Part, Question

2501   2, 61  |               due to their ~thwarting reason: and this occurs in two
2502   2, 61  |         inciting to something against reason, and then the passions need
2503   2, 61  |              following the dictate of reason, e.g. through fear of danger
2504   2, 61  |           strengthened for that which reason dictates, lest he ~turn
2505   2, 61  |            which exists in the act of reason, is found ~chiefly in reason'
2506   2, 61  |          reason, is found ~chiefly in reason's command, but not in its
2507   2, 61  |             Again, good as defined by reason and put into ~our operations
2508   2, 61  |        holding to the good defined by reason, ~against the impulse of
2509   2, 61  |            virtue that causes good in reason's act of ~consideration,
2510   2, 61  |               are called principal by reason ~of their matter, as stated
2511   2, 61  |       prudence which ~is rectitude of reason in things to be done; the
2512   2, 61  |               which is in accord with reason, against any ~assaults of
2513   2, 61  |            moral virtue" partaking of reason, ~it observes the mode of
2514   2, 61  |               it observes the mode of reason in all things, and does
2515   2, 61  |                belongs essentially to reason; whereas the other three
2516   2, 61  |             imply a certain ~share of reason by way of a kind of application (
2517   2, 61  |               kind of application (of reason) to passions ~or operations.
2518   2, 61  |          Others, however, with better reason, take these four virtues,
2519   2, 61  |               on to the rest, for the reason that whoever ~can do what
2520   2, 61  |            thing to do, for this very reason is more ~able to check his
2521   2, 61  |               is said to be brave, by reason of fortitude ~overflowing
2522   2, 61  |              conforms the appetite to reason. God's fortitude is His
2523   2, 61  |              virtues; since it is ~by reason of them that man behaves
2524   2, 61  |               these virtues differ by reason of a difference of ~movement
2525   2, 61  |           allowances for those who by reason of their exceptional ~talents
2526   2, 62  |             by the very nature of his reason and will, man is directed
2527   2, 62  |     theological virtue, to direct the reason and will to God.~Aquin.:
2528   2, 62  |          though God were ~virtuous by reason of them, but because of
2529   2, 62  |            Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 3: The reason and will are naturally directed
2530   2, 62  |        proportion to nature. ~But the reason and will, according to their
2531   2, 62  |      surpassing the knowledge of ~our reason. On the other hand, the
2532   2, 62  |               comprehensible to human reason. Wherefore the ~theological
2533   2, 62  |              to the research of human reason. Theological virtue, on
2534   2, 62  |             far as they surpass human reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[62] A[
2535   2, 62  |              First, in respect of the reason or intellect, ~in so far
2536   2, 62  |              intellect, and which are reason's ~starting-point, both
2537   2, 62  |      naturally to good as ~defined by reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[62] A[
2538   2, 62  |               own. Hence for the very reason that a ~man hopes in someone,
2539   2, 63  |               consists in accord with reason, as was ~clearly shown above (
2540   2, 63  |              that which accords with ~reason is natural to man; since
2541   2, 63  |              is natural to man; since reason is part of man's nature.
2542   2, 63  |         nature, in so far as in man's reason are to be ~found instilled
2543   2, 63  |               good in accordance with reason. Again, this is so in respect
2544   2, 63  |               nature, in so far as by reason of a disposition in the
2545   2, 63  |             19], AA[3],4), viz. human reason and Divine Law. And since ~
2546   2, 63  |            whatever is ruled by human reason, is ruled by the Divine
2547   2, 63  |        according to the rule of human reason can be caused by human acts: ~
2548   2, 63  |             as such acts proceed from reason, by whose power and rule
2549   2, 63  |          Divine Law, and not by human reason, cannot ~be caused by human
2550   2, 63  |             the principle of which is reason, but is ~produced in us
2551   2, 63  |               matters most opposed to reason. There are also certain
2552   2, 63  |              natural rectitude of the reason is more ~excellent than
2553   2, 63  |             the appetite partaking of reason, which rectification belongs
2554   2, 63  |               of this object is from ~reason which fixes the mean in
2555   2, 63  |       according to ~the rule of human reason, is seen under a different
2556   2, 63  |               the mean fixed by human reason, is that food should not
2557   2, 63  |           body, nor hinder the use of reason: whereas, according to ~
2558   2, 64  |              appetible objects is the reason. But the good of that which
2559   2, 64  |           conformity with the rule of reason. Now it is clear that between
2560   2, 64  |             goodness from the rule of reason, ~while its matter consists
2561   2, 64  |               compare moral virtue to reason, then, if we look at that
2562   2, 64  |              at that which is has of ~reason, it holds the position of
2563   2, 64  |               conform to the ~rule of reason. Hence the Philosopher says (
2564   2, 64  |             as to its conformity with reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[64] A[
2565   2, 64  |             being in conformity with ~reason. This is the case with magnanimity
2566   2, 64  |          accordance with the ~rule of reason, i.e. "where" it is right, "
2567   2, 64  |               1/1~OBJ 2: Further, the reason is a power of apprehension.
2568   2, 64  |              fixed, in our regard, by reason."~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[64] A[
2569   2, 64  |         observed in the act itself of reason, as though ~the very act
2570   2, 64  |               though ~the very act of reason were made to observe the
2571   2, 64  |               perfects not the act of reason, but the act of the ~appetitive
2572   2, 64  |                 Secondly, the mean of reason may be considered as that
2573   2, 64  |          considered as that which the reason ~puts into some particular
2574   2, 64  |         through conformity with right reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[64] A[
2575   2, 64  |              other moral virtues. The reason for this is that justice
2576   2, 64  |                hence the rectitude of reason has ~to be established in
2577   2, 64  |              being in the very act of reason, ~while the third argues
2578   2, 64  |            conforming to the rule of ~reason. But the intellectual virtues
2579   2, 64  |           intellectual virtues are in reason itself, so that they ~seem
2580   2, 64  |       observes the mean ~appointed by reason, as a prudent man would
2581   2, 64  |        Consequently the ~rectitude of reason is the mean of moral virtue,
2582   2, 64  |              mind, because one is the reason for knowing the other: ~
2583   2, 64  |              appetite being ~ruled by reason; while the mean of intellectual
2584   2, 64  |        virtues consists in a ~mean of reason by conformity with a measure
2585   2, 65  |                 Now prudence is right reason about things to be done.
2586   2, 65  |               to be. ~In this way the reason for the connection is evident:
2587   2, 65  |              forth. This, too, is the reason assigned ~for the connection
2588   2, 65  |         Augustine also gives the same reason (De Trin. vi, 4).~Aquin.:
2589   2, 65  |            that Aristotle assigns the reason for ~their connection (Ethic.
2590   2, 65  |              since prudence is "right reason about things to be done,"
2591   2, 65  |            and the ~starting point of reason is the end of the thing
2592   2, 65  |              in a fashion, moves the ~reason, and the reason the appetite,
2593   2, 65  |            moves the ~reason, and the reason the appetite, as stated
2594   2, 65  |               is evident that, though reason ~may be right in one part
2595   2, 65  |                can it be called right reason, if it be deficient in any
2596   2, 65  |            speculative matters right ~reason has greatest need of the
2597   2, 65  |           together with charity. ~The reason for this is that God operates
2598   2, 65  |        difficulty in their ~works, by reason of certain ordinary dispositions
2599   2, 65  |               those virtues, for the ~reason stated; although they have
2600   2, 65  |         result of prudence; for which reason justice cannot be a perfect
2601   2, 66  |             root of human good is the reason. Hence prudence ~which perfects
2602   2, 66  |          prudence ~which perfects the reason, surpasses in goodness the
2603   2, 66  |              so far as it partakes of reason. ~And among these, one is
2604   2, 66  |             approaches ~nearer to the reason. Consequently justice, which
2605   2, 66  |               has ~a smaller share of reason, as stated in Ethic. vii,
2606   2, 66  |             which is defined by right reason; and this, on ~account of
2607   2, 66  |           more discerning judgment of reason, or again a greater gift
2608   2, 66  |               reach the mean of right reason as though it were ~an indivisible
2609   2, 66  |              same man, so long as his reason ~has the same degree of
2610   2, 66  |            defined according to right reason in each matter of virtue.~
2611   2, 66  |              of sanctifying grace, by reason of which one man has all
2612   2, 66  |        evident that the object of the reason is more excellent than the
2613   2, 66  |               the appetite: since the reason apprehends things in the
2614   2, 66  |            virtues, which perfect the reason, are more excellent than
2615   2, 66  |              are more ~excellent. The reason for this is that in them
2616   2, 66  |           Para. 1/1 ~Reply OBJ 2: The reason why man is said to be good
2617   2, 66  |                as being ~most akin to reason. This is made evident by
2618   2, 66  |              movement is subjected to reason, so much the more does the ~
2619   2, 66  |            the appetitive movement to reason in matters of life and ~
2620   2, 66  |             subjects the ~appetite to reason in matters directly relating
2621   2, 66  |             be greater relatively, by reason of its helping or ~adorning
2622   2, 66  |               Now prudence is "right ~reason about things to be done,"
2623   2, 66  |               greater than another by reason of its having a greater ~
2624   2, 67  |          since this mode ~is fixed by reason, the formal element is precisely
2625   2, 67  |               precisely this order of reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[67] A[
2626   2, 67  |              in as much as each one's reason will have most perfect ~
2627   2, 67  |            according to the ~order of reason, in things pertaining to
2628   2, 67  |        perfectly disposed to obey the reason. But in the state preceding
2629   2, 67  |               their root, i.e. in the reason and will, wherein ~are certain
2630   2, 67  |      perpetual and immortal"; both by reason ~of its subject, since the
2631   2, 67  |         destroyed," and he states the reason to be because "we know in
2632   2, 67  |               easily lost, ~except by reason of some great change or
2633   2, 67  |                It is also contrary to reason, ~because intelligible species
2634   2, 67  |              species: even as lack of reason belongs ~to the very specific
2635   2, 67  |      accidental to the individual by ~reason of something else; even
2636   2, 67  |             even as sometimes lack of reason is accidental ~to a man,
2637   2, 67  |              drunk, or for some like ~reason; and it is evident, that
2638   2, 67  |         saints has no succession, by ~reason of its being a kind of participation
2639   2, 67  |             something future, for the reason ~already given (ad 2). Yet
2640   2, 67  |               weary, and for the same reason desire is said to be in ~
2641   2, 67  |               another, blackness. The reason is that genus is not ~related
2642   2, 67  |             even its ~possibility, by reason of the unchangeableness
2643   2, 67  |            Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 3: The reason why charity of the wayfarer
2644   2, 68  |             proceeds. Now there is no reason why that which proceeds
2645   2, 68  |               not assigned a suitable reason ~for this distinction, a
2646   2, 68  |               for this distinction, a reason, to wit, which would apply
2647   2, 68  |             gifts, four belong to the reason, viz. wisdom, knowledge, ~
2648   2, 68  |             as it is a faculty of the reason, while the virtues perfect
2649   2, 68  |               only two virtues in the reason ~or intellect, viz. faith
2650   2, 68  |              and all the gifts in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[68] A[
2651   2, 68  |              one within him, viz. the reason; the other extrinsic to
2652   2, 68  |            for him to be moved by his reason in his ~interior and exterior
2653   2, 68  |           counsel according ~to human reason, but only to follow their
2654   2, 68  |           principle higher than human reason. This then is what some ~
2655   2, 68  |              the good as appointed by reason; but they are opposed to
2656   2, 68  |            opposed both to God and to reason, whose light flows from ~
2657   2, 68  |              measured by the rule of ~reason. Likewise the gifts, as
2658   2, 68  |         proceeds from the judgment of reason: but it is called a gift,
2659   2, 68  |        matters where the prompting of reason is not ~sufficient, and
2660   2, 68  |              Body Para. 2/3~Now man's reason is perfected by God in two
2661   2, 68  |             wit, the natural light of reason; secondly, with ~a supernatural
2662   2, 68  |              matters subject to human reason, and directed to man's ~
2663   2, 68  |           through the judgment of his reason. If, ~however, even in these
2664   2, 68  |      supernatural end, to which man's reason moves him, ~according as
2665   2, 68  |    theological virtues, the motion of reason does not suffice, unless
2666   2, 68  |              the Holy Ghost, for the ~reason already given.~Aquin.: SMT
2667   2, 68  |             Whether we consider human reason as perfected in its ~natural
2668   2, 68  |              partakes somewhat of the reason, in so far, to wit, as it
2669   2, 68  |               moved by the command of reason. Accordingly the gifts of ~
2670   2, 68  |                in comparison with the reason, are ~related to the appetitive
2671   2, 68  |         appetite are disposed to obey reason promptly. ~Therefore the
2672   2, 68  |         powers so that they obey the ~reason. Now just as it is natural
2673   2, 68  |              moved ~by the command of reason, so it is natural for all
2674   2, 68  |              and such powers are ~the reason and appetite.~Aquin.: SMT
2675   2, 68  |                Body Para. 2/2~Now the reason is speculative and practical:
2676   2, 68  |                truth, the speculative reason is perfected by "understanding";
2677   2, 68  |        understanding"; the ~practical reason, by "counsel." In order
2678   2, 68  |              aright, the speculative ~reason is perfected by "wisdom";
2679   2, 68  |                wisdom"; the practical reason by "knowledge." The ~appetitive
2680   2, 68  |                since art is the right reason, not ~about things to be
2681   2, 68  |              of the good appointed by reason, so does it belong to the
2682   2, 68  |             from the rectitude of the reason, and ~so it is more suitably
2683   2, 68  |                Because ~the principal reason for fearing God is taken
2684   2, 68  |            regards the ~governance of reason, so all the powers of the
2685   2, 68  |            given to us," even as our ~reason is perfected by prudence.
2686   2, 68  |             Ambrose, just quoted. The reason for this is ~that the gifts
2687   2, 68  |               makes the mind full of ~reason," which is necessary even
2688   2, 68  |             while ~science belongs to reason. But reason is a more excellent
2689   2, 68  |        science belongs to reason. But reason is a more excellent power
2690   2, 68  |              stands before counsel by reason of its ~judgment, yet counsel
2691   2, 68  |          counsel is more excellent by reason of its matter: for ~counsel
2692   2, 68  |            gifts which pertain to the reason are more ~excellent than
2693   2, 68  |            from their powers, because reason transcends the ~appetite
2694   2, 68  |          together with ~fortitude, by reason of their matter, are given
2695   2, 68  |             virtues are those whereby reason itself ~is perfected; and
2696   2, 68  |          appetite in obedience to the reason. On the other hand the gifts
2697   2, 68  |           virtues, which perfect the ~reason, the moving principle of
2698   2, 68  |           virtues perfect, either the reason itself, or the ~other powers
2699   2, 68  |           other powers in relation to reason: and it is evident that
2700   2, 68  |               subordinate to ~his own reason, is disposed to be rightly
2701   2, 69  |          rules of the human will: the reason ~and the eternal law, as
2702   2, 69  |            perfect man in relation to reason; while the gifts perfect
2703   2, 69  |             happiness, for which ~our reason is not sufficient, since
2704   2, 69  |            for two reasons. First, by reason of our having a ~preparation
2705   2, 69  |           being false and contrary to reason, is an obstacle to future ~
2706   2, 69  |            appointed by the ruling of reason - and by a gift, in a ~more
2707   2, 69  |         virtue, so that we give where reason dictates we ~should give,
2708   2, 69  |               in the rewards, for the reason given ~above. Because to "
2709   2, 70  |             from man in virtue of his reason, it is said to be the ~fruit
2710   2, 70  |               to be the ~fruit of his reason: but if it proceeds from
2711   2, 70  |        anything that is delightful by reason of its form. Thus it is
2712   2, 70  |          perfect works, and which, by reason ~of their perfection, are
2713   2, 70  |           charity, joy and peace. The reason why ~he mentions these rather
2714   2, 70  |              which is in ~accord with reason, or rather to that which
2715   2, 70  |               to that which surpasses reason: whereas the ~fleshly, viz.
2716   2, 70  |              is opposed. Idolatry, by reason of which war was ~waged
2717   2, 70  |              virtue are connatural to reason, while works of vice are
2718   2, 71  |       disposition of its subject. The reason for ~this is because a thing
2719   2, 71  |             its nature, and ~for this reason is that thing "vituperated,"
2720   2, 71  |             contrary to the ~order of reason is, properly speaking, contrary
2721   2, 71  |            whatever is in accord with reason, is in accord with the ~
2722   2, 71  |               is to be in accord with reason, ~and his evil is to be
2723   2, 71  |             his evil is to be against reason," as Dionysius states (Div.
2724   2, 71  |               as it accords with his ~reason: while vice is contrary
2725   2, 71  |              contrary to the order of reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
2726   2, 71  |              that which accords with ~reason, i.e. with the order of
2727   2, 71  |                i.e. with the order of reason. For Cicero says (De Inv.
2728   2, 71  |             is a habit in accord with reason, like a second nature":
2729   2, 71  |              man accomplishes acts of reason, hence there are more who
2730   2, 71  |              who follow the order of ~reason: because more reach the
2731   2, 71  |             against the ~order of his reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
2732   2, 71  |       compared to the ~order of human reason, as art to a work of art.
2733   2, 71  |            against the order of human reason, and ~that they are contrary
2734   2, 71  |             is called good ~or bad by reason of the goodness or badness
2735   2, 71  |            contrary to virtue, not by reason of itself, but by ~reason
2736   2, 71  |             reason of itself, but by ~reason of its act. Hence sin is
2737   2, 71  |                1/4~I answer that, The reason for urging this question
2738   2, 71  |               s evil is to be against reason, as Dionysius states (Div. ~
2739   2, 71  |              say that sin is against ~reason than to say that it is contrary
2740   2, 71  |           homogeneous, viz. the human reason; the other ~is the first
2741   2, 71  |           eternal law, which is God's reason, so to ~speak. Accordingly
2742   2, 71  |            natural ~code of the human reason, then every sin is evil
2743   2, 71  |              as something contrary to reason. Hence ~Augustine defines
2744   2, 71  |             to its being contrary to ~reason; the more so, as the eternal
2745   2, 71  |            things that ~surpass human reason, e.g. in matters of faith.~
2746   2, 72  |           soul, which is the mind or ~reason, is called the spirit, according
2747   2, 72  |               where spirit stands for reason, according to a ~gloss.
2748   2, 72  |            the flesh, ~flows from the reason by its consent; since consent
2749   2, 72  |            act ~belongs to the higher reason, as we shall state further
2750   2, 72  |              Civ. Dei xiv, 2,3). ~The reason of this is because every
2751   2, 72  |            every failing in the human reason is due in ~some way to the
2752   2, 72  |       spiritual act, viz. the ~act of reason: but the end of these sins,
2753   2, 72  |             not so utterly absorb the reason. It may also be said that ~
2754   2, 72  |              relation to the ~rule of reason, in so far as all our actions
2755   2, 72  |         commensurate with the rule of reason: another order is in relation
2756   2, 72  |          comprised under the order of reason, are comprised under the ~
2757   2, 72  |               which surpass the human reason, such as matters of faith,
2758   2, 72  |             according to the order of reason. Yet in some things we ~
2759   2, 72  |             are directed according to reason, in relation to ourselves
2760   2, 72  |          sickness can be ~repaired by reason of the vital principle being
2761   2, 72  |             that one sin is mortal by reason of its ~species, and another
2762   2, 72  |        species, and another venial by reason of its species, it follows
2763   2, 72  |            done openly, and for this ~reason Gregory (Moral. iv, 25)
2764   2, 72  |       straying ~from the rectitude of reason, so falsehood, in speculative
2765   2, 72  |            less from the rectitude of reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[72] A[
2766   2, 72  |          departure from the order of ~reason and the Divine law, the
2767   2, 72  |            species of friendship, ~by reason of its admitting of degree,
2768   2, 72  |                In ~this way to exceed reason or to fall short thereof
2769   2, 72  |              intention to depart from reason; and ~so sins of excess
2770   2, 72  |             from the one rectitude of reason. On the other hand, sometimes ~
2771   2, 73  |          Whether sin is aggravated by reason of the excellence of the
2772   2, 73  |           virtue in ~pursuance of his reason, is different from the intention
2773   2, 73  |             straying from the path of reason. For the intention of every
2774   2, 73  |              is to follow the rule of reason, wherefore the ~intention
2775   2, 73  |       connected together in the right reason of things to be done, ~viz.
2776   2, 73  |             straying from the path of reason; ~rather is it directed
2777   2, 73  |         directed ~when departing from reason, are of various kinds, having
2778   2, 73  |              not follow that for this reason man ~contracts all vices
2779   2, 73  |          transgression of the rule of reason, ~which is to human acts
2780   2, 73  |             as it is a departure from reason; wherefore ~considering
2781   2, 73  |             the due commensuration of reason is such as not to destroy ~
2782   2, 73  |              to destroy ~the order of reason altogether; else evil, if
2783   2, 73  |             remained of the order of ~reason. Therefore it matters much
2784   2, 73  |            less from the rectitude of reason: and accordingly we ~must
2785   2, 73  |               graver than ~another by reason of the difference of objects.~
2786   2, 73  |               accord with the rule of reason. Now it is evident that
2787   2, 73  |               higher in the ~order of reason. Now in matters of action
2788   2, 73  |              in matters of action the reason directs all things ~in view
2789   2, 73  |               something, and for that reason, ~implies a closer cleaving;
2790   2, 73  |            guilt arises; and for this reason ~it involves greater guilt.
2791   2, 73  |               greater guilt. A second reason may be taken on the part
2792   2, 73  |               greater guilt. A ~third reason may be taken from the motive,
2793   2, 73  |             says (Ethic. vii, 6), the reason ~why it is more shameful
2794   2, 73  |           that ~lust partakes less of reason; and in the same sense he
2795   2, 73  |           brutalized; for which same ~reason Gregory says (Moral. xxxi,
2796   2, 73  |          Further, as rectitude of the reason is the cause of a virtuous ~
2797   2, 73  |       virtuous ~act, so defect in the reason seems to be the cause of
2798   2, 73  |             greater the defect in the reason, the less grievous the sin:
2799   2, 73  |               he who lacks the use of reason, is altogether excused from
2800   2, 73  |           accord with the judgment of reason. ~Wherefore those causes
2801   2, 73  |          which weaken the judgment of reason (e.g. ~ignorance), or which
2802   2, 73  |         forestalling ~the judgment of reason and the movement of the
2803   2, 73  |               follows the judgment of reason, and the movement of the
2804   2, 73  |            departs from the order of ~reason is due to his not observing
2805   2, 73  |              sin to be aggravated by ~reason of its circumstances. This
2806   2, 73  |          ought not, and for that very reason his sin ~is more grievous;
2807   2, 73  |              3 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 3: Reason should direct the action
2808   2, 73  |                aside from the rule of reason through corruption of any
2809   2, 73  |          depart thus from the rule of reason suffices ~to make the act
2810   2, 73  |        turning aside from the rule of reason results ~from man's turning
2811   2, 73  |          ought to be united by right ~reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
2812   2, 73  |          Whether sin is aggravated by reason of its causing more harm?~
2813   2, 73  |              sin is not aggravated by reason of its ~causing more harm.
2814   2, 73  |        Whether a sin is aggravated by reason of the condition of the
2815   2, 73  |              sin is not aggravated by reason of the ~condition of the
2816   2, 73  |              is made more grievous by reason of his position ~and knowledge.
2817   2, 73  |             closely ~united to God by reason of personal sanctity, or
2818   2, 73  |            other, and, for ~this very reason, sins all the more grievously,
2819   2, 73  |              sin is not aggravated by reason of the excellence of the ~
2820   2, 74  |           mortal sin?~(5) Whether the reason can be the subject of sin?~(
2821   2, 74  |              subjected in ~the higher reason?~(7) Whether the sin of
2822   2, 74  |              subjected in the ~higher reason?~(8) Whether the lower reason
2823   2, 74  |         reason?~(8) Whether the lower reason can be the subject of mortal
2824   2, 74  |                 9) Whether the higher reason can be the subject of venial
2825   2, 74  |            there can be in the higher reason a venial sin directed to ~
2826   2, 74  |            sin is an evil contrary to reason. Now good and evil ~pertaining
2827   2, 74  |               and evil ~pertaining to reason are the object of the will
2828   2, 74  |       determinate goods and evils, by reason ~of which they can be the
2829   2, 74  |              they partake of will and reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2830   2, 74  |     appetitive powers are compared to reason as free agents, because ~
2831   2, 74  |             with ~the deliberation of reason," as the Philosopher says (
2832   2, 74  |          without the ~deliberation of reason, is not imputed to a man
2833   2, 74  |           through being united to the reason; thus we surpass ~other
2834   2, 74  |              that of other animals by reason ~of a certain excellence
2835   2, 74  |         natural aptitude to obey the ~reason; and in this respect it
2836   2, 74  |          without the ~deliberation of reason, since the principal part
2837   2, 74  |         sensuality as forestalls the ~reason, is a venial sin, which
2838   2, 74  |                Now it belongs to the ~reason alone, and not to the sensuality,
2839   2, 74  |           sensuality, but only in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2840   2, 74  |            but to its being an act of reason, to whom the ordering ~to
2841   2, 74  |               the ~sensuality, but to reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2842   2, 74  |               of its being an act of ~reason and will, whose function
2843   2, 74  |           mortal sin, which is in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2844   2, 74  |             Whether sin can be in the reason?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2845   2, 74  |             that sin cannot be in the reason. For the sin of ~any power
2846   2, 74  |         thereof. But the fault of the reason is not a sin, ~on the contrary,
2847   2, 74  |        Therefore sin cannot be in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2848   2, 74  |             stated above ~(A[1]). Now reason precedes the will, since
2849   2, 74  |       Therefore sin ~cannot be in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2850   2, 74  |              perfection and defect of reason are not among those ~things
2851   2, 74  |            Therefore no sin is in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2852   2, 74  |               lower and in the higher reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2853   2, 74  |        clearly shown (AA[1],2,3). Now reason has a twofold act: one is
2854   2, 74  |               the other is the act of reason as directing the other ~
2855   2, 74  |               there may be sin in the reason. First, ~in so far as it
2856   2, 74  |              error is imputed to ~the reason as a sin, when it is in
2857   2, 74  |             in the proper act of the ~reason in respect of its proper
2858   2, 74  |               for then this defect of reason is not a sin, and excuses
2859   2, 74  |               however, the defect of ~reason be about something which
2860   2, 74  |          powers, is always imputed to reason as a sin, because it can
2861   2, 74  |             the ~acts of the will and reason, the will moves and precedes
2862   2, 74  |           will moves and precedes the reason, in ~one way, and the reason
2863   2, 74  |          reason, in ~one way, and the reason moves and precedes the will
2864   2, 74  |         rational, and the act of the ~reason, voluntary. Accordingly
2865   2, 74  |       Accordingly sin is found in the reason, either through ~being a
2866   2, 74  |               voluntary defect of the reason, or through the reason being
2867   2, 74  |            the reason, or through the reason being the ~principle of
2868   2, 74  |          morose delectation is in the reason?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2869   2, 74  |            delectation is not in the ~reason. For delectation denotes
2870   2, 74  |           power is distinct from the ~reason, which is an apprehensive
2871   2, 74  |            delectation is ~not in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2872   2, 74  |               about the goods of ~the reason. Therefore the sin of morose
2873   2, 74  |             delectation is not in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2874   2, 74  |             But length of time is no ~reason why an act should belong
2875   2, 74  |    delectation does not belong to the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2876   2, 74  |              woman" denotes the lower reason, as he ~himself explains (
2877   2, 74  |         morose ~delectation is in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2878   2, 74  |              A[5]), sin may be in the reason, not only in ~respect of
2879   2, 74  |               not only in ~respect of reason's proper act, but sometimes
2880   2, 74  |                Now it is evident that reason directs not only external ~
2881   2, 74  |       passions. Consequently when the reason fails in ~directing the
2882   2, 74  |              sin is said to be in the reason, as also ~when it fails
2883   2, 74  |     delectation is said to ~be in the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2884   2, 74  |           principle; but it is in the reason as its first mover, in ~
2885   2, 74  |              2 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 2: Reason has its proper elicited
2886   2, 74  |           that can be directed by the reason: and accordingly delectation
2887   2, 74  |           also under the direction of reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2888   2, 74  |             of time, ~but because the reason in deliberating dwells [
2889   2, 74  |              the act is in the higher reason?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2890   2, 74  |             act is not in the ~higher reason. For consent is an act of
2891   2, 74  |               15], A[1]): whereas the reason is an apprehensive power. ~
2892   2, 74  |              act is not in the higher reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2893   2, 74  |               2: Further, "the higher reason is intent on contemplating
2894   2, 74  |             not always in the higher ~reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2895   2, 74  |            deed, belongs to the lower reason," as Augustine states (De
2896   2, 74  |      sometimes ~ascribed to the lower reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2897   2, 74  |           Further, just as the higher reason excels the lower, so does
2898   2, 74  |               the lower, so does the ~reason excel the imagination. Now
2899   2, 74  |              any deliberation of ~his reason, as when, without premeditation,
2900   2, 74  |              sometimes also the lower reason may consent to a sinful
2901   2, 74  |           independently of the higher reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2902   2, 74  |               just as the speculative reason judges and delivers ~its
2903   2, 74  |             matters, so the practical reason judges ~and pronounces sentence
2904   2, 74  |        regulated by the rule of human reason, ~which rule is derived
2905   2, 74  |     pronounced, belongs to the higher reason which is intent on ~the
2906   2, 74  |        belongs properly to the higher reason, while the preliminary ~
2907   2, 74  |      delectation belongs to the lower reason, ~which delivers judgment
2908   2, 74  |            court: although the higher reason can ~also judge of the delectation,
2909   2, 74  |              consequence of an act of reason deliberating and judging,
2910   2, 74  |               to that upon ~which the reason has already passed its judgment.
2911   2, 74  |           both to the will and to the reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2912   2, 74  |               Reply OBJ 2: The higher reason is said to consent, from
2913   2, 74  |             proceeds ~from the higher reason: because, as Augustine says (
2914   2, 74  |               Reply OBJ 3: The higher reason, by considering the eternal
2915   2, 74  |               judgment of the ~higher reason is pronounced the lower
2916   2, 74  |               is pronounced the lower reason, while deliberating the ~
2917   2, 74  |     delectation belongs to the lower ~reason. If, however, after considering
2918   2, 74  |            then belong to the higher ~reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2919   2, 74  |           before the higher or lower ~reason has time to deliberate.
2920   2, 74  |             the judgment of the lower reason is ~deliberate, and so requires
2921   2, 74  |               during which the higher reason can also ~deliberate; consequently,
2922   2, 74  |      delectation belongs to the lower reason, which does not ~consider
2923   2, 74  |              is a mortal ~sin, not by reason of the delectation, since
2924   2, 74  |             the ~marriage act, but by reason of an inordinateness in
2925   2, 74  |        delectation does not, for this reason, consent to ~the inordinateness
2926   2, 74  |              be not only in the lower reason, ~but also in the higher
2927   2, 74  |                but also in the higher reason, as stated above (A[7]).
2928   2, 74  |               Nevertheless the ~lower reason may turn away from the eternal
2929   2, 74  |              is proper to the ~higher reason, yet, it is intent on them,
2930   2, 74  |               direction of the higher reason fails in ~directing them
2931   2, 74  |              venial sin in the higher reason as directing the ~lower
2932   2, 74  |             venial sin in the higher ~reason as directing the lower powers,
2933   2, 74  |              xii, 7) that the "higher reason is intent on ~considering
2934   2, 74  |              mortal sin in the higher reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2935   2, 74  |            OBJ 2: Further, the higher reason is the principle of the
2936   2, 74  |      Therefore the sins of the higher reason are mortal.~Aquin.: SMT
2937   2, 74  |            the consent of the higher ~reason is always accompanied by
2938   2, 74  |             act belongs to the higher reason, ~as stated above (A[7]).
2939   2, 74  |              sin can be in the higher reason.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[74] A[
2940   2, 74  |             Trin. xii, 7), the higher reason ~"is intent on contemplating
2941   2, 74  |            Therefore when the higher ~reason consents to the act of a
2942   2, 74  |              mortal sin in the higher reason whenever the order itself
2943   2, 74  |           order itself of the higher ~reason to its proper object which
2944   2, 74  |              sin can be in the higher reason as such?~Aquin.: SMT FS
2945   2, 74  |               cannot be in the higher reason as ~such, i.e. as considering
2946   2, 74  |              the object of the higher reason is the eternal law, in ~
2947   2, 74  |              venial sin in the higher reason as such.~Aquin.: SMT FS
2948   2, 74  |             OBJ 2: Further, since the reason is a deliberative power,
2949   2, 74  |               there can be ~no act of reason without deliberation. Now
2950   2, 74  |            sin is never in the higher reason as such.~Aquin.: SMT FS
2951   2, 74  |              mortal sin, through the ~reason, in deliberating, having
2952   2, 74  |          grievously; just as when the reason in ~deliberating about an
2953   2, 74  |               virtue. But the higher ~reason cannot have recourse to
2954   2, 74  |              venial sin in the higher reason ~as such.~Aquin.: SMT FS
2955   2, 74  |             it ~belongs to the higher reason as such. Therefore there
2956   2, 74  |             venial sin ~in the higher reason as such.~Aquin.: SMT FS
2957   2, 74  |               answer that, The higher reason regards its own object otherwise
2958   2, 74  |            are directed by the higher reason. ~For it does not regard
2959   2, 74  |              consequently the higher ~reason always sins mortally, if
2960   2, 74  |             to present ~itself to the reason suddenly under some other
2961   2, 74  |          sudden movements, the higher reason may ~sin venially in respect
2962   2, 74  |              proceeds, belongs to the reason, as ~well as the act of
2963   2, 74  |            matters it ~belongs to the reason both to syllogize and to
2964   2, 74  |       propositions: ~consequently the reason also can have a sudden movement.~
2965   2, 74  |             to be known by the human ~reason, or as delivered to us by
2966   2, 74  |              the object of the higher reason ~is, in its nature, something
2967   2, 75  |             direction ~of the rule of reason and of the Divine law, and
2968   2, 75  |         failing to apply the rule of ~reason or of the Divine law, is
2969   2, 75  |             not ~applying the rule of reason or of the Divine law, has
2970   2, 75  |               of the human act is the reason and will, in ~respect of
2971   2, 75  |             is due to the judgment of reason, that the will is moved
2972   2, 75  |              something in accord with reason, so it is due to an apprehension
2973   2, 75  |               influences the will and reason, as we shall explain ~further
2974   2, 75  |         proximate, on the part of the reason and will; and the ~other
2975   2, 75  |             motive, viz. the rule of ~reason or the Divine law, this
2976   2, 75  |            due rule appertains to the reason, whose nature it is to ~
2977   2, 75  |               and ~afterwards, of the reason. For it is because a thing
2978   2, 75  |       appetite is inclined, that the ~reason sometimes fails to consider
2979   2, 75  |               the sinful act, and the reason, as lacking the ~due rule,
2980   2, 75  |         immediately, or by moving the reason, or by moving the sensitive ~
2981   2, 75  |             sin, except by moving the reason, as a man or ~devil by enticing
2982   2, 75  |         external enticement move the ~reason, of necessity, in matters
2983   2, 75  |                of necessity, move the reason and will. Therefore something ~
2984   2, 76  |          cause of sin on the part of ~reason; secondly, of weakness or
2985   2, 76  |             knowledge ~perfecting the reason that forbids the act of
2986   2, 76  |              we must observe that the reason directs human acts in accordance ~
2987   2, 76  |          principle which is a rule of reason, or of the particular ~circumstance,
2988   2, 76  |           overcome by study. For this reason ~such like ignorance, not
2989   2, 76  |            the opposite negations, by reason ~of which omissions have
2990   2, 76  |              a sin in itself, yet by ~reason of negligence in preparing
2991   2, 76  |        negligence does not remain, by reason of which the ~ignorance
2992   2, 76  |        inasmuch as he is ~partaker of reason. Now ignorance excludes
2993   2, 76  |         knowledge which perfects the ~reason. Therefore ignorance excuses
2994   2, 76  |              as to exclude the use of reason ~entirely, it excuses from
2995   2, 76  |             which removes the ~use of reason altogether. Now this kind
2996   2, 76  |               contrary, Whatever is a reason for sin to be forgiven,
2997   2, 77  |           Whether it can overcome the reason against the latter's knowledge?~(
2998   2, 77  |               but good defined by the reason, it ~seems that a passion
2999   2, 77  |             organ, since it is in the reason, as stated in De Anima iii, ~
3000   2, 77  |               is ~good apprehended by reason. Because the judgment and