Part, Question

1001   2, 63  |                 Therefore no acquired virtue can be ~in us by habituation. ~
1002   2, 63  |               OBJ 2: Further, sin and virtue are contraries, so that
1003   2, 63  |             actions which lead toward virtue, lack the perfection of ~
1004   2, 63  |               lack the perfection of ~virtue. But an effect cannot be
1005   2, 63  |               its cause. Therefore a ~virtue cannot be caused by actions
1006   2, 63  |            this matter in relation to virtue, we must take note that,
1007   2, 63  |                Q[55], AA[3],4), man's virtue perfects him in relation
1008   2, 63  |               2~It follows that human virtue directed to the good which
1009   2, 63  |       established. On the other hand, virtue which directs ~man to good
1010   2, 63  |              definition of the latter virtue inserts the words, "which
1011   2, 63  |    incompatible with divinely infused virtue, ~especially if this be
1012   2, 63  |      compatible with humanly acquired virtue; because the use ~of a habit
1013   2, 63  |           destroy a habit of acquired virtue, since it ~is not an act
1014   2, 63  |             from acquiring a habit of virtue, ~whereby he may abstain
1015   2, 63  |                principles of acquired virtue pre-exist in us by nature.
1016   2, 63  |       rectification belongs to moral ~virtue. Accordingly human acts,
1017   2, 63  |            But God sowed the seeds of virtue in our souls, ~according
1018   2, 63  |            the natural principles of ~virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[63] A[
1019   2, 63  |               Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether virtue by habituation belongs to
1020   2, 63  |              same species as infused ~virtue?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[63] A[
1021   2, 63  |               would seem that infused virtue does not differ in species
1022   2, 63  |             in species from ~acquired virtue. Because acquired and infused
1023   2, 63  |        infused moral or intellectual ~virtue does not differ from the
1024   2, 63  |              differ from the acquired virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[63] A[
1025   2, 63  |         Further, acquired and infused virtue differ as that which is ~
1026   2, 63  |            that acquired and ~infused virtue belong to the same species.~
1027   2, 63  |            the definition of ~infused virtue contains the words, "which
1028   2, 63  |               4]). Therefore acquired virtue, to which these ~words cannot
1029   2, 63  |               same species as infused virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[63] A[
1030   2, 63  |              Now the object of ~every virtue is a good considered as
1031   2, 63  |            good considered as in that virtue's proper matter: thus ~the
1032   2, 63  |               1: Infused and acquired virtue differ not only in relation
1033   2, 64  |            Para. 1/1 - OF THE MEAN OF VIRTUE (FOUR ARTICLES)~We must
1034   2, 64  |         virtues: and (1) the mean of ~virtue, (2) the connection between
1035   2, 64  |            inquiry:~(1) Whether moral virtue observes the mean?~(2) Whether
1036   2, 64  |             Whether the mean of moral virtue is the real mean or the
1037   2, 64  |              It would seem that moral virtue does not observe the mean.
1038   2, 64  |           extreme. Now the ~nature of virtue is to be something extreme;
1039   2, 64  |           stated in De Coelo ~i that "virtue is the limit of power."
1040   2, 64  |               power." Therefore moral virtue does not ~observe the mean.~
1041   2, 64  |             Therefore not every moral virtue observes the mean.~Aquin.:
1042   2, 64  |               is essential to a moral virtue to observe the ~mean, it
1043   2, 64  |               it follows that a moral virtue is not perfected, but the
1044   2, 64  |               not essential to moral ~virtue that it should observe the
1045   2, 64  |             Ethic. ii, 6) that "moral virtue ~is a habit of choosing
1046   2, 64  |             55], A[3]), the nature of virtue ~is that it should direct
1047   2, 64  |         direct man to good. Now moral virtue is properly a ~perfection
1048   2, 64  |        evident that the good of moral virtue consists in ~conformity
1049   2, 64  |             it is ~evident that moral virtue observes the mean.~Aquin.:
1050   2, 64  |                1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Moral virtue derives goodness from the
1051   2, 64  |           therefore we ~compare moral virtue to reason, then, if we look
1052   2, 64  |              But if we consider moral virtue in respect of its matter,
1053   2, 64  |             says (Ethic. ii, 6) that "virtue, ~as to its essence, is
1054   2, 64  |              in so far as the rule of virtue is ~imposed on its proper
1055   2, 64  |              extreme ~in a particular virtue as to one circumstance,
1056   2, 64  |             Whether the mean of moral virtue is the real mean, or the
1057   2, 64  |           seem that the mean of moral virtue is not the rational ~mean,
1058   2, 64  |           mean. For the good of moral virtue consists in its ~observing
1059   2, 64  |           Therefore the mean of moral virtue is a real mean.~Aquin.:
1060   2, 64  |               apprehension. But moral virtue ~does not observe a mean
1061   2, 64  |           Therefore the mean of moral virtue is not the ~rational, but
1062   2, 64  |           Therefore the mean of moral virtue is not the ~rational, but
1063   2, 64  |             Ethic. ii, 6) that "moral virtue ~observes the mean fixed,
1064   2, 64  |              this sense, ~since moral virtue perfects not the act of
1065   2, 64  |              power, the mean of moral virtue is not the rational mean. ~
1066   2, 64  |            sense every mean of moral ~virtue is a rational mean, since,
1067   2, 64  |            above stated (A[1]), moral virtue is ~said to observe the
1068   2, 64  |          which case the mean of moral virtue is the real mean, for instance,
1069   2, 64  |              the ~mean. Because moral virtue observes the mean by conforming
1070   2, 64  |            Further, the mean of moral virtue is fixed by an intellectual ~
1071   2, 64  |             fixed by an intellectual ~virtue: for it is stated in Ethic.
1072   2, 64  |         stated in Ethic. ii, 6, that "virtue observes the mean ~appointed
1073   2, 64  |               therefore ~intellectual virtue also observe the mean, this
1074   2, 64  |         appointed for them by another virtue, so that there would be
1075   2, 64  |                Art is an intellectual virtue; and yet there is a mean ~
1076   2, 64  |           Therefore also intellectual virtue observes the ~mean.~Aquin.:
1077   2, 64  |              A[1]). Now intellectual ~virtue, like moral virtue, is directed
1078   2, 64  |      intellectual ~virtue, like moral virtue, is directed to the good,
1079   2, 64  |               good of an intellectual virtue consists in ~observing the
1080   2, 64  |             the good ~of intellectual virtue is the true; in the case
1081   2, 64  |             the case of contemplative virtue, ~it is the true taken absolutely (
1082   2, 64  |             in the case of practical ~virtue, it is the true in conformity
1083   2, 64  |              speculative intellectual virtue consists in a certain mean,
1084   2, 64  |             of practical intellectual virtue, if we consider it in ~relation
1085   2, 64  |           reason is the mean of moral virtue, and also the mean of ~prudence -
1086   2, 64  |               and measuring, of moral virtue, as ruled ~and measured
1087   2, 64  |              and rule of intellectual virtue is not another kind ~of
1088   2, 64  |               is not another kind ~of virtue, but things themselves.~
1089   2, 64  |               contraries intellectual virtue observes the mean.~Aquin.:
1090   2, 64  |           would seem that theological virtue observes the mean. For the ~
1091   2, 64  |           much more ~does theological virtue observe the mean.~Aquin.:
1092   2, 64  |            Further, the mean of moral virtue depends on the appetite
1093   2, 64  |              the mean of intellectual virtue consists in the ~intellect
1094   2, 64  |               things. Now theological virtue perfects both ~intellect
1095   2, 64  |                Therefore ~theological virtue also observes the mean.~
1096   2, 64  |                which is a theological virtue, is a mean between ~despair
1097   2, 64  |         nature. Therefore theological virtue observes the mean.~Aquin.:
1098   2, 64  |             On the contrary, Wherever virtue observes the mean it is
1099   2, 64  |             the object of theological virtue: for it is written ~(Ecclus.
1100   2, 64  |                 Therefore theological virtue does not observe the ~mean.~
1101   2, 64  |             above (A[1]), the mean of virtue depends on ~conformity with
1102   2, 64  |           depends on ~conformity with virtue's rule or measure, in so
1103   2, 64  |            the measure of theological virtue may be ~twofold. One is
1104   2, 64  |               from the very nature of virtue, and thus the ~measure and
1105   2, 64  |               and rule of theological virtue is God Himself: because
1106   2, 64  |             or measure of theological virtue is by comparison with ~us:
1107   2, 64  |               extremes in theological virtue, accidentally and in reference
1108   2, 64  |               the case of theological virtue, considered in itself, ~
1109   2, 65  |           himself in the ~acts of one virtue, without exercising himself
1110   2, 65  |               the acts of some other ~virtue. Therefore it is possible
1111   2, 65  |            possible to have one moral virtue without another.~Aquin.:
1112   2, 65  |               done in relation to one virtue, without being ~prudent
1113   2, 65  |            those that concern another virtue: even as one may have the ~
1114   2, 65  |             Moral. xxii, 1) that "one virtue without the other is either
1115   2, 65  |             not having one particular virtue, it must needs be ~that
1116   2, 65  |              1/3~I answer that, Moral virtue may be considered either
1117   2, 65  |         imperfect. An imperfect moral virtue, temperance for instance,
1118   2, 65  |               3~But the perfect moral virtue is a habit that inclines
1119   2, 65  |               Moral. xxii, 1) that "a virtue ~cannot be perfect" as a
1120   2, 65  |               cannot be perfect" as a virtue, "if isolated from the others:
1121   2, 65  |               Q[58], A[4]), ~no moral virtue can be without prudence;
1122   2, 65  |          since it is proper to moral ~virtue to make a right choice,
1123   2, 65  |               direct outcome of moral virtue, but also correct choice
1124   2, 65  |             rightly disposed by moral virtue. Hence, just as we cannot
1125   2, 65  |               will lack the nature of virtue, through the absence of
1126   2, 65  |             the complete character of virtue, if prudence ~be lacking.~
1127   2, 65  |        provided we speak ~of acquired virtue. Nevertheless, when once
1128   2, 65  |               are the matter of moral virtue are related to one ~another,
1129   2, 65  |          which are the object of the ~virtue of understanding of principles,
1130   2, 65  |             Prosperi vii, that "every virtue save ~charity may be common
1131   2, 65  |           they have the ~character of virtue, truly and perfectly; and
1132   2, 65  |                is the effect of moral virtue: just as in speculative
1133   2, 65  |    acknowledge the truth, has no true virtue, even if his conduct ~be
1134   2, 65  |              1 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Virtue, in the words quoted, denotes
1135   2, 65  |             quoted, denotes imperfect virtue. Else ~if we take moral
1136   2, 65  |                Else ~if we take moral virtue in its perfect state, "it
1137   2, 65  |           This argument holds good of virtue in the sense of acquired ~
1138   2, 65  |             in the sense of acquired ~virtue. ~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[65] A[
1139   2, 65  |          charity can be without moral virtue?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[65] A[
1140   2, 65  |       fulfilment of all the ~works of virtue, as is clear from 1 Cor.
1141   2, 65  |                he that has a habit of virtue easily performs the works ~
1142   2, 65  |           performs the works ~of that virtue, and those works are pleasing
1143   2, 65  |              difficult to do works of virtue; nor are these works pleasing
1144   2, 65  |           precepts about all acts of ~virtue, as stated in Ethic. v,
1145   2, 65  |             end, he needs not only ~a virtue disposing him well to the
1146   2, 65  |          referred to the end: for the virtue which ~regards the end is
1147   2, 65  |         sometimes the habits of moral virtue experience difficulty in
1148   2, 65  |             respect of acquired moral virtue: ~because the repeated acts
1149   2, 65  |          complete virtues. ~For since virtue is directed to the doing
1150   2, 65  |          doing of good works, perfect virtue ~is that which gives the
1151   2, 65  |              the perfect character of virtue. For instance, if a man
1152   2, 65  |             be the work of a perfect ~virtue unless he do it well, i.e.
1153   2, 65  |           justice cannot be a perfect virtue ~without prudence.~Aquin.:
1154   2, 65  |              the perfect character of virtue without ~charity. For, since
1155   2, 65  |        charity, but not as a ~perfect virtue: just as temperance and
1156   2, 65  |                 because the nature of virtue requires that by it, we
1157   2, 65  |                1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Moral virtue depends on prudence: and
1158   2, 65  |              considered as a perfect ~virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[65] A[
1159   2, 65  |          gives them the perfection of virtue. But faith and hope as such
1160   2, 66  |              inquiry:~(1) Whether one virtue can be greater or less than
1161   2, 66  |               are equal?~(3) Of moral virtue in comparison with intellectual
1162   2, 66  |          comparison with intellectual virtue;~(4) Of the moral virtues
1163   2, 66  |           Thes. Para. 1/1~Whether one virtue can be greater or less than
1164   2, 66  |                It would seem that one virtue cannot be greater or less
1165   2, 66  |               less. Now the nature of virtue consists in a maximum, ~
1166   2, 66  |           consists in a maximum, ~for virtue is "the limit of power,"
1167   2, 66  |          Therefore it ~seems that one virtue cannot be greater or less
1168   2, 66  |           Therefore it seems that one virtue cannot be ~greater than
1169   2, 66  |             Therefore it seems that a virtue can be ~greater or less
1170   2, 66  |               it is asked whether one virtue can be greater than ~another,
1171   2, 66  |            sense it is clear that one virtue ~is greater than another;
1172   2, 66  |              the intensity of habits, virtue may be said ~to be greater
1173   2, 66  |         extends. ~Now whosoever has a virtue, e.g. temperance, has it
1174   2, 66  |             on the Predicaments, that virtue cannot be more or less,
1175   2, 66  |            can; because the nature of virtue consists in a maximum.~Aquin.:
1176   2, 66  |              If, however, we consider virtue on the part of the subject,
1177   2, 66  |             to attain ~to the mean of virtue which is defined by right
1178   2, 66  |           highest degree, disposed to virtue. Because the nature of virtue
1179   2, 66  |         virtue. Because the nature of virtue does not ~require that man
1180   2, 66  |               limit" which belongs to virtue, can have the ~character
1181   2, 66  |              men various measures of ~virtue, according to Eph. 4:7: "
1182   2, 66  |              surpasses another in one virtue, ~would surpass him in all
1183   2, 66  |              was ~remarkable for some virtue or other. Therefore the
1184   2, 66  |              ready to make use of one virtue than of another. ~Therefore
1185   2, 66  |              doubt that in a man one ~virtue is greater than another,
1186   2, 66  |               subject, according as a virtue becomes intense or ~remiss
1187   2, 66  |              reason in each matter of virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[66] A[
1188   2, 66  |               perform the act of ~one virtue, than the act of another
1189   2, 66  |               than the act of another virtue, and this either from nature, ~
1190   2, 66  |               praised chiefly for one virtue, another saint ~for another
1191   2, 66  |            another saint ~for another virtue, on account of his more
1192   2, 66  |         readiness for the ~act of one virtue than for the act of another
1193   2, 66  |           than for the act of another virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[66] A[
1194   2, 66  |             Para. 1/1~OBJ 2: Further, virtue is defined as "that which
1195   2, 66  |              good in respect of moral virtue, and art in ~respect of
1196   2, 66  |               respect of intellectual virtue, except perhaps in respect
1197   2, 66  |              better than intellectual virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[66] A[
1198   2, 66  |              to Ethic. vi, 12, "moral virtue gives right intention of
1199   2, 66  |               means." Therefore moral virtue is more ~excellent than
1200   2, 66  |             which is the intellectual virtue that regards ~moral matters.~
1201   2, 66  |              1~On the contrary, Moral virtue is in that part of the soul
1202   2, 66  |     participation; while intellectual virtue is in the ~essentially rational
1203   2, 66  |               Therefore ~intellectual virtue is better than moral virtue.~
1204   2, 66  |           virtue is better than moral virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[66] A[
1205   2, 66  |                nature. Accordingly, a virtue takes its species from its
1206   2, 66  |                speaking simply, that ~virtue is more excellent, which
1207   2, 66  |                2/2~But if we consider virtue in its relation to act,
1208   2, 66  |           relation to act, then moral virtue, ~which perfects the appetite,
1209   2, 66  |            more excellent. And since ~virtue is so called from its being
1210   2, 66  |              again that the nature of virtue agrees ~more with moral
1211   2, 66  |          moral than with intellectual virtue, though the intellectual ~
1212   2, 66  |            than the objects of moral ~virtue, which are certain particular
1213   2, 66  |          simply, in respect of ~moral virtue, but not in respect of intellectual
1214   2, 66  |               respect of intellectual virtue, is because the ~appetite
1215   2, 66  |              proves merely that moral virtue is ~better relatively.~Aquin.:
1216   2, 66  |            Now the end of each moral ~virtue is to attain the mean in
1217   2, 66  |             the matter proper to that virtue; which ~mean is appointed
1218   2, 66  |               is apparently a greater virtue than justice.~Aquin.: SMT
1219   2, 66  |              great influence on every virtue," as ~stated in Ethic. iv,
1220   2, 66  |            Para. 1/2~I answer that, A virtue considered in its species
1221   2, 66  |               simply or relatively. A virtue is said to be greater simply, ~
1222   2, 66  |               the ~most praise: since virtue is a power of doing good.
1223   2, 66  |             66] A[4] Body Para. 2/2~A virtue is said to be greater relatively,
1224   2, 66  |              or ~adorning a principal virtue: even as substance is more
1225   2, 66  |              belongs to the nature of virtue to direct man to ~happiness:
1226   2, 66  |            man to ~happiness: because virtue is "the disposition of a
1227   2, 66  |       Therefore prudence is a greater virtue than wisdom.~Aquin.: SMT
1228   2, 66  |       Therefore science is a ~greater virtue than wisdom.~Aquin.: SMT
1229   2, 66  |           which are the object of the virtue of understanding, even as ~
1230   2, 66  |            understanding is a greater virtue than ~wisdom.~Aquin.: SMT
1231   2, 66  |               3]), the greatness of a virtue, as to ~its species, is
1232   2, 66  |              prudence to be a greater virtue than ~wisdom, "unless,"
1233   2, 66  |                good and sublime, that virtue will be greater which possesses
1234   2, 66  |              certain knowledge. But a virtue which is less certain about
1235   2, 66  |             that ~wisdom is a greater virtue than understanding.~Aquin.:
1236   2, 66  |              as intellectual to moral virtue. Now intellectual virtue
1237   2, 66  |              virtue. Now intellectual virtue is ~greater than moral virtue,
1238   2, 66  |         virtue is ~greater than moral virtue, as was made evident above (
1239   2, 66  |               3]), the greatness of a virtue, as to ~its species, is
1240   2, 66  |             way ~as prudence to moral virtue; and for two reasons. First,
1241   2, 67  |            nor any other intellectual virtue will ~remain after this
1242   2, 67  |            after this life, no ~other virtue remains.~Aquin.: SMT FS
1243   2, 67  |             do not remain. For moral ~virtue perfects the appetite, not
1244   2, 67  |             neither as a ~theological virtue, for thus its object is
1245   2, 68  |           same. But the definition of virtue applies to the gifts; for
1246   2, 68  |              and fortitude is a moral virtue. Therefore it seems that
1247   2, 68  |               If we speak of gift and virtue with regard to the notion ~
1248   2, 68  |              them. ~Because the word "virtue" conveys the notion that
1249   2, 68  |              are higher than acts ~of virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[68] A[
1250   2, 68  |    Philosopher (Ethic. ~vii, 1) above virtue commonly so called, places
1251   2, 68  |               of "heroic" or ~"divine virtue [*{arete heroike kai theia}],"
1252   2, 68  |            This definition applies to virtue taken in its general ~sense.
1253   2, 68  |             we wish to restrict it to virtue as distinguished ~from the
1254   2, 68  |              as distinct from infused virtue, may be ~defined as something
1255   2, 68  |             is called an intellectual virtue, so far as it ~proceeds
1256   2, 68  |                ordinary perfection of virtue. Now it is not necessary
1257   2, 68  |             the ordinary ~standard of virtue; because such perfection
1258   2, 68  |              a nature or a form ~or a virtue perfectly, can of itself
1259   2, 68  |            has a nature, or ~form, or virtue imperfectly, cannot of itself
1260   2, 68  |             is the fifth intellectual virtue. Moreover, ~something is
1261   2, 68  |             is more suitably called a virtue than a gift. But the name
1262   2, 68  |            its name to a ~theological virtue, but to a gift, which withdraws
1263   2, 68  |             higher motives than moral virtue does.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[68]
1264   2, 68  |       observed that "each particular ~virtue is to the last degree destitute,
1265   2, 68  |          degree destitute, unless one virtue lend its ~support to another."
1266   2, 68  |              justice, would not be a ~virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[68] A[
1267   2, 68  |         torrent of sevenfold heavenly virtue."~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[68] A[
1268   2, 68  |            nothing." But charity is a virtue. Therefore a virtue is more ~
1269   2, 68  |              is a virtue. Therefore a virtue is more ~excellent than
1270   2, 68  |              Charity is a theological virtue; and such we grant to be ~
1271   2, 69  |             the happy end by works of virtue, and above all ~by the works
1272   2, 69  |               man is withdrawn - by a virtue so ~that he uses them in
1273   2, 69  |               man is withdrawn - by a virtue, so that they are kept ~
1274   2, 69  |              man is ~withdrawn - by a virtue, so that man uses these
1275   2, 69  |               we ~are disposed - by a virtue, so that we do not refuse
1276   2, 69  |              we ~are perfected - by a virtue, so that we give where reason
1277   2, 69  |                which pertains ~to the virtue of liberality--and by a
1278   2, 70  |        operation proceeds from man in virtue of his reason, it is said
1279   2, 70  |          perfection, even in the same virtue. Thus contingency of the
1280   2, 70  |               to the three degrees of virtue: and ~they speak of three
1281   2, 70  |       corruption. And since works of ~virtue are connatural to reason,
1282   2, 70  |         therefore it is that works of virtue are called fruits, but not ~
1283   2, 70  |              Nom. iv): so that to one virtue many vices are ~contrary.
1284   2, 71  |           Whether vice is contrary to virtue?~(2) Whether vice is contrary
1285   2, 71  |        vicious act is compatible with virtue?~(5) Whether every sin includes
1286   2, 71  |           Whether vice is contrary to virtue?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1287   2, 71  |               vice is not contrary to virtue. For one thing ~has one
1288   2, 71  |               malice ~are contrary to virtue. Therefore vice is not contrary
1289   2, 71  |             Para. 1/1~OBJ 2: Further, virtue denotes a certain perfection
1290   2, 71  |              vice is not ~contrary to virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1291   2, 71  |          Quaest. Tusc. iv) says that "virtue is the ~soul's health."
1292   2, 71  |               vice is not contrary to virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1293   2, 71  |               the soul is evil." But "virtue is a quality which makes
1294   2, 71  |         Therefore vice is contrary to virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1295   2, 71  |           things may be considered in virtue - the essence of ~virtue,
1296   2, 71  |              virtue - the essence of ~virtue, and that to which virtue
1297   2, 71  |             virtue, and that to which virtue is ordained. In the essence
1298   2, 71  |           ordained. In the essence of virtue we ~may consider something
1299   2, 71  |              something ~consequently. Virtue implies "directly" a disposition
1300   2, 71  |            Phys. vii, text. 17) that "virtue is a disposition of a ~perfect
1301   2, 71  |               its nature." That which virtue implies ~"consequently"
1302   2, 71  |            its ~nature. That to which virtue is directed is a good act,
1303   2, 71  |               found to be contrary to virtue. One of ~these is "sin,"
1304   2, 71  |             sin," which is opposed to virtue in respect of that to which ~
1305   2, 71  |             respect of that to which ~virtue is ordained: since, properly
1306   2, 71  |                act; even as an act of virtue is an ordinate and due act:
1307   2, 71  |             in respect of ~that which virtue implies consequently, viz.
1308   2, 71  |             goodness, the contrary of virtue is "malice": while in respect
1309   2, 71  |             belongs to the essence of virtue directly, its contrary is "
1310   2, 71  |          three things are contrary to virtue, but not in the ~same respect:
1311   2, 71  |        respect: for sin is opposed to virtue, according as the latter
1312   2, 71  |            work; malice, according as virtue is a kind of ~goodness;
1313   2, 71  |              while vice is opposed to virtue properly as such.~Aquin.:
1314   2, 71  |              2 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 2: Virtue implies not only perfection
1315   2, 71  |              that vice is contrary to virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1316   2, 71  |          sickness or disease; even as virtue extends to more things ~
1317   2, 71  |          itself is reckoned a kind of virtue (Phys. vii, ~text. 17).
1318   2, 71  |               reckoned as contrary to virtue, more ~fittingly than sickness
1319   2, 71  |          Because vice ~is contrary to virtue, as stated above (A[1]).
1320   2, 71  |              stated above (A[1]). Now virtue is in us, not ~by nature
1321   2, 71  |              1]), vice is contrary to virtue. Now ~the virtue of a thing
1322   2, 71  |          contrary to virtue. Now ~the virtue of a thing consists in its
1323   2, 71  |            Nom. ~iv). Therefore human virtue, which makes a man good,
1324   2, 71  |              De Inv. Rhet. ii) ~that "virtue is a habit in accord with
1325   2, 71  |              it is in this sense that virtue is said to be in accord
1326   2, 71  |        Whether sin is compatible with virtue?~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1327   2, 71  |            sin, is incompatible with ~virtue. For contraries cannot be
1328   2, 71  |              in some way, contrary to virtue, as stated above (A[1]).
1329   2, 71  |              sin is incompatible with virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1330   2, 71  |              in the same subject with virtue: neither, therefore, ~can
1331   2, 71  |               the ~corruption of some virtue in the soul: so that sin
1332   2, 71  |             the soul: so that sin and virtue cannot be ~together in the
1333   2, 71  |           says (Ethic. ii, 2,3) that "virtue is ~engendered and corrupted
1334   2, 71  |        virtuous act does ~not cause a virtue, as stated above (Q[51],
1335   2, 71  |           sinful act does not corrupt virtue. Therefore they can be together
1336   2, 71  |              that, Sin is compared to virtue, as evil act to good habit. ~
1337   2, 71  |                and so a man ~having a virtue may produce an act of sin.
1338   2, 71  |               but one, cannot corrupt virtue, if we compare the act to
1339   2, 71  |               compare the act to the ~virtue itself as a habit: since,
1340   2, 71  |              consistent with acquired virtue: while venial sin is compatible
1341   2, 71  |             OBJ 1: Sin is contrary to virtue, not by reason of itself,
1342   2, 71  |               not with ~the habit, of virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1343   2, 71  |               is directly contrary to virtue, even as sin to ~virtuous
1344   2, 71  |             act: and so vice excludes virtue, just as sin excludes acts
1345   2, 71  |              as sin excludes acts of ~virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[71] A[
1346   2, 71  |               merit is ~compared with virtue, even so is sin compared
1347   2, 72  |               some sins are mortal in virtue of their species [*"Ex ~
1348   2, 72  |                and some are venial in virtue of their species, as in
1349   2, 72  |             might be gradually led to virtue, first ~by abstaining from
1350   2, 72  |               to different degrees of virtue; and ~consequently they
1351   2, 73  |              on the excellence of the virtue to which it is ~opposed?~(
1352   2, 73  |             sin banishes its opposite virtue. Now whoever lacks ~one
1353   2, 73  |                Now whoever lacks ~one virtue lacks them all, as was shown
1354   2, 73  |             man who acts according to virtue in ~pursuance of his reason,
1355   2, 73  |              man acting ~according to virtue is to follow the rule of
1356   2, 73  |              71], A[4]), the opposite virtue is not ~banished by every
1357   2, 73  |           venial sin does not destroy virtue; ~while mortal sin destroys
1358   2, 73  |           mortal sin destroys infused virtue, by turning man away from
1359   2, 73  |        destroy the habit of acquired ~virtue; though if such acts be
1360   2, 73  |          habit, the habit of acquired virtue is destroyed, the destruction
1361   2, 73  |            when man acts against any ~virtue whatever, he acts against
1362   2, 73  |                without which no moral virtue ~is possible, as stated
1363   2, 73  |          perfect and formal being of ~virtue, which they have in so far
1364   2, 73  |             vices are opposed to ~one virtue, so that a virtue can be
1365   2, 73  |             to ~one virtue, so that a virtue can be destroyed by one
1366   2, 73  |               is directly opposed to ~virtue, as regards the virtue's
1367   2, 73  |                virtue, as regards the virtue's inclination to act, as
1368   2, 73  |            the same ~subject: yet one virtue surpasses another in excellence
1369   2, 73  |               in the same ~species of virtue, as stated above (Q[66],
1370   2, 73  |               nature, so the ~good of virtue consists in a certain commensuration
1371   2, 73  |             is opposed to the greater virtue. For, according to ~Prov.
1372   2, 73  |              opposed to the greatest ~virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
1373   2, 73  |          stated in Ethic. ii, 3 that "virtue is about the ~difficult
1374   2, 73  |              follow that the greater ~virtue is about what is more difficult.
1375   2, 73  |             is opposed to the greater virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
1376   2, 73  |         Further, charity is a greater virtue than faith or hope (1 Cor. ~
1377   2, 73  |             is opposed to the greater virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
1378   2, 73  |              the best is the greatest virtue; and ~the worst is the most
1379   2, 73  |               opposed to the greatest virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[73] A[
1380   2, 73  |           that, A sin is opposed to a virtue in two ways: first, ~principally
1381   2, 73  |             be opposed to the greater virtue: because, ~just as the degrees
1382   2, 73  |               does the greatness of a virtue, since both sin and virtue
1383   2, 73  |            virtue, since both sin and virtue take their ~species from
1384   2, 73  |              opposed to the greatest ~virtue, as being furthest removed
1385   2, 73  |          Secondly, ~the opposition of virtue to sin may be considered
1386   2, 73  |             certain ~extension of the virtue in checking sin. For the
1387   2, 73  |       checking sin. For the greater a virtue is, the ~further it removes
1388   2, 73  |            evident that the greater a virtue is, the more it withdraws
1389   2, 73  |             is opposed to the greater virtue, on the part of the latter'
1390   2, 73  |              Reply OBJ 2: The greater virtue that is about a more difficult
1391   2, 73  |              in speaking of habits of virtue ~(Ethic. ii, 1,2), "it is
1392   2, 73  |              excels in knowledge and ~virtue, can more easily resist
1393   2, 74  |          contrary, Sin is contrary to virtue: and contraries are about
1394   2, 74  |            they can be the subject of virtue, vice, and sin, in so far
1395   2, 74  |            cannot be a perfect act of virtue or of sin, but is something
1396   2, 74  |              mortal sin is opposed to virtue. But virtue can be in ~the
1397   2, 74  |             is opposed to virtue. But virtue can be in ~the sensuality;
1398   2, 74  |              1~Reply OBJ 2: An act of virtue is perfected not only in
1399   2, 74  |         choose: for the act of moral ~virtue is not without the exercise
1400   2, 74  |           wherefore the act of moral ~virtue, which perfects the appetitive
1401   2, 74  |    fornication is not a mortal sin in virtue of its genus, but is ~sometimes
1402   2, 74  |               it is contrary to moral virtue. But the higher ~reason
1403   2, 74  |               becomes a mortal sin in virtue of the deliberation ~which
1404   2, 75  |              fire by causing heat ~in virtue of its principal tendency,
1405   2, 76  |        Further, man is the subject of virtue and sin, inasmuch as he
1406   2, 77  |              wherefore ~he held every virtue to be a kind of knowledge,
1407   2, 78  |               a good habit is ~called virtue: and in this way anyone
1408   2, 78  |        without having the habit of a ~virtue, chooses that which is good
1409   2, 78  |             is good according to that virtue. Therefore ~sometimes also
1410   2, 80  |           matter for the exercise ~of virtue. That reason does not resist,
1411   2, 81  |            viz. that original sin, in virtue of the sin of our ~first
1412   2, 81  |           Adam "according to seminal ~virtue," which alone is the cause
1413   2, 81  |              not according to seminal virtue, as stated above. ~Therefore
1414   2, 82  |             an act: thus ~science and virtue are called habits. In this
1415   2, 83  |              him by reason of seminal virtue. Now our souls were not ~
1416   2, 83  |              same is the subject of a virtue and of the vice or ~sin
1417   2, 83  |              or ~sin contrary to that virtue. But the flesh cannot be
1418   2, 83  |             cannot be the subject of ~virtue: for the Apostle says (Rm.
1419   2, 83  |              power is the subject ~of virtue. Therefore original sin
1420   2, 84  |            riches, is opposed to the ~virtue of liberality. But liberality
1421   2, 84  |              1 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Virtue and sin do not arise from
1422   2, 84  |            the ~root of all sins. But virtue arises from the desire for
1423   2, 84  |              1 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Virtue and vice do not originate
1424   2, 84  |               in the same way: since ~virtue is caused by the subordination
1425   2, 85  |              nature an inclination to virtue, as stated above ~(Q[60],
1426   2, 85  |              1]), this inclination to virtue is a good of ~nature. Thirdly,
1427   2, 85  |            the natural inclination to virtue, is diminished by sin. Because
1428   2, 85  |        Wherefore as sin is opposed to virtue, from the very fact ~that
1429   2, 85  |          which ~is the inclination to virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[85] A[
1430   2, 85  |              by sin, is aptitude ~for virtue. Now this aptitude is destroyed
1431   2, 85  |            lost cannot be restored to virtue any more than the blind ~
1432   2, 85  |             cannot be in the good of ~virtue or of grace, because they
1433   2, 85  |            the natural inclination to virtue, which is ~befitting to
1434   2, 85  |             and tends ~to the good of virtue, as to its term and end.
1435   2, 85  |            the natural inclination to virtue remains, ~else they would
1436   2, 85  |             are naturally directed to virtue; ~which destitution is called
1437   2, 85  |               that can be subject of ~virtue, as stated above (Q[61],
1438   2, 85  |           inclination ~to the good of virtue is diminished in each individual
1439   2, 85  |           Again, there is the good of virtue ~and grace: this too has
1440   2, 87  |               man back to the good of virtue, as the ~Philosopher declares (
1441   2, 87  |              man back to ~the good of virtue, but leads him in the opposite
1442   2, 87  |               directed to the good of virtue. Sometimes indeed it is
1443   2, 87  |            defects can be repaired by virtue of that principle. For instance,
1444   2, 87  |           removed by man returning to virtue. Now a ~virtuous man deserves,
1445   2, 87  |        satisfactory: because his very virtue demands that he ~should
1446   2, 87  |             order to make progress in virtue; so ~that whatever is penal
1447   2, 87  |              penal in the exercise of virtue, is reduced to original ~
1448   2, 87  |               evils, as suffices ~for virtue: for, as Dionysius says (
1449   2, 88  |             is a ~life in accord with virtue, is the order to the last
1450   2, 88  |              is expressly contrary to virtue. ~That it be a venial sin,
1451   2, 89  |            that ~results from acts of virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[89] A[
1452   2, 89  |            act destroys the ~habit of virtue, but not in venial sin.~
1453   2, 90  |            lawgiver is to lead men to virtue." But every man can lead
1454   2, 90  |              man can lead another ~to virtue. Therefore the reason of
1455   2, 90  |         person cannot lead another to virtue ~efficaciously: for he can
1456   2, 90  |             efficacious inducement to virtue, as the Philosopher says (
1457   2, 91  |            their end must needs be in virtue of the natural law.~Aquin.:
1458   2, 91  |             yet for the perfection of virtue it is necessary for man
1459   2, 92  |             For ~men are good through virtue, since virtue, as stated
1460   2, 92  |            good through virtue, since virtue, as stated in Ethic. ii,
1461   2, 92  |          makes its subject good." But virtue is in man from God alone, ~
1462   2, 92  |              giving the definition of virtue. Therefore the law does ~
1463   2, 92  |       subjects ~are governed. Now the virtue of any subordinate thing
1464   2, 92  |      regulated: thus we see ~that the virtue of the irascible and concupiscible
1465   2, 92  |          reason; and accordingly "the virtue of every ~subject consists
1466   2, 92  |              subjects to their proper virtue: and since virtue ~is "that
1467   2, 92  |              proper virtue: and since virtue ~is "that which makes its
1468   2, 92  |              1 Para. 1/1~Reply OBJ 1: Virtue is twofold, as explained
1469   2, 92  |               it causes the acquired ~virtue; while it disposes to infused
1470   2, 92  |          while it disposes to infused virtue, and preserves and fosters
1471   2, 92  |              as human acts conduce to virtue, so far does ~law make men
1472   2, 92  |           through perfect goodness of virtue that ~one obeys the law,
1473   2, 92  |              which is a beginning of ~virtue, as stated above (Q[63],
1474   2, 92  |              Polit. ii, 2) ~that "the virtue of a sovereign is the same
1475   2, 92  |               of a good man, but ~the virtue of any common citizen is
1476   2, 92  |             generically, viz. acts of virtue; and in respect of these
1477   2, 92  |             law commands all acts of ~virtue" (Ethic. v, 1). Some acts
1478   2, 93  |          adapted to the recipients of virtue" ~(Ethic. ii, 1).~Aquin.:
1479   2, 93  |            the natural inclination to virtue is ~corrupted by vicious
1480   2, 93  |            added motive of ~grace and virtue.~Aquin.: SMT FS Q[93] A[
1481   2, 93  |            law, and not from love of ~virtue." In this way the spiritual
1482   2, 94  |                3) Whether all acts of virtue are prescribed by the natural
1483   2, 94  |             to discover the genus of ~virtue; and since it is evident
1484   2, 94  |              since it is evident that virtue is a principle of action,
1485   2, 94  |            with other animals: and in virtue of this inclination, those ~
1486   2, 94  |               1/1~Whether all acts of virtue are prescribed by the natural
1487   2, 94  |             seem that not all acts of virtue are prescribed by the ~natural
1488   2, 94  |         common good. But some acts of virtue are ~ordained to the private
1489   2, 94  |             Therefore not all acts of virtue are ~the subject of natural
1490   2, 94  |             If therefore ~all acts of virtue are prescribed by the natural
1491   2, 94  |           common ~to all. But acts of virtue are not common to all: since
1492   2, 94  |             Therefore not all acts of virtue ~are prescribed by the natural
1493   2, 94  |              then we speak of acts of virtue, considered as ~virtuous,
1494   2, 94  |           this is to act according to virtue. ~Consequently, considered
1495   2, 94  |          considered thus, all acts of virtue are prescribed by the ~natural
1496   2, 95  |               a ~natural aptitude for virtue; but the perfection of virtue
1497   2, 95  |         virtue; but the perfection of virtue must be ~acquired by man
1498   2, 95  |               since the perfection of virtue consists chiefly in withdrawing ~
1499   2, 95  |          arrive at ~the perfection of virtue. And as to those young people
1500   2, 95  |              are inclined ~to acts of virtue, by their good natural disposition,