 2, 75 | necessity, seems to be no sin, for every ~sin is voluntary.
1208 2, 75 | to be no sin, for every ~sin is voluntary. Therefore
1209 2, 75 | is voluntary. Therefore sin has no cause.~Aquin.: SMT
1210 2, 75 | 1/1~OBJ 3: Further, if sin has a cause, this cause
1211 2, 75 | can evil ~be the cause of sin, because the evil of punishment
1212 2, 75 | punishment is a sequel to sin, ~and the evil of guilt
1213 2, 75 | of guilt is the same as sin. Therefore sin has no cause.~
1214 2, 75 | the same as sin. Therefore sin has no cause.~Aquin.: SMT
1215 2, 75 | done without a cause." But sin is something done; since
1216 2, 75 | law of God." ~Therefore sin has a cause.~Aquin.: SMT
1217 2, 75 | Para. 1/1~I answer that, A sin is an inordinate act. Accordingly,
1218 2, 75 | since ~the inordinateness of sin and of every evil is not
1219 2, 75 | direct cause. Since then sin, on the part of its inordinateness,
1220 2, 75 | that the inordinateness of sin is a result ~of the cause
1221 2, 75 | good, causes the act of sin directly, and the inordinateness
1222 2, 75 | 1 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Sin signifies not only the privation
1223 2, 75 | 5. Accordingly, though sin ~has a cause, it does not
1224 2, 75 | Divine law, is the cause of sin. Now the fact of not ~applying
1225 2, 75 | the cause of the first ~sin, but some good lacking some
1226 2, 75 | Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether sin has an internal cause?~Aquin.:
1227 2, 75 | OBJ 1: It would seem that sin has no internal cause. For
1228 2, 75 | always in it. If therefore sin had an internal cause, ~
1229 2, 75 | they are not the cause of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1230 2, 75 | natural cannot be the cause of sin, for sin is contrary ~to
1231 2, 75 | be the cause of sin, for sin is contrary ~to nature,
1232 2, 75 | inordinate, is already a sin. Therefore ~nothing intrinsic
1233 2, 75 | be the cause of the first sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1234 2, 75 | the will is the cause of sin."~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1235 2, 75 | 1]), the direct cause of sin must be ~considered on the
1236 2, 75 | double interior cause of sin may ~be assigned; one proximate,
1237 2, 75 | ad 3) that the cause of sin is some ~apparent good as
1238 2, 75 | mentioned, is already a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1239 2, 75 | is the potential cause of sin, but is made actual by the ~
1240 2, 75 | will ~produces the act of sin. Since therefore the movements
1241 2, 75 | belong to the ~substance of sin, for this consists principally
1242 2, 75 | precede and some follow the sin itself.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[
1243 2, 75 | OBJ 3: That which causes sin, as a power produces its
1244 2, 75 | sensitive part, from which sin ~follows, is natural sometimes,
1245 2, 75 | appetite for food. Yet sin results in being unnatural
1246 2, 75 | Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether sin has an external cause?~Aquin.:
1247 2, 75 | OBJ 1: It would seem that sin has no external cause. For
1248 2, 75 | has no external cause. For sin is a ~voluntary act. Now
1249 2, 75 | external cause. Therefore sin has no external ~cause. ~
1250 2, 75 | Now ~in natural things sin can be due to no other than
1251 2, 75 | Therefore in the moral order, sin can arise from no ~other
1252 2, 75 | external inducements to sin are, ~the less is a man'
1253 2, 75 | act imputed to him as a sin. Therefore ~nothing external
1254 2, 75 | nothing external is a cause of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1255 2, 75 | against the Lord by the sin of Phogor?" Therefore something ~
1256 2, 75 | external can be a cause of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1257 2, 75 | the internal cause of sin is both ~the will, as completing
1258 2, 75 | appetite, as inclining to sin. Accordingly something ~
1259 2, 75 | external might be a cause of sin in three ways, either by
1260 2, 75 | who cannot be a cause of sin, as we ~shall prove further
1261 2, 75 | external can be a cause of sin, except by moving the reason,
1262 2, 75 | or ~devil by enticing to sin; or by moving the sensitive
1263 2, 75 | can be a cause moving to sin, but not so as to be a sufficient ~
1264 2, 75 | sufficient completive cause of ~sin being accomplished.~Aquin.:
1265 2, 75 | external motive causes of sin ~do not lead to sin sufficiently
1266 2, 75 | causes of sin ~do not lead to sin sufficiently and necessarily,
1267 2, 75 | remains in our power to sin or not to sin.~Aquin.: SMT
1268 2, 75 | our power to sin or not to sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1269 2, 75 | Reply OBJ 2: The fact that sin has an internal cause does
1270 2, 75 | nothing external is a cause of sin, ~except through the medium
1271 2, 75 | external causes inclining to sin be multiplied, the ~sinful
1272 2, 75 | Para. 1/1 ~Whether one sin is a cause of another?~Aquin.:
1273 2, 75 | It would seem that one sin cannot be the cause of another.
1274 2, 75 | which will fit in with one sin ~causing another. Because
1275 2, 75 | which is ~inconsistent with sin, which has the character
1276 2, 75 | like manner ~neither can a sin be an efficient cause, since "
1277 2, 75 | matter and form. Therefore sin cannot have ~either a material
1278 2, 75 | Cf. De Anima ii.]. But sin is essentially ~something
1279 2, 75 | imperfect. Therefore one sin cannot be a cause of another.~
1280 2, 75 | 1~OBJ 3: Further, if one sin is the cause of a second
1281 2, 75 | is the cause of a second sin, in the same ~way, yet another
1282 2, 75 | the same ~way, yet another sin will be the cause of the
1283 2, 75 | is absurd. Therefore one sin is not the cause of ~another.~
1284 2, 75 | on Ezechiel (Hom. xi): "A sin is not ~quickly blotted
1285 2, 75 | by repentance, is both a sin and a cause of sin."~Aquin.:
1286 2, 75 | both a sin and a cause of sin."~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1287 2, 75 | answer that, Forasmuch as a sin has a cause on the part
1288 2, 75 | the part of the act of ~sin, it is possible for one
1289 2, 75 | it is possible for one sin to be the cause of another,
1290 2, 75 | Hence it happens that one ~sin may be the cause of another
1291 2, 75 | that withdraws him from ~sin, he thereby falls into another
1292 2, 75 | thereby falls into another sin, so that the first sin is
1293 2, 75 | another sin, so that the first sin is the ~accidental cause
1294 2, 75 | of a material cause, one sin is the cause of another,
1295 2, 75 | manner of a final cause, one sin causes another, in so far
1296 2, 75 | far as a man ~commits one sin for the sake of another
1297 2, 75 | 6), it follows that one sin is ~also the formal cause
1298 2, 75 | 1 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Sin, in so far as it is inordinate,
1299 2, 75 | and efficient, of another sin. A sin has ~matter, not "
1300 2, 75 | efficient, of another sin. A sin has ~matter, not "of which"
1301 2, 75 | its end. Consequently one sin can be the cause of another,
1302 2, 75 | 2 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 2: Sin is something imperfect on
1303 2, 75 | be the cause of another ~sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[75] A[
1304 2, 75 | Not every cause of one sin is another sin; so there
1305 2, 75 | cause of one sin is another sin; so there is no ~need to
1306 2, 75 | for one may come to one sin which is not ~caused by
1307 2, 75 | is not ~caused by another sin.~
1308 2, 76 | 1/2 - OF THE CAUSES OF SIN, IN PARTICULAR (FOUR ARTICLES)~
1309 2, 76 | now consider the causes of sin, in particular, and (1)
1310 2, 76 | The ~internal causes of sin; (2) its external causes;
1311 2, 76 | ignorance, which is the cause of sin on the part of ~reason;
1312 2, 76 | passion, which is the cause of sin on ~the part of the sensitive
1313 2, 76 | which is the ~cause of sin on the part of the will.~
1314 2, 76 | ignorance is a cause of sin?~(2) Whether ignorance is
1315 2, 76 | Whether ignorance is a sin?~(3) Whether it excuses
1316 2, 76 | Whether it excuses from sin altogether?~(4) Whether
1317 2, 76 | 4) Whether it diminishes sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1318 2, 76 | ignorance can be a cause of sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1319 2, 76 | ignorance cannot be a cause of sin: because a ~non-being is
1320 2, 76 | ignorance is not a cause ~of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1321 2, 76 | OBJ 2: Further, causes of sin should be reckoned in respect
1322 2, 76 | be reckoned in respect of sin being ~a "turning to" something,
1323 2, 76 | not be reckoned a cause of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1324 2, 76 | 1~OBJ 3: Further, every sin is seated in the will. Now
1325 2, 76 | ignorance cannot be a cause of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1326 2, 76 | Grat. lxvii) "that some sin ~through ignorance."~Aquin.:
1327 2, 76 | that forbids the act of sin, in so far as it ~directs
1328 2, 76 | ignorance is the cause of a sin, but that alone which ~removes
1329 2, 76 | cause of his committing the sin, but is concomitant ~with
1330 2, 76 | is concomitant ~with the sin: wherefore such a man sins,
1331 2, 76 | removed by ignorance, regards sin as ~turning towards something,
1332 2, 76 | ignorance of this respect of a sin is ~the cause of that sin,
1333 2, 76 | sin is ~the cause of that sin, as removing its impediment.~
1334 2, 76 | ignorance is the cause of sin: for ~instance, when a man
1335 2, 76 | pleasurable, but not that it is a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1336 2, 76 | 1~Whether ignorance is a sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1337 2, 76 | that ignorance is not a sin. For sin is "a word, ~deed
1338 2, 76 | ignorance is not a sin. For sin is "a word, ~deed or desire
1339 2, 76 | Therefore ~ignorance is not a sin. ~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1340 2, 76 | Para. 1/1~OBJ 2: Further, sin is more directly opposed
1341 2, 76 | privation of grace is not a sin, but a punishment resulting
1342 2, 76 | punishment resulting from sin. ~Therefore ignorance which
1343 2, 76 | privation of knowledge is not a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1344 2, 76 | Further, if ignorance is a sin, this can only be in so
1345 2, 76 | voluntary. But if ignorance is a sin, through being voluntary,
1346 2, 76 | voluntary, it ~seems that the sin will consist in the act
1347 2, 76 | ignorance will not be a sin, but ~rather a result of
1348 2, 76 | but ~rather a result of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1349 2, 76 | 1~OBJ 4: Further, every sin is taken away by repentance,
1350 2, 76 | repentance, nor does any sin, ~except only original sin,
1351 2, 76 | sin, ~except only original sin, pass as to guilt, yet remain
1352 2, 76 | Therefore ignorance is not a sin, unless ~perchance it be
1353 2, 76 | perchance it be original sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1354 2, 76 | Further, if ignorance be a sin, then a man will be sinning,
1355 2, 76 | would be a most grievous ~sin. Therefore ignorance is
1356 2, 76 | Therefore ignorance is not a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1357 2, 76 | the contrary, Nothing but sin deserves punishment. But
1358 2, 76 | Therefore ignorance is a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1359 2, 76 | to have or do, commits a sin of omission. Wherefore ~
1360 2, 76 | one is bound to know, is a sin; ~whereas it is not imputed
1361 2, 76 | whereas it is not imputed as a sin to man, if he fails to know
1362 2, 76 | be rid of it, is not a sin: wherefore it is evident
1363 2, 76 | invincible ~ignorance is a sin. On the other hand, vincible
1364 2, 76 | vincible ignorance is a sin, if it be about matters
1365 2, 76 | ad 1), when we say that sin ~is a "word, deed or desire,"
1366 2, 76 | omissions have the character of sin; so that negligence, in
1367 2, 76 | much as ignorance is a sin, is comprised in the above
1368 2, 76 | the above definition of sin; ~in so far as one omits
1369 2, 76 | privation of grace is not a sin in itself, yet by ~reason
1370 2, 76 | may have the ~character of sin, even as ignorance; nevertheless
1371 2, 76 | Reply OBJ 3: Just as in a sin of transgression, the sin
1372 2, 76 | sin of transgression, the sin consists not ~only in the
1373 2, 76 | commanded by the will; so in a sin of omission not only the
1374 2, 76 | the act of the ~will is a sin, but also the omission,
1375 2, 76 | lack of ~consideration is a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1376 2, 76 | ignorance is said to be a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1377 2, 76 | binding, so is it with ~the sin of ignorance. For the ignorant
1378 2, 76 | Whether ignorance excuses from sin altogether?~Aquin.: SMT
1379 2, 76 | that ignorance excuses from sin altogether. For as ~Augustine
1380 2, 76 | says (Retract. i, 9), every sin is voluntary. Now ignorance ~
1381 2, 76 | ignorance ~excuses from sin altogether.~Aquin.: SMT
1382 2, 76 | the subject of virtue and sin, inasmuch as he is ~partaker
1383 2, 76 | Therefore ignorance excuses from sin altogether.~Aquin.: SMT
1384 2, 76 | altogether excuse from ~sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1385 2, 76 | involuntary, does not excuse from sin. The same applies to any ~
1386 2, 76 | very nature excuses from sin, because ~voluntariness
1387 2, 76 | voluntariness is essential to sin. But it may fail to excuse
1388 2, 76 | excuse altogether ~from sin, and this for two reasons.
1389 2, 76 | For ignorance excuses from sin, in so far as ~something
1390 2, 76 | something is not known to be a sin. Now it may happen that
1391 2, 76 | ignores some circumstance of a sin, the knowledge of which
1392 2, 76 | to the substance of the ~sin, or not; and nevertheless
1393 2, 76 | constituting another species of sin); or, suppose that he is
1394 2, 76 | he has knowledge of the sin. Secondly, this may happen
1395 2, 76 | certain ~things that he may sin the more freely; or indirectly,
1396 2, 76 | would restrain him from sin. For such like negligence ~
1397 2, 76 | not altogether excuse from sin. If, however, the ignorance
1398 2, 76 | ignorance ~excuses from sin altogether.~Aquin.: SMT
1399 2, 76 | every ignorance excuses from sin altogether.~Aquin.: SMT
1400 2, 76 | person, the ~intention of sin remains in him: so that,
1401 2, 76 | that, in this respect, his sin is not ~accidental.~Aquin.:
1402 2, 76 | entirely, it excuses from sin altogether, as is the case
1403 2, 76 | ignorance that causes the sin; and ~so it does not always
1404 2, 76 | does not always excuse from sin altogether.~Aquin.: SMT
1405 2, 76 | Whether ignorance diminishes a sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1406 2, 76 | ignorance does not diminish a sin. For that ~which is common
1407 2, 76 | all sins does not diminish sin. Now ignorance is ~common
1408 2, 76 | ignorance does not diminish sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1409 2, 76 | 1/1~OBJ 2: Further, one sin added to another makes a
1410 2, 76 | another makes a greater sin. But ~ignorance is itself
1411 2, 76 | But ~ignorance is itself a sin, as stated above (A[2]).
1412 2, 76 | it does not ~diminish a sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1413 2, 76 | both aggravate and diminish sin. ~Now ignorance aggravates
1414 2, 76 | Now ignorance aggravates sin; for Ambrose commenting
1415 2, 76 | to penance?" says: "Thy ~sin is most grievous if thou
1416 2, 76 | ignorance does not ~diminish sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1417 2, 76 | of ignorance diminishes a sin, this would ~seem to be
1418 2, 76 | ignorance does not diminish ~sin, but increases it: for the
1419 2, 76 | ignorance does not ~diminish sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1420 2, 76 | Whatever is a reason for sin to be forgiven, diminishes ~
1421 2, 76 | be forgiven, diminishes ~sin. Now such is ignorance,
1422 2, 76 | diminishes or alleviates sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1423 2, 76 | answer that, Since every sin is voluntary, ignorance
1424 2, 76 | ignorance can diminish sin, ~in so far as it diminishes
1425 2, 76 | it nowise alleviates the sin. Now it is evident that ~
1426 2, 76 | ignorance which excuses from sin altogether (through making
1427 2, 76 | involuntary) does not diminish a sin, but does away with it ~
1428 2, 76 | is not the cause of the ~sin being committed, but is
1429 2, 76 | diminishes nor ~increases the sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1430 2, 76 | Body Para. 2/2~Therefore sin cannot be alleviated by
1431 2, 76 | such as ~is a cause of the sin being committed, and yet
1432 2, 76 | does not excuse from the ~sin altogether. Now it happens
1433 2, 76 | purposely ignorant ~that he may sin more freely, and ignorance
1434 2, 76 | the ~will's intention to sin that he is willing to bear
1435 2, 76 | which is the cause of a sin being committed, is not
1436 2, 76 | consequently alleviates the sin. For when a thing is not
1437 2, 76 | thing is not known to be a ~sin, the will cannot be said
1438 2, 76 | be said to consent to the sin directly, but only ~accidentally;
1439 2, 76 | contempt, and therefore less sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1440 2, 76 | ignorant," is not ~the cause of sin being committed, but something
1441 2, 76 | passion or habit inclining to sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[76] A[
1442 2, 76 | Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 2: One sin is added to another makes
1443 2, 76 | does ~not always make a sin greater, since, perchance,
1444 2, 76 | murder is a more grievous sin if committed by a ~man when
1445 2, 76 | sinfulness of the resulting sin more than its own gravity
1446 2, 76 | reference to a species of the ~sin of ingratitude, the highest
1447 2, 76 | viz. drunkenness, and the sin which results from ~his
1448 2, 76 | diminishes the resulting sin, and more, perhaps, ~than
1449 2, 77 | Para. 1/1 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, ON THE PART OF THE SENSITIVE
1450 2, 77 | now consider the cause of sin, on the part of the sensitive ~
1451 2, 77 | the soul may be a cause of sin: and ~under this head there
1452 2, 77 | knowledge?~(3) Whether a sin resulting from a passion
1453 2, 77 | resulting from a passion is a sin of weakness?~(4) Whether
1454 2, 77 | self-love is the cause of every sin?~(5) Of three causes mentioned
1455 2, 77 | the passion which causes a sin diminishes it?~(7) Whether
1456 2, 77 | Whether passion excuses from sin altogether?~(8) Whether
1457 2, 77 | altogether?~(8) Whether a sin committed through passion
1458 2, 77 | captivating me in the ~law of sin." Now the law that is in
1459 2, 77 | of knowledge, and every sin a kind of ~ignorance. In
1460 2, 77 | it not, to him it is a ~sin." Consequently he was not
1461 2, 77 | Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether a sin committed through passion,
1462 2, 77 | passion, should be called a sin of ~weakness?~Aquin.: SMT
1463 2, 77 | 1: It would seem that a sin committed through passion
1464 2, 77 | should not be ~called a sin of weakness. For a passion
1465 2, 77 | of weakness. Therefore a sin committed ~through passion,
1466 2, 77 | should not be called a sin of weakness.~Aquin.: SMT
1467 2, 77 | dominion over it." Therefore sin ~committed through passion
1468 2, 77 | through passion is not a sin of weakness.~Aquin.: SMT
1469 2, 77 | for disease. Therefore ~a sin that arises from passion
1470 2, 77 | passion should be called a sin of weakness.~Aquin.: SMT
1471 2, 77 | answer that, The cause of sin is on the part of the soul,
1472 2, 77 | soul, in which, ~chiefly, sin resides. Now weakness may
1473 2, 77 | man, it is said to be a sin of weakness. Hence the Philosopher (
1474 2, 77 | 2 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 2: Sin consists chiefly in an act
1475 2, 77 | self-love is the source of every sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1476 2, 77 | not the source of every sin. For ~that which is good
1477 2, 77 | not the proper cause of sin. ~Now love of self is a
1478 2, 77 | cannot be the proper cause of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1479 2, 77 | Apostle says (Rm. 7:8): "Sin taking occasion by the ~
1480 2, 77 | concupiscence is the ~cause of every sin. Now concupiscence is a
1481 2, 77 | not the ~cause of every sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1482 2, 77 | down," says that "every sin is due either to love arousing ~
1483 2, 77 | is not the only cause of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1484 2, 77 | is not the cause of every sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1485 2, 77 | of Babylon." Now every ~sin makes man a citizen of Babylon.
1486 2, 77 | self-love is the cause of ~every sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1487 2, 77 | proper and direct ~cause of sin is to be considered on the
1488 2, 77 | self is the cause of every sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1489 2, 77 | reckons ~to be the cause of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1490 2, 77 | avoidance of evil: for every sin ~arises either from inordinate
1491 2, 77 | Ethic. ix): wherefore the ~sin which is committed through
1492 2, 77 | fittingly described as causes of sin?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1493 2, 77 | unfittingly described as causes of sin. ~Because, according to
1494 2, 77 | reckoned among ~the causes of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1495 2, 77 | just as man is induced to sin, through inordinate desire ~
1496 2, 77 | Therefore the causes of sin are ~insufficiently described.~
1497 2, 77 | the world" by reason of sin: wherefore it is ~written (
1498 2, 77 | these three are causes of sin.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[77] A[
1499 2, 77 | self-love is the cause ~of every sin. Now self-love includes
1500 2, 77 | good is the cause of every sin. Now good is, in two ways,
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