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Open Letter to Christ. Nobility of the German Nation IntraText CT - Index of footnotes |
2: ENDERS, II, 414; SMITH, L's Correspondence, I, No. 266. 3: ENDERS, II, 424. 4: See below, p. 62. 5: See letter of June 7th to John Hess, ENDERS, II, 411; SMITH, I, No, 265. 6: Published at Rome 1519: printed with Luther's preface and notes, Weimar Ed., VI, 328 ff.; Erl. Ed.[...] 7: Weimar Ed., VI, 329. 8: See ENDERS, II, 415,443; SMITH, Nos. 269,279, and documents in St. Louis Ed., XV, 1630 ff. 9: See KOSTLIN-KAWERAU, Martin Luther, I, 308 ff., and Weimar Ed., VI, 381ff. 10: See Luther's letters to Lang and Staupitz, who wished to have the publication withheld (ENDERS, II[...] 11: Clemen, I, 362 12: Below, pp. 63-90. 13: See Weimar Ed., VI, 397. 14: See title B, ibid., 398. 15: Printed as an appendix in Clemen, I, 421-425.
2: An ironical comparison of the monks' cowl and tonsure with the headgear of the jester. 3: i.e., Which one turns out to be the real fool. 4: The proverb ran, Monachus semper praesens, "a monk is always there." See WANDER, Deutsches Sprich[...]
6: Councils of the Church, especially those of Constance (1414-18), and of Basel (1431-39). 7: Charles V. was elected Emperor in 1519, when but twenty years of age. Hutten expresses his "hopes [...] 8: Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190). 9: Frederick II (1212-1250), grandson of Barbarossa and last of the great Hobenstaufen Emperors. He [...] 10: Pope Julius II (1503-1513). Notorious among the popes for his unscrupulous pursuit of political p[...] 11: Luther's recollection of the figures was faulty.
2: i.e., The three rods for the punishment of an evil pope. Vol. II, -- 5. 3: Spuknisse, literally "ghosts." The gist of the sentence is, "the Romanists have frightened the wo[...] 4: Oelgotze - "an image anointed with holy oil to make it sacred"; in modern German, "a blockhead." [...] 5: Lay-baptism in view of imminent death is a practice as old as the Christian Church. The right of [...] 6: The canon law, called by Luther throughout this treatise and elsewhere, the "spiritual law," is a[...] 7: Augustine, the master-theologian of the Ancient Church, bishop of Hippo in Africa from 395-430. [...] 8: Ambrose, bishop of Milan from 374-397, had not yet been baptized at the time of his election to t[...] 9: Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, 247-258, is said to have consented to accept the office only when th[...] 10: Was ausz der Tauff krochen ist. 11: The character indelebilis, or "indelible mark," received authoritative statement in the bull Exul[...] 12: i.e., They are all Christians, among whom there can be no essential difference. 13: The sharp distinction which the Roman Church drew between clergy and laity found practical applic[...] 15: The interdict is the prohibition of the administration of the sacraments and of the other rites o[...] 16: The statement of which Luther here complains is found in the Decretum of Gratian, Dist. XL, c. 6,[...] 17: Gregory the Great, pope 590-604. The passage is found in MIGEN, LXXVI, 203; LXXVII, 34. 18: Antichrist, the incarnation of all that is hostile to Christ and His Kingdom. His appearance is p[...] 19: See above, p. 65. 20: According to academic usage, the holder of a Master's degree was authorized to expound the subjec[...] 21: The doctrine of papal infallibility was never officially sanctioned in the Middle Ages, but the c[...] 22: Most recently in Prierias's Epitome. See preceding note. 23: Luther had discussed the whole subject of the power of the keys in the Latin treatise, Resolutio [...] 24: Pp. 66 ff. 25: Another contention of Prierias. In 1518 (Nov. 28th) Luther had appealed his cause from the decisi[...] 26: i.e., A mere gathering of people. 27: The council of Nicaea, the first of the great councils of the Church, assembled in 325 for the se[...] 28: Luther is here referring to the earlier so-called "ecumenical" councils. 29: i.e., A council which will not be subject to the pope. Cf. Erl. Ed., xxvi, III 30: i.e., They belong to the "spiritual estate"; see above, p.69.
2: The papal crown dates from the XI Century: the triple crown, or tiara, from the beginning of the [...] 3: A statement made by Augustinus Triumphus. See above, p.73, note 5; and below, p. 246. Vol. II.-6.[...] 4: The Cardinal della Rovere, afterwards Pope Julius II, held at one time the archbishopric of Avign[...] 5: The complaint that the cardinals were provided with incomes by appointment to German benefices go[...] 6: The creation of new cardinals was a lucrative proceeding for the popes. On July 31, 1517, Leo X c[...] 7: The famous Benedictine monastery just outside the city f Bamberg. 8: The proposal made at Constance (see above, p. 82, note 2) was more generous. It suggested a salar[...] 9: As early as the XIV Century both England and France had enacted laws prohibiting the very practic[...] 10: The papal court or curia consisted of all the officials of various sorts who were employed in the[...] 11: On the annates, see Vol. I, p. 383, note I. Early in their history, which dates from the beginnin[...] 12: On the crusading -- indulgences, see Vol. I, p. 18. 13: i.e., As was done by the Council of Basel. See above, p. 84, note 1. 14: The canons are the clergy attached to a cathedral church who constituted the "chapter" of that ca[...] 15: This whole section deals with the abuse of the "right of reservation," i.e., the alleged right of[...] 16: i.e., Church offices which carried with them certain rights of jurisdiction and gave their posses[...] 17: Charles V, though elected emperor, was not crowned until October 22d. 18: i.e., A living which has not hitherto been filled by papal appointment. 19: This rule, like that of the "papal months," is found in the Concordat of Vienna. Luther's complai[...] 20: Des Papstes und der Cardinale Gesinde, i.e., all those who were counted members of the "family" o[...] 21: In 1513 Albrecht of Brandenburg was made Archbishop of Madgeburg and later in the same year Admin[...] 22: This rule, like the others mentioned above, is contained in the Concordat of Vienna. 23: Cf. The Gravamina of 1521, NO. 20, Von anfechtung der cordissanen (see above, p.88, note 3), wher[...] 24: The pallium is a woolen shoulder-cape which is the emblem of the archbishop's office, and which m[...] 25: The oath of allegiance to the pope was required before the pallium could be bestowed (Dist. C.c. [...] 26: See above, p.86. note 2. 27: cf. Luther to Spalatin, June 25, 152. (ENDERS, II, 424; SMITH, NO. 271). 28: i.e., The benefices are treated as though they were vacant. 29: In the case of certain endowed benefices the right of nominate the incumbent was vested in indivi[...] 30: Commendation was one of the practices by which the pope evaded the provision of the canon law whi[...] 31: A monk who deserted his monastery was known as an "apostate." 32: i.e., Offices which cannot be united in the hands of one man. See e.g., note 3, p. 91. 33: A gloss is a note explanatory of a word or passage of doubtful meaning. The glosses are the earli[...] 34: The thing which was bought was, of course, the dispensation, or permission to avail oneself of th[...] 35: Dataria is the name for that department of the curia which had to deal with the granting of dispe[...] 36: See above, p.88, note 2. For a catalogue of papal appointments bestowed upon two "courtesans,". J[...] 37: See above, p. 87, note 1. 38: So Albrecht of Mainz bore the title of "administrator" of Halberstadt. 39: The name of this practice was "regression" (regressus). 40: The complaint was made at Worms (1521) that it was impossible for a German to secure a clear titl[...] 41: Simony -- the sin of Simon Magus (Acts 8:18-20) -- the sin committed by the sale or the purchase [...] 42: The reservatio mentalis or in pectore is the natural consequence of the papal theory that the rig[...] 43: For a similar instances quoted at Worms (1521), see WREDE, op. Cit., II, 710. 44: The three chief centers of foreign commerce in the XV and the early XVI Century. The annual fairs[...] 45: Built by Innocent VIII (1484-1490). 46: See above, p. 93, note 2. 47: The Church law forbade the taking of interest on loans of money. 48: During the Middle Ages all question touching marriage and divorce, including, therefore, the ques[...] 49: i.e., By buying dispensations. 50: The sums paid for special dispensations were so called. 51: The toll which the "robber-barons" of the Rhine levied upon merchants passing through their domai[...] 52: Ja wend das blat umb szo findistu es -- The translators have adopted the interpretation of O. CLE[...] 53: The Fuggers of Augsburg were the greatest of the German capitalists in the XVI Century. They were[...] 54: Certificates entitling the holder to choose his own confessor and authorizing the confessor to ab[...] 55: Certificates granting their possessor permission to eat milk, eggs, butter and cheese on fast day[...] 56: The word is used here in the broad sense, and means dispensations of all sorts, including those j[...] 57: Equivalent to "carrying coals to Newcastle." 58: The Campo di Fiore, a Roman market-place, restored and adorned at great expense by Eugenius IV (1[...] 59: A part of the Vatican palace notorious as the banqueting-hall of Alexander VI (1492-1503), turned[...] 60: i.e., The offices and positions in Rome which were for sale. See BENRATH, p. 88, note 18; p. 95, [...]
2: The passage is chapter 31, Filiis vel nepotibus. It provides that in case the income of endowment[...] 3: See above, pp. 91 f. 4: See above, p. 91. 5: See above, p. 94. 6: i.e., Promises to bestow on certain persons livings not yet vacant. Complaint of the evils arisin[...] 7: See above, pp. 86 f. 8: See above, pp. 92 f. 9: See above, p. 93. 10: See above, p. 89. 11: Rules for the transaction of papal business, including such matters as appointments and the like.[...] 12: The local Church authorities, here equivalent to "the bishops." On use of term see Realencyk., XI[...] 13: The sign of the episcopal office; as regards archbishops, the pallium; see above, p. 89, and note[...] 14: See above, p. 87, note 1. 15: The first of the ecumenical councils (A. D. 325). The decree to which Luther here refers is canno[...] 16: The primate is the ranking archbishop of a country. 17: "Exemption" was the practice by which monastic houses were withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the[...] 19: The papal interference in the conduct of the local Church courts was as flagrant as in the appoin[...] 20: The reference is Canon V of the Council of Sardica (A. D. 343), incorporated in the cannon law as[...] 21: i.e., Appealed to Rome for decision. This is the subject of the first of the 102 Gravamina of 152[...] 22: The judges in the bishops' courts. The complaint is that they interfere with the administration o[...] 23: The signaturae gratiae and the signaturae justitiae were the bureaus through which the pope regul[...] 24: See above, pp. 88 f. 25: See above, p. 88, note 3. 26: See above, p. 94. 27: i.e., The cases in which a priest was forbidden to give absolution. The reference here is to case[...] 28: A papal bull published annually at Rome on Holy Thursday. It was directed against heretics, but t[...] 29: The breve is a papal decree, of equal authority with the bull, but differing from it in form, and[...] 30: Cf. Luther's earlier statement to the same effect in A Discussion of Confession, Vol. I, pp. 96.f[...] 32: The Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17). 33: See above, p. 90, note 1. 34: In the cannon law, Decretal. Greg. Lib. I, tit. 6, cap. 4. The decretal forbids the bestowing of [...] 35: The induction of Church officials into office. The term was used particularly of the greater offi[...] 36: Especially in the time of the Emperors Henry IV and V (1056-1125). 37: The German Empire was regarded during the Middle Ages as a continuation of the Roman Empire. (See[...] 38: In the canon law, Decretal. Greg. Lib. I, tit. 33, cap. 6. 39: In the treatise, Resolutio Lutheriana super propositione XIII, de potestate papae (1520). Weimar [...] 41: Cf. The Papacy at Rome, Vol. I, pp. 357 f. 42: A decree of Pope Clement V of 1313, incorporated subsequently in the canon law, Clement. lib. ii,[...] 43: A forged document of the VIII Century, professing to come from the hand of the Emperor Constantin[...] 44: The papal claim to temporal sovereignty over this little kingdom, which comprised the island of S[...] 45: The popes claimed temporal sovereignty over a strip territory in Italy, beginning at Rome and str[...] 46: A free translation of the Vulgate, Nemo militans Deo. 47: The kissing of the pope's feet was a part of the "adoration" which he claimed as his right. See a[...] 48: The three paragraphs enclosed in brackets were added by Luther to the 2nd edition; see Introducti[...] 49: The holy places of Rome had long been favorite objects of pilgrimage, and the practice had been z[...] 50: Cf. The Italian proverb, "God is everywhere except at Rome; there He has a vicar." 51: Cf. Hutten's saying in Vadiscus: "Three things there are which those who go to Rome usually bring[...] 52: The "golden" or "jubilee years" were the years when special rewards were attached to worship at t[...] 53: Cf. The statements in the Treatise on Baptism and the Discussion of Confession, Vol. I, pp. 68 ff[...] 54: The houses, or monasteries, of the mendicant or "begging" orders -- the "friars." The members of [...] 55: The three leading mendicant orders were the Franciscan (the Minorities, or "little brothers"), fo[...] 56: The interference of the friars in the duties of the parish clergy was a continual subject of comp[...] 57: By the middle of the XV Century there were eight distinct sects within the Franciscan order alone[...] 58: St. Agnes the Martyr, put to death in the beginning of the IV Century, one of the favorite saints[...] 59: One of the most famous of the German convents, founded in 936. 60: The celebrated Church Father (died 420). The passages referred to are in Migne, XXII, 656, and XX[...] 61: Or "community" (Gemeine). Cf. The Papacy at Rome, Vol. I, p. 345, note 4. See also Dass eine chri[...] 62: Or "congregation." See note 2. 63: i.e., At a time later than that of the Apostles. 64: The first absolute prohibition of marriage to the clergy is contained in a decree of Pope Siriciu[...] 65: The priests of the Greek Church are required to marry, and the controversy over celibacy was invo[...] 66: Cf. Hutten's Vadiscus (BOCKING, IV, 199). 67: i.e., Lie in Roman appointment. 68: i.e., The ministry in the congregation. See above, p. 119. 69: Quantum fragilitas humana permittit. A qualification of the vow. 70: i.e., Celibacy. Non promitto castitatem. 71: Fragilitas humana non permittit caste vivere. 72: Angelica fortitudo et coelestis virtus. 73: The court-jester was allowed unusual freedom of speech. See "Prefatory Letter" above, p. 62. 74: The laws governing marriage were entirely the laws of the Church. The canon law prohibited marria[...] 75: This Luther actually did. When he burned the papal bull of excommunication (Dec. 10, 1520) a copy[...] 76: i.e., The marriage of the clergy.
2: "Irregularity" is the condition of any member of a monastic order who has violated the prescripti[...] 3: The three kinds of masses are really but one thing, viz., masses for the dead, celebrated on cert[...] 4: i.e., Even when the mass is decently said. 6: See above, p. 104. 7: Das geistliche Unrecht. 8: The Treatise concerning the Ban, above, pp. 33 ff. 9: i.e., To those who teach enforce the canon law. 10: Luther means the saint's-days and minor religious holidays. See also the "Discourse on Good Works[...] 11: Or "congregation." 12: i.e., City-council. 13: Kirchweihen, i.e., the anniversary celebration of the consecration of a church. These days had be[...] 14: i.e., Occasions for drunkenness, gain and gambling. 15: See above, pp. 96 f. 16: See above, p. 98, note 2 17: Letters entitling their holder to the benefits of the masses founded by the sodalities or confrat[...] 18: See above, p. 98, and Vol. I, p. 22. 19: The pun is untranslatable, -- Netz, Gesetz solt ich sagen. 20: What the pope sold was release from the "snares" and "nets," viz., dispensation. 21: i.e., Even into the law of the church. 22: Die wilden Kapellen und Feldkirchen, i.e., churches which are built in the country, where there a[...] 23: A little town in East Prussia, where was displayed a sacramental wafer, said to have been miracul[...] 24: In Meckleburg, where another relic of "the Holy Blood" was displayed after 1491. Cf. Benrath, pp.[...] 25: The "Holy Coat of Trier" was believed by the credulous to be the seamless coat of Christ, which t[...] 26: Pilgrimage to the Grimmenthal in Meiningen began in 1449. An image of the Virgin, declared to hav[...] 27: The "Fair Virgin (die schone Maria) of Regensburg" was an image of the Virgin similar to that exh[...] 28: The pilgrimages were a source of large revenue, derived from the sale of medals which were worn a[...] 29: i.e., Every bishop. 30: The possession of a saint gave a church a certain reputation and distinction, which was sufficien[...] 31: Archbishop of Florence (died 1459). He was canonized, May 31, 1523, by Pope Hadrian VI. When Luth[...] 32: Indulta, i.e., grants of special privilege. 33: "Lead," the leaden seal attached to the bull; "hide", the parchment on which it is written; "the [...] 34: Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, Carmelites and Servites. 35: Botschaften, interpreted by Benrath (p. 105), Clemen (I, 406, note) and Weimar Ed. (VI, 406, note[...] 36: Wallbruder, the professional pilgrims who spent their lives in wandering from one place of pilgri[...] 37: i.e., If the plan above proposed were adopted. 39: See Treatise on the New Testament, Vol. I, pp. 308 ff. 40: In the Babylonian Captivity (below, pp. 291 f.) Luther definitely excludes penance from the numbe[...] 41: The sodalities ("fraternities," "confraternities"), still an important institution in the Roman C[...] 42: See above, p. 98, note 2. 43: See above, p. 128, note 5. 45: "Faculties" were extraordinary powers, usually for the granting of indulgences and of absolution [...] 46: Wladislav I forced the Sultan to sue for peace in 1443. At the instigation of the papal legate, C[...] 47: John Hus and Jerome of Prague were convicted of heresy by the Council of Constance and burned at [...] 48: The League of Cambray, negotiated in 1508 for war against Venice. In 1510 Venice made terms with [...] 49: i.e., The Hussites. After the martyrdom of Hus his followers maintained for a time a strong organ[...] 50: See above, p. 140, note 1. 51: See KOHLER, L. Und die Kirchengesch., 139, 151. 52: The Archbishop of Prague was primate of the Church in Bohemia. 53: The dioceses of these bishops were contiguous to that the Archbishop of Prague. 54: Bishop of Carthage, 249-258 A.D. 55: Lass man ihn ein gut jar haben, literally, ""Bid him good-day." 56: One of the chief points of controversy between the Roman Church and the Hussites. The Roman Churc[...] 57: Luther had not yet reached the conviction that the administration of the cup to the laity was a n[...] 58: The Bohemian Brethren, who are here distinguished from the Hussites, Cf. Realencyk., III, 452, 49[...] 59: St. Thomas Aquinas, the great Dominican theologian of the XIII. Century (1225-74), whose influenc[...] 60: The view of the sacramental presence adopted by William of Occam. For Luther's own view at this t[...] 61: i.e., If they did not believe in the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Lord's [...]
2: The philosophy of Aristotle dominated the mediaeval universities. It not only provided the forms [...] 3: Or, "I have read him." Luther's lesen allows of either interpretation. 4: Duns Scotus, died 1308. In the XV and XVI Centuries he was regarded as the rival of Thomas Aquina[...] 5: i.e., In the universities. 6: See above, pp. 94 f. 7: i.e., "The chamber of his heart." Boniface VIII (1294-1303) had decreed, Romanus Pontifex jura om[...] 8: Doctores decretorum, "Doctor of Decrees," an academic degree occasionally given to professors of [...] 9: The introduction of Roman law into Germany, as the accepted law of the empire, had begun in the X[...] 10: "Sentences" (Sententiae, libri sententiarum) was the title of the text-books in theology. Theolog[...] 11: Cf. Vol. 1, p. 7. 12: i.e., Doctors. 13: The head-dress of the doctors. 14: See above, p. 118, note 2. 15: i.e., The monasteries and nunneries. 16: i.e., The name of Christian. 17: This section did not appear in the first edition; see Introduction, p. 59. 18: Charles the Great, King of the Franks, was crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800 [...] 19: The city of Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 410. 20: Luther is characteristically careless about his chronology. By the "Turkish Empire" he means the [...] 21: So sol man die Deutschen teuschen und mit teuschen teuschenn, i.e., made Germans (Deutsche) by ch[...] 22: See Cambridge Mediaeval History, I (1911), pp. 244 f. 23: Such a law as Luther here suggests was proposed to the Diet of Worms (1521). Text in WREDE, Reich[...] 24: Cf. Luther's Sermon von Kaufbandlung und Wuche of 1524. (Weim. Ed. XV, pp. 293 ff.) 25: Spices were one of the chief articles of foreign commerce in the XVI Century. The discovery of th[...] 26: The Zinskauf or Rentenkauf was a means for evading the prohibition of usury. The buyer purchased [...] 27: The practice was legalized by the Lateran Council, 1512. 29: The profits of the trading-companies were enormous. The 9 percent annually of the Welser (EHRENBE[...] 30: The Diets of Augsburg (1500) and Cologne (1512) had passed edicts against drunkenness. A committe[...] 31: Sie wollen ausbuben, so sich's vielmehr hineinbubt. 32: Cf. MULLER, Luther's theol. Quellen, 1912, ch. I. 33: In the Conitendi Ratio Luther had set the age for men at eighteen to twenty, for the women at fif[...] 34: Translated in this edition, Vol. I, pp. 184 ff.; see especially pp. 266 ff. 35: These sentences did not appear in the first edition. 36: See Letter to Staupitz, Vol. I, p. 43. 37: This "little song" is the Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church. See below, pp. 170 f[...] |
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