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St. Augustine
On Christian Doctrine
IntraText CT - Text
BOOK III.
chap. 34. The fourth rule of Tichonius
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chap
.
34
.
The
fourth
rule
of
Tichonius
The
fourth
rule
of
Tichonius
is
about
species
and
genus
.
For
so
he
calls
it
,
intending
that
by
species
should
be
understood
a
part
,
by
genus
the
whole
of
which
that
which
he
calls
species
is
a
part
:
as
,
for
example
,
every
single
city
is
a
part
of
the
great
society
of
nations
:
the
city
he
calls
a
species
,
all
nations
constitute
the
genus
.
There
is
no
necessity
for
here
applying
that
subtilty
of
distinction
which
is
in
use
among
logicians
,
who
discuss
with
great
acuteness
the
difference
between
a
part
and
a
species
.
The
rule
is
of
course
the
same
,
if
anything
of
the
kind
referred
to
is
found
in
Scripture
,
not
in
regard
to
a
single
city
,
but
in
regard
to
a
single
province
,
or
tribe
,
or
kingdom
.
Not
only
,
for
example
,
about
Jerusalem
,
or
some
of
the
cities
of
the
Gentiles
,
such
as
Tyre
or
Babylon
,
are
things
said
in
Scripture
whose
significance
oversteps
the
limits
of
the
city
,
and
which
are
more
suitable
when
applied
to
all
nations
;
but
in
regard
to
Judea
also
,
and
Egypt
,
and
Assyria
,
or
any
other
nation
you
choose
to
take
which
contains
numerous
cities
,
but
still
is
not
the
whole
world
,
but
only
a
part
of
it
,
things
are
said
which
pass
over
the
limits
of
that
particular
country
,
and
apply
more
fitly
to
the
whole
of
which
this
is
a
part
;
or
,
as
our
author
terms
it
,
to
the
genus
of
which
this
is
a
species
.
And
hence
these
words
have
come
to
be
commonly
known
,
so
that
even
uneducated
people
understand
what
is
laid
down
specially
,
and
what
generally
,
in
any
given
Imperial
command
.
The
same
thing
occurs
in
the
case
of
men
:
things
are
said
of
Solomon
,
for
example
,
the
scope
of
which
reaches
far
beyond
him
,
and
which
are
only
properly
understood
when
applied
to
Christ
and
His
Church
,
of
which
Solomon
is
a
part
.
Now
the
species
is
not
always
overstepped
,
for
things
are
often
said
of
such
a
kind
as
evidently
apply
to
it
also
,
or
perhaps
even
to
it
exclusively
.
But
when
Scripture
,
having
up
to
a
certain
point
been
speaking
about
the
species
,
makes
a
transition
at
that
point
from
the
species
to
the
genus
,
the
reader
must
then
be
carefully
on
his
guard
against
seeking
in
the
species
what
he
can
find
much
better
and
more
surely
in
the
genus
.
Take
,
for
example
,
what
the
prophet
Ezekiel
says
: "
When
the
house
of
Israel
dwelt
in
their
own
land
,
they
defiled
it
by
their
own
way
,
and
by
their
doings
:
their
way
was
before
me
as
the
uncleanness
of
a
removed
woman
.
Wherefore
I
poured
my
fury
upon
them
for
the
blood
that
they
had
shed
upon
the
land
,
and
for
their
idols
wherewith
they
had
polluted
it
:
and
I
scattered
them
among
the
heathen
,
and
they
were
dispersed
through
the
countries
:
according
to
their
way
,
and
according
to
their
doings
,
I
judged
them
."
Now
it
is
easy
to
understand
that
this
applies
to
that
house
of
Israel
of
which
the
apostle
says
"
Behold
Israel
after
the
flesh
;"
because
the
people
of
Israel
after
the
flesh
did
both
perform
and
endure
all
that
is
here
referred
to
.
What
immediately
follows
,
too
,
may
be
understood
as
applying
to
the
same
peep
]
e
.
But
when
the
prophet
begins
to
say
, "
And
I
will
sanctify
my
great
name
,
which
was
profaned
among
the
heathen
,
which
ye
have
profaned
in
the
midst
of
them
;
and
the
heathen
shall
know
that
I
am
the
Lord
,"
the
reader
ought
now
carefully
to
observe
the
way
in
which
the
species
is
overstepped
and
the
genus
taken
in
.
For
he
goes
on
to
say
: "
And
I
shall
be
sanctified
in
you
before
their
eyes
.
For
I
will
take
you
from
among
the
heathen
,
and
gather
you
out
of
all
countries
,
and
will
bring
you
into
your
own
land
.
Then
will
I
sprinkle
clean
water
upon
you
,
and
ye
shall
be
clean
:
from
all
your
filthiness
,
and
from
all
your
idols
,
will
I
cleanse
you
.
A
new
heart
also
will
I
give
you
,
and
a
new
spirit
will
I
put
within
you
;
and
I
will
take
away
the
stony
heart
out
of
your
flesh
and
I
will
give
you
a
heart
of
flesh
.
And
I
will
put
my
Spirit
within
you
,
and
cause
you
to
walk
in
my
statutes
,
and
ye
shall
keep
my
commandments
,
and
do
them
.
And
ye
shall
dwell
in
the
land
that
I
gave
to
your
fathers
;
and
ye
shall
be
my
people
,
and
I
will
be
your
God
.
I
will
also
save
you
from
all
your
uncleannesses
."
Now
that
this
is
a
prophecy
of
the
New
Testament
,
to
which
pertain
not
only
the
remnant
of
that
one
nation
of
which
it
is
elsewhere
said
, "
For
though
the
number
of
the
children
of
Israel
be
as
the
sand
of
the
sea
,
yet
a
remnant
of
them
shall
be
saved
,"
but
also
the
other
nations
which
were
promised
to
their
fathers
and
our
fathers
;
and
that
there
is
here
a
promise
of
that
washing
of
regeneration
which
,
as
we
see
,
is
now
imparted
to
all
nations
,
no
one
who
looks
into
the
matter
can
doubt
.
And
that
saying
of
the
apostle
,
when
he
is
commending
the
grace
of
the
New
Testament
and
its
excellence
in
comparison
with
the
Old
, "
Ye
are
our
epistle
...
written
not
with
ink
,
but
with
the
Spirit
of
the
living
God
;
not
in
tables
of
stone
,
but
in
fleshy
tables
of
the
heart
,"
has
an
evident
reference
to
this
place
where
the
prophet
says
, "
A
new
heart
also
will
I
give
you
,
and
a
new
spirit
will
I
put
within
you
;
and
I
will
take
away
the
stony
heart
out
of
your
flesh
,
and
I
will
give
you
an
heart
of
flesh
."
Now
the
heart
of
flesh
from
which
the
apostle
'
s
expression
, "
the
fleshy
tables
of
the
heart
,"
is
drawn
,
the
prophet
intended
to
point
out
as
distinguished
from
the
stony
heart
by
the
possession
of
sentient
life
;
and
by
sentient
he
understood
intelligent
life
.
And
thus
the
spiritual
Israel
is
made
up
,
not
of
one
nation
,
but
of
all
the
nations
which
were
promised
to
the
fathers
in
their
seed
,
that
is
,
in
Christ
.
This
spiritual
Israel
,
therefore
,
is
distinguished
from
the
carnal
Israel
which
is
of
one
nation
,
by
newness
of
grace
,
not
by
nobility
of
descent
,
in
feeling
,
not
in
race
;
but
the
prophet
,
in
his
depth
of
meaning
,
while
speaking
of
the
carnal
Israel
,
passes
on
,
without
indicating
the
transition
,
to
speak
of
the
spiritual
,
and
although
now
speaking
of
the
latter
,
seems
to
be
still
speaking
of
the
former
;
not
that
he
grudges
us
the
clear
apprehension
of
Scripture
,
as
if
we
were
enemies
,
but
that
he
deals
with
us
as
a
physician
,
giving
us
a
wholesome
exercise
for
our
spirit
.
And
therefore
we
ought
to
take
this
saying
"
And
I
will
bring
you
into
your
own
land
,"
and
what
he
says
shortly
afterwards
,
as
if
repeating
himself
, "
And
ye
shall
dwell
in
the
land
that
I
gave
to
your
fathers
,"
not
literally
,
as
if
they
referred
to
Israel
after
the
flesh
but
spiritually
,
as
referring
to
the
spiritual
Israel
.
For
the
Church
,
without
spot
or
wrinkle
,
gathered
out
of
all
nations
,
and
destined
to
reign
forever
with
Christ
,
is
itself
the
land
of
the
blessed
,
the
land
of
the
living
;
and
we
are
to
understand
that
this
was
given
to
the
fathers
when
it
was
promised
to
them
in
the
sure
and
immutable
purpose
of
God
;
for
what
the
fathers
believed
would
be
given
in
its
own
time
was
to
them
,
on
account
of
the
unchangeableness
of
the
promise
and
purpose
,
the
same
as
if
it
were
already
given
;
just
as
the
apostle
,
writing
to
Timothy
,
speaks
of
the
grace
which
is
given
to
the
saints
: "
Not
according
to
our
works
,
but
according
to
His
own
purpose
and
grace
,
which
was
given
us
in
Christ
Jesus
before
the
world
began
;
but
is
now
made
manifest
by
the
appearing
of
our
Saviour
."
He
speaks
of
the
grace
as
given
at
a
time
when
those
to
whom
it
was
to
be
given
were
not
yet
in
existence
;
because
he
looks
upon
that
as
having
been
already
done
in
the
arrangement
and
purpose
of
God
,
which
was
to
take
place
in
its
own
time
,
and
he
himself
speaks
of
it
as
now
made
manifest
.
It
is
possible
,
however
,
that
these
words
may
refer
to
the
land
of
the
age
to
come
,
when
there
will
be
a
new
heaven
and
a
new
earth
,
wherein
the
unrighteous
shall
be
unable
to
dwell
.
And
so
it
is
truly
said
to
the
righteous
,
that
the
land
itself
is
theirs
,
no
part
of
which
will
belong
to
the
unrighteous
;
because
it
is
the
same
as
if
it
were
itself
given
,
when
it
is
firmly
settled
that
it
shall
be
given
.
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