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Vedic Reader (excerpts) IntraText - Concordances (Hapax - words occurring once) |
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1 Intro, 3 | The Rigveda consists of 1,017 or, counting eleven others
2 Intro, 3 | recognized as later additions, 1,028 hymns. These contain a total
3 Intro, 8 | which men follow gain (ix. 112), or praise wise speech (
4 Intro, 4 | In the second part (61-114), which contains some very
5 Intro, 7 | besides Rivers and Waters (p. 115), already mentioned as terrestrial
6 Intro, 8 | value of good deeds (x. 117), anticipate the sententious
7 6 | Soma. One whole hymn (x. 119) is a monologue in which
8 21 | deities. With rather more than 120 hymns (all those in Mandala
9 Intro, 7 | late hymn of the RV. (x. 121) is kasmai devaya havisa
10 Intro, 7 | and Vac, 'Speech' (x, 71. 125). With one hymn each are
11 Intro, 8 | to one complete hymn (i. 126) and to appendages of 3
12 Intro, 1 | Iranians much sooner than 1300 B.C. But, according to Prof.
13 Intro, 7 | ahura in the Avesta (cf. p. 134). The term dasa, or dasyu,
14 Intro, 1 | an inscription of about 1400 B.C. found in Asia Minor.
15 Intro, 7 | bringers of rain (vii. 103, p. 141).~
16 Intro, 7 | 166), or rival wives (x. 145). A few are incantations
17 23 | PITÁRAS~Two hymns (x. 15 and 54) are addressed to
18 Intro, 1 | separation took place before 1500 B.C. In that case we must
19 9 | his laws, and Visnu (i. 154) takes his three steps by
20 1 | of Heaven and Earth (i. 160). He is also the offspring
21 Intro, 7 | Manyu, 'Wrath', and one (x. 161) to Sraddha, 'Faith'. Anumati, '
22 Intro, 7 | destructive of children (x. 162), or enemies (x. 166), or
23 Intro, 7 | i. 191) or disease (x. 163), against a demon destructive
24 Intro, 7 | x. 162), or enemies (x. 166), or rival wives (x. 145).
25 Intro, 7 | three hymns (x. 76. 94. 175): spoken of as immortal,
26 Intro, 7 | to procure offspring (x. 183); while one is a panegyric
27 Intro, 10| begun by H.H. Wilson in 1850, was considered adequate.
28 Intro, 8 | playing with dice (cp. p. 186). Dancing was also practised,
29 Intro, 1 | invalidated by the discovery in 1907 of the names of the Indian
30 1 | being addressed in at least 200 hymns. The anthropomorphism
31 Intro, 7 | Ratri, 'Night' (x, 127, p. 203), and Aranyani, 'Goddess
32 Intro, 8 | One of them (x. 129, p. 207), which describes the world
33 Intro, 7 | particular god. The Maruts (p. 21), who attend on Indra, are
34 21 | with in the two hymns iv. 26 and 27. Being the most important
35 Intro, 7 | also invoked in the RV. (i. 28, 6. 6). Weapons, finally,
36 Intro, 7 | Heaven and Earth' (p. 36). The latter pair, having
37 Intro, 7 | contents are augury (ii. 42. 43) or spells directed
38 Intro, 7 | contents are augury (ii. 42. 43) or spells directed against
39 Intro, 8 | divine beings (iv. 62; x. 51. 52. 86. 108), there are two
40 Intro, 7 | or to induce sleep (v. 55), or to procure offspring (
41 Intro, 7 | incantations to preserve life (x. 58. 60), or to induce sleep (
42 Intro, 1 | puts them as far back as 6000 B.C. These calculations
43 Intro, 4 | groups in other metres; thus 68-84 form a Jagati and 87-
44 4 | with him. One hymn (vi. 69) is dedicated to the two
45 Intro, 2 | into India before about 700 B.C. These family groups
46 Intro, 8 | containing within it in couples 720 sons, means the year with
47 Intro, 7 | deities in three hymns (x. 76. 94. 175): spoken of as
48 Intro, 1 | earlier than from about 800 B.C. That relationship is
49 Intro, 7 | deity to whom two hymns (x. 81. 82) are addressed. Hiranyagarbha,
50 Intro, 7 | to whom two hymns (x. 81. 82) are addressed. Hiranyagarbha,
51 6 | of iron or stone, and as 90, 99, or 100 in number. Indra.
52 Intro, 7 | of importance is Usas (p. 92). Next come Sarasvati, celebrated
53 Intro, 7 | deities in three hymns (x. 76. 94. 175): spoken of as immortal,
54 6 | iron or stone, and as 90, 99, or 100 in number. Indra.
55 Intro, 7 | celebrated throughout the RV. is A-diti, 'Liberation', 'Freedom' (
56 Intro, 8 | from the non-existent (a-sat), is particularly interesting
57 Intro, 10| Sayana (fourteenth century A.D.), and is represented by
58 28 | to have chosen death and abandoned his body. He departed to
59 6 | Aryan in overcoming his aboriginal foes.~His physical features,
60 15 | refreshment from the sky. Rain abounding in heavenly water comes
61 3 | Sometimes, however, the Maruts. accomplish these exploits alone. Thus
62 3 | with Vrtra. Indra indeed accomplishes all his celestial exploits
63 Intro, 10| explained difficulties in accordance with its own particular
64 18 | epithet mayín crafty is accordingly used chiefly of him.~Varuna
65 Intro, 1 | seven or eight centuries to account for the gradual changes,
66 Intro, 10| from the results already achieved that steady adherence to
67 Intro, 7 | deities, but which came to acquire an independent value as
68 1 | Indian Prometheus; and the acquisition of fire by man is regarded
69 | across
70 25 | giant named Purusa. The act of creation is here treated
71 13 | golden aerial ships Pusan acts as the messenger of Surya.
72 | actually
73 6 | artificers.~As Indra is more addicted to Soma than any of the
74 Intro, 10| in 1850, was considered adequate. It has since been proved
75 Intro, 10| already achieved that steady adherence to the critical method,
76 1 | also officiating priest (adhvaryú) and playing priest (brahmán).
77 Intro, 3 | is subdivided into eight Adhyayas or 'lessons', while each
78 16 | the metronymic Aditya or Aditeya, son of the goddess Aditi.
79 Intro, 10| the critical method, by admitting all available evidence and
80 Intro, 10| period and the much more advanced civilization there described.
81 Intro, 7 | the Angirases. Other demon adversaries of Indra are Arbuda, described
82 Intro, 9 | where the thought becomes affected by conceits and obscured
83 Intro, 5 | dropped. It may thus be affirmed with certainty that no student
84 15 | hate, and punish. They afflict with disease those who neglect
85 1 | as derived from the root ag to drive (Lat. ago, Gk.
86 13 | often mentioned. 'Glowing' (aghrni) is one of his exclusive
87 6 | after he has drunk Soma he agitates his jaws and his beard;
88 Intro, 7 | individuality: such are Agnayi, Indrani, Varunani, spouses
89 1 | the root ag to drive (Lat. ago, Gk. hágo), Skt. ájami).~
90 Intro, 10| true, not false', another Agrayana, as 'leaders of truth' (
91 18 | wise spirit) of the Avesta agrees with the Asura Varuna in
92 Intro, 8 | prayers to the gods. But agriculture was also practised to some
93 8 | represent the lightning form of Agui which lurks in the eloud.
94 6 | often also the serpent (áhi). Heaven and Earth tremble
95 1 | Lat. ago, Gk. hágo), Skt. ájami).~
96 24 | on his family. The dice (aksás) consisted of the nuts of
97 20 | group called Vísve deváh or All-Gods occupies an important position,
98 16 | gods. He is far-seeing, all-seeing, the spy of the whole world;
99 4 | companions, are drawn into alliance with Visnu, who throughout
100 4 | Indra, with whom he is often allied in the fight with Vrtra.
101 Intro, 4 | each of those books, if allowance is made for later additions.
102 4 | four names (= seasons), an allusion to the three hundred and
103 9 | must originally have meant 'ally' or 'friend', for the word
104 2 | earth, and air. He raises aloft his strong golden arms,
105 Intro, 2 | Samhita did not in any way alter the diction of the hymns
106 Intro, 6 | short and long syllables alternate and, which is of a generally
107 Intro, 7 | Yatudhana (primarily 'sorcerer') alternates with Raksas, and perhaps
108 10 | of prayer', the doublets alternating in the same hymn. His physical
109 Intro, 10| frequently gives several alternative explanations of a word.
110 Intro, 7 | those of their consorts, and altogether lacking in individuality:
111 21 | life. Hence it is called amrta draught of immortality.
112 Intro, 7 | Aryaman, Bhaga, Varuna, Daksa, Amsa: Surya was probably regarded
113 21 | stones with which the shoot (amsú) is crushed are called ádri
114 Intro, 8 | professionally is uncertain.~Amusements.--Among these chariot-racing
115 Intro, 7 | probability furnished the analogy for this dual type.~Groups
116 Intro, 2 | and inflected forms are analysed. This text, which is virtually
117 7 | to slay or injure, in his anger, his worshippers and their
118 21 | Skt. mádhu, Gk. methu, Anglo-Saxon medu).~The name of Soma (=
119 6 | he also carries a hook (ankusá).~Having a golden car, drawn
120 22 | injury that bird, beast, ant, or serpent may have inflicted
121 Intro, 8 | of good deeds (x. 117), anticipate the sententious poetry for
122 Intro, 7 | probably came into being as an antithesis to Aditi, with whom she,
123 Intro, 2 | by various works called Anukramanis or 'Indexes', which enumerate
124 Intro, 7 | 161) to Sraddha, 'Faith'. Anumati, 'Favour (of the gods)',
125 8 | APÁM NÁPAT~This deity is celebrated
126 14 | ÁPAS~The Waters are addressed
127 14 | for they are invoked as apo in the Avesta also.~
128 Intro, 7 | the Rigvedic period. These appellations, compound in form, are of
129 Intro, 10| which he is moreover able to apply the comparative and historical
130 Intro, 7 | live beyond the time they appoint; and the fulfilment of desires
131 Intro, 1 | thirteenth century B.C. as the approximate date for the beginning of
132 Intro, 7 | is made in the RV. of an Apsaras, a celestial water-nymph,
133 Intro, 7 | In a few passages more Apsarases, than one are spoken of;
134 6 | receiving the exclusive epithet apsu-jit, conquering in the waters.
135 Intro, 7 | Favour (of the gods)', Aramati, 'Devotion', Sunrta, 'Bounty',
136 1 | the two kindling sticks (aránis), which are his parents
137 Intro, 7 | Night' (x, 127, p. 203), and Aranyani, 'Goddess of the Forest' (
138 Intro, 7 | adversaries of Indra are Arbuda, described as a wily beast,
139 Intro, 7 | personification seems to have arisen. She is the mother of the
140 3 | ornaments, and golden helmets. Armlets and anklets (khadí) are
141 Intro, 7 | are sometimes deified: armour, bow, quiver, arrows, and
142 Intro, 10| the other hand, a reaction arose which, in emphasizing the
143 18 | other deity. His wrath is aroused by sin, the infringement
144 7 | radiant sun, like gold. He is arrayed with golden ornaments, and
145 9 | the epithet yatayáj-jana arraying men together appears to
146 11 | mother; thus she is said to arrive with a bright child. She
147 23 | as Indra and the goods. Arriving in their thousands they
148 3 | besought to avert their arrow and the stone which they
149 Intro, 2 | besides a knowledge of the art of composing religious poems
150 21 | is brown (babhrú), ruddy (aruná), or more usually tawny (
151 7 | bull, as well as the ruddy (arusá) boar of heaven. He is exalted,
152 Intro, 7 | enumerates six of them Mitra, Aryaman, Bhaga, Varuna, Daksa, Amsa:
153 6 | other deity to help the Aryans in their conflicts with
154 17 | buffaloes, or by a single asa (rásabha). It passes over
155 12 | rain-water as our divine (ásara) father. In this activity
156 27 | from the non-existent (ásat). Water thus came into being
157 Intro, 10| more and better means of ascertaining the sense of various obscure
158 Intro, 7 | every power can thus be ascribed to every god, the identification
159 Intro, 1 | about 1400 B.C. found in Asia Minor. For the phonetic
160 21 | three kinds of admixture (asír): milk (gó), sour milk (
161 1 | the gods, but he is also asked to consume the offerings
162 Intro, 9 | Varuna describe the various aspects of his sway as moral ruler
163 Intro, 1 | thirteenth century B.C. This assertion is based on the following
164 6 | Soma, and Visnu also often assist him. Indra also engages
165 3 | and songs, and generally assisting him in the fight with Vrtra.
166 Intro, 1 | B.C. In that case we must assume that the Iranian and the
167 Intro, 7 | polytheistic religion, which assumes a pantheistic colouring
168 Intro, 1 | calculations are based on the assumption that the early Indians possessed
169 Intro, 3 | purely mechanical, is into Astakas or 'eighths' of about equal
170 8 | over Vrtra'. The epithet asu-héman swiftly-speeding, applied
171 6 | earth like a hide; he holds asunder heaven and earth as two
172 Intro, 7 | Devotion', Sunrta, 'Bounty', Asuniti, 'Spirit-life', and Nirrti, '
173 18 | sovereignty (ksatrá) and the term ásura are predominantly applicable
174 16 | he is the divine priest (asuryà puróhita) of the gods. At
175 17 | others. Though their name (asv-in horseman) is purely Indian,
176 17 | ASVÍNA~These two deities are the
177 23 | such as the Angirases and Atharvans, the Bhrgus and Vasisthas,
178 1 | constantly spoken of as a guest (átithi) in human dwellings. He
179 Intro, 10| Brahmanas and Satras, with the atmosphere of which they were familiar,
180 Intro, 7 | Dawn, and Ratri, Night. The atmospheric gods are Indra, Apam napat,
181 Intro, 8 | semi-historical character attaches to one complete hymn (i.
182 6 | escorted by the Maruts, he attacks the chief demon of drought,
183 Intro, 7 | The Maruts (p. 21), who attend on Indra, are the most numerous
184 21 | divinity. He is sometimes attended by the Maruts, the close
185 Intro, 5 | as much as Homeric from Attic Greek. It exhibits a much
186 11 | the poet. Decked in gay attire like a dancer, clothed in
187 Intro, 8 | inability to resist the attraction of the dice. The rest which
188 Intro, 4 | books; but the traditional attribution of authorship is of little
189 Intro, 7 | Atharvaveda. Their contents are augury (ii. 42. 43) or spells directed
190 Intro, 10| him. Thus one of these, Aurnavabha, interprets nasatyau, an
191 6 | being described as moving, autumnal, made of iron or stone,
192 Intro, 10| method, by admitting all available evidence and by avoiding
193 21 | the offering of Soma (the Avestan Haoma) was already an important
194 9 | friend' in the RV., and the Avestic Mithra is the guardian of
195 Intro, 10| available evidence and by avoiding one-sidedness in its application,
196 11 | the sky is born. They are awakened by her, accompany her, and
197 11 | good service to the gods by awakening all worshippers and causing
198 11 | ends of the sky when she awakes; she opens the gates of
199 7 | univeral dominion be is aware of the doings of men and
200 13 | carries a golden spear, an awl, and a goad. His car is
201 10 | golden hatchet or an iron axe. He has a car, drawn by
202 6 | wheels are kept apart by the axle; he made the non-existent
203 6 | Tvastr, being made of iron (ayasá), golden, tawny, sharp,
204 16 | He is a brilliant weapon (áyudha) which Mitra-Varuna conceal
205 21 | colour Of Soma is brown (babhrú), ruddy (aruná), or more
206 7 | pure and simple, but in its baleful aspect seen in the destructive
207 13 | His foot and his right band are mentioned; he wears
208 1 | and shaves the earth as a barber a beard. His flames are
209 Intro, 7 | The sacrificial grass (barhis) and the Divine Doors (dvaro
210 21 | litter of sacred grass (barhís). These processes are overlaid
211 21 | sour milk (dádhi), and barley (yáva). The admixture being
212 15 | cherishers of order. They are barriers against falsehood, which
213 Intro, 8 | known only in the form of barter, the cow representing the
214 11 | Rising resplendent as from a bath she comes with light, driving
215 16 | swift mares called hárit bays.~The Dawn or Dawns reveal
216 Intro, 8 | references to flora and fauna bear out this conclusion.~The
217 Intro, 8 | ornaments. Men usually grew beards, but sometimes shaved. Food
218 26 | darkness. At her approach men, beasts, and birds go to rest. She
219 15 | the streaming waters. They bedew the pastures with ghee (=
220 17 | They give honey to the bee and are compared with bees.
221 Intro, 8 | kind appears to have been beef, as bulls were the chief
222 17 | bee and are compared with bees. They are, however, also
223 17 | various physical defects, or befriended in other ways. The name
224 | begin
225 Intro, 10| translation of the RV., begun by H.H. Wilson in 1850,
226 Intro, 8 | panegyrics of liberal patrons on behalf of whom the seers composed
227 18 | the far-travelling wind beholding all the secret things that
228 Intro, 7 | this number. The gods were believed to have had a beginning.
229 24 | called vibhidaka (Terminalia bellerica), which is still utilized
230 21 | verbs meaning to roar or bellow, or even thunder. He is
231 1 | he resembles a bull that bellows, and has horns which he
232 6 | jaws and his beard; and his belly is many times mentioned
233 7 | his worshippers and their belongings, but to avert his great
234 Intro, 7 | Savitr the 'Stimulator', belongs to this class of agent gods (
235 13 | and returns from both the beloved abodes. He conducts the
236 1 | created beings.~He is a great benefactor of his worshippers, protecting
237 11 | and glory on all liberal benefactors of the poet. She is characteristically
238 Intro, 7 | such as power, brilliance, benevolence, and wisdom in common with
239 1 | are spoons with which he besprinkles the gods, but he is also
240 15 | thought of and prayed to as bestowers of rain. They have kine
241 7 | preserves from calamity, but bestows blessings. His healing powers
242 Intro, 10| he must have had more and better means of ascertaining the
243 Intro, 7 | of them Mitra, Aryaman, Bhaga, Varuna, Daksa, Amsa: Surya
244 23 | Angirases and Atharvans, the Bhrgus and Vasisthas, who are identical
245 17 | oftenest mentioned is that of Bhujyu, whom they saved from the
246 Intro, 7 | 2. 4. 6), and the Vipas (Bïas) and the Sutudri (Sutlej),
247 18 | fetters (pásas) with which he binds sinners are often mentioned,
248 6 | with the subject of his birth. His father, the same as
249 3 | one mind, having the same birthplace and the same abode. They
250 Intro, 8 | unbelievers, as well as 'black-skins' and the 'Dasa colour' as
251 10 | forth their births like a blacksmith. Like Agni, he is both a
252 2 | with which be arouses and blesses all beings, and which extend
253 14 | and immortality. Their blessing and aid are often implored,
254 6 | sun shone forth when Indra blew the serpent from the air.
255 21 | whatever is sick, making the blind to see and the lame to walk.
256 29 | with forms of the root va, blow, from which it is derived.
257 10 | he is also said to have blown forth their births like
258 10 | he is sharp-horned and blue-backed; golden-coloured and ruddy.
259 7 | well as the ruddy (arusá) boar of heaven. He is exalted,
260 6 | intoxicated with Soma, boasts of his greatness and his
261 Intro, 8 | occasionally with the aid of dogs. Boats propelled by paddles were
262 1 | he has three heads, three bodies, three stations. This threefold
263 28 | spoken of as parallel to the bond of Varuna. The owl (úluka)
264 Intro, 7 | power of delivering from the bonds of physical suffering and
265 3 | but this trait is probably borrowed from their father Rudra.
266 11 | darkness, and distributes them bountifully, She awakens every living
267 Intro, 8 | were made of sheep's wool. Bracelets, anklets, necklaces, and
268 10 | have been the prototype of Brahma, the chief of the later
269 1 | adhvaryú) and playing priest (brahmán). His priesthood is the
270 10 | brh, from the same root as bráhman, and that the name thus
271 10 | accent and the parallel name Bráhmanas páti indicate that the first
272 19 | commencement of the rains like Brahmin pupils repeating the lessons
273 10 | is the genitive of a noun brh, from the same root as bráhman,
274 17 | lords of lustre, of golden brilliancy, beautiful, and adorned
275 28 | four-eyed, broad-nosed, brindled dogs, sons of Sarama (sarameyáu)
276 Intro, 7 | panegyric of frogs as magical bringers of rain (vii. 103, p. 141).~
277 5 | wide-extended; they are broad and vast abodes. They grant
278 28 | but the two four-eyed, broad-nosed, brindled dogs, sons of
279 18 | gracious to those who have broken his laws by thoughtlessness.
280 Intro, 1 | on the following grounds. Buddhism, which began to spread in
281 17 | sometimes by one or more buffaloes, or by a single asa (rásabha).
282 Intro, 3 | been calculated that in bulk the RV. is equivalent to
283 22 | them we learn that, though burial was also practised, cremation
284 1 | eat the oblation. With a burning head he faces in all directions.~
285 1 | corpse-devouring (kravyád) form that burns the body on the funeral
286 22 | widow and his weapons were burnt with the body of the husband.
287 10 | which slays the goblins, bursts open the cow-stalls, and
288 1 | aspect of fire. Thus he is butter-backed, flame-haired, and has a
289 Intro, 10| oldest extant commentary (c. 500 B.C.) on about 600
290 Intro, 6 | five syllables (called the cadence) of the line that is rigidly
291 Intro, 6 | twelve syllables have a caesura as well. In their structure
292 16 | sometimes spoken of as, a wheel (cakrá), though otherwise the wheel
293 7 | not only preserves from calamity, but bestows blessings.
294 Intro, 3 | lines each. It has been calculated that in bulk the RV. is
295 Intro, 1 | back as 6000 B.C. These calculations are based on the assumption
296 1 | born he is often called a calf; he is kindled like a horse
297 Intro, 8 | aborigines with themselves by calling them non-sacrificers and
298 3 | playful like children or calves.~The noise made by them,
299 2 | originally a solar deity in the capacity of the great stimulator
300 6 | heaven. Another myth in the capture by Indra, with the help
301 6 | tawny steeds (hári), he is a car-fighter (rathesthá). Both his car
302 Intro, 10| short it is clear from a careful examination of their comments
303 Intro, 8 | the wheelwright and the carpenter were, combined. The smith
304 14 | that moves. They purify, carrying away defilement. They even
305 Intro, 5 | than Sanskrit does. Its case-forms both in nominal and pronominal
306 6 | dwell, or from which Indra caste them down, or which he cleaves
307 25 | Rigveda, mentions the four castes. The religious view is moreover
308 Intro, 8 | and axes were also used. Cattle-breeding appears to have been the
309 13 | connected with the marriage ceremonial in the wedding hymn (x.
310 Intro, 8 | Soma was drunk at religious ceremonies only, while Sura, extracted
311 Intro, 1 | account for the gradual changes, linguistic, religious,
312 14 | with the bolt, dug out a channel for them, and they never
313 21 | consists of incantations chanted over the tangible Soma,
314 Intro, 4 | sphere of the Udgatr or chanting priest, and added after
315 Intro, 7 | practice making both gods share characteristics properly belonging to one
316 Intro, 8 | either on foot or from a chariot, but there is no evidence
317 Intro, 8 | Amusements.--Among these chariot-racing was the favourite. The most
318 1 | and tawny steeds. He is a charioteer of the sacrifice, and with
319 11 | the east and unveils her charms. Rising resplendent as from
320 17 | They dispel darkness and chase away evil spirits.~The Asvins
321 Intro, 7 | highest step of Visnu, where cheered by draughts of Soma they
322 15 | They are upholders and cherishers of order. They are barriers
323 17 | s two husbands whom she chose and whose car she mounts.
324 28 | elsewhere he is said to have chosen death and abandoned his
325 Intro, 8 | mainly consisted of milk, clarified butter, grain, vegetables,
326 Intro, 4 | Soma while the juice was 'clarifying' (pavamana); on the other
327 23 | Rigveda. The Pitaras are classed as higher, lower, and middle,
328 Intro, 7 | may most conveniently be classified as deities of heaven, air,
329 6 | caste them down, or which he cleaves to release the waters. Or
330 Intro, 8 | of gambling, was known. Clothing consisted usually of an
331 5 | These two deities are quite co-ordinate, while in most of the other
332 16 | derivative of svàr light, and cognate with the Avesta hvare sun,
333 23 | The Vasisthas are once collectively implored to help their descendants.
334 Intro, 7 | which assumes a pantheistic colouring only in a few of its latest
335 15 | lofty, firm, with a thousand columns and a thousand doors. They
336 4 | hymn (v. 87) is praised in combination with them.~The name is most
337 Intro, 6 | of stanza are formed by combining lines of different length.
338 6 | elsewhere compared with cattle coming out of their dark stalls.
339 Intro, 10| period of Vedic studies, commencing about the, middle of the
340 Intro, 10| though the native Indian commentators are invaluable guides. in
341 Intro, 10| interpreting the same passage or in commenting on the same word in different
342 Intro, 10| careful examination of their comments that neither Yaska nor Sayana
343 21 | identification has already become a commonplace.~We know that the preparation
344 18 | with his worshipper, who communes with him in his celestial
345 4 | myth the Maruts, lndra's companions, are drawn into alliance
346 17 | car she mounts. Surya's companionship on their car is indeed characteristic.
347 Intro, 8 | character attaches to one complete hymn (i. 126) and to appendages
348 Intro, 2 | followed by other and more complicated methods of reciting the
349 Intro, 2 | knowledge of the art of composing religious poems in several
350 23 | associated by tradition with the composition of the Atharvaveda and of
351 Intro, 7 | class of abstract deities comprises personifications of abstract
352 16 | áyudha) which Mitra-Varuna conceal with cloud and rain, or
353 11 | discloses the treasures concealed by darkness, and distributes
354 Intro, 9 | thought becomes affected by conceits and obscured by mysticism.
355 18 | reign in bliss.~The original conception of Varuna seems to have
356 Intro, 4 | introduction of magical conceptions, such as belong to the sphere
357 Intro, 8 | information about the social conditions of the time. Thus it is
358 17 | the Asvins are invoked to conduct the bride home on their
359 1 | older than Agni, for he conducted the first sacrifice. Again,
360 28 | and especially Agni, the conductor of the dead, who is called
361 Intro, 7 | cattle and horses and to confer welfare. Sita, the 'Furrow',
362 Intro, 10| difficulties that still confront the interpreter of the Rigveda.~
363 21 | processes are overlaid with confused and mystical imagery in
364 6 | nights. There seems to be a confusion between the restoration
365 Intro, 10| are evidently often merely conjectural, for he frequently gives
366 Intro, 10| character of the Vedic hymns, connects the interpretation of them
367 6 | exclusive epithet apsu-jit, conquering in the waters. The result
368 Intro, 8 | still moving forward as conquerors is indicated by references
369 Intro, 8 | into many tribes, they were conscious of religious and racial
370 Intro, 4 | ninth book was added as a consequence of the first eight being
371 Intro, 10| matter, while taking into consideration context, grammar, and etymology,
372 Intro, 10| much weight to etymological considerations, while he undervalued the
373 Intro, 7 | formed from those of their consorts, and altogether lacking
374 Intro, 9 | poetry is often impaired by constant sacrificial allusions. This
375 Intro, 4 | of which they consist are constituted by being the hymns composed
376 Intro, 2 | Rigveda. Then followed the constitution of the Samhita text, which
377 Intro, 6 | hymns are strophic in their construction. The strophes in them consist
378 1 | but he is also asked to consume the offerings himself. He
379 Intro, 1 | years. We must thus rest content with the moderate estimate
380 Intro, 7 | of the Atharvaveda. Their contents are augury (ii. 42. 43)
381 2 | Savitr raises up his light continually from the east. His ancient
382 28 | They are besought to grant continued enjoyment of the light of
383 Intro, 10| they did not possess a continuous tradition from the time
384 Intro, 3 | fifty-eight. If printed continuously like prose in Roman characters,
385 Intro, 2 | particular, vowels are either contracted or changed into semi-vowels,
386 Intro, 10| unmeaning, and mutually contradictory.~In the earlier period of
387 6 | Tvastr. He forms a marked contrast to Varuna, the other great
388 9 | Atharvaveda, Mitra at sunrise is contrasted with Varuna in the evening,
389 Intro, 8 | religious and racial unity, contrasting the aborigines with themselves
390 15 | flowing with honey. They control the rainy skies and the
391 Intro, 7 | The Vedic gods may most conveniently be classified as deities
392 Intro, 5 | represents an earlier and a less conventional stage than that of Sanskrit.
393 1 | the gods, and is yoked to convey the sacrifice to them. He
394 Intro, 7 | sacrifice, which is either conveyed to them in heaven by the
395 Intro, 8 | a plough drawn by bulls; corn was cut with sickles, being
396 22 | future life. Agni conveys the corpse to the other world, the
397 1 | havya-váhana) is distinguished his corpse-devouring (kravyád) form that burns
398 Intro, 7 | eaters of raw flesh or of corpses.~Not more than thirty hymns
399 9 | Mitra was a solar deity, is corroborated by the Avesta and by Persian
400 Intro, 2 | to preserve from loss or corruption the sacred text thus fixed.
401 23 | help their descendants. Cosmical actions, like those of the
402 1 | celebrated as the divine counterpart of the earthly priesthood.
403 Intro, 3 | Rigveda consists of 1,017 or, counting eleven others of the eighth
404 17 | It passes over the five countries; it moves around the sky;
405 Intro, 7 | hymns is addressed to the couple Mitra-Varuna, though the
406 Intro, 8 | containing within it in couples 720 sons, means the year
407 3 | their lightning, and their cow- and man-slaying bolt. But
408 7 | great malignity and his cow-slaying, man-slaying bolt from them,
409 10 | goblins, bursts open the cow-stalls, and wins the light. Called
410 Intro, 8 | recreation was playing with dice (cp. p. 186). Dancing was also
411 Intro, 8 | exchange. Certain trades and crafts already existed, though
412 18 | power; the epithet mayín crafty is accordingly used chiefly
413 3 | the sun with rain; they create darkness with the cloud
414 Intro, 7 | an independent deity who creates heaven and earth, sun and
415 1 | other gods. His cosmic and creative powers are also frequently
416 Intro, 2 | came into existence. The creators of the Samhita did not in
417 18 | truth and falsehood. No creature can even wink without his
418 Intro, 8 | in later times. Various crimes are mentioned, robbery,
419 Intro, 7 | once invoked to dispense crops and rich blessings.~In addition
420 Intro, 8 | mainly for the purpose of crossing rivers. Trade was known
421 6 | eating and drinking, and cruelty in killing his own father
422 21 | which the shoot (amsú) is crushed are called ádri or grávan.
423 7 | usual derivation from rud cry.~
424 Intro, 2 | also brought with them the cult of fire and of Soma, besides
425 17 | they restored to youth, cured of various physical defects,
426 17 | remedies, restoring sight, curing the sick and the maimed.
427 14 | guilt, the sins of violence, cursing, and lying. They also bestow
428 1 | Indians and Iranians, had the custom of offering gifts to the
429 Intro, 8 | the rest about the funeral customs of early Vedic India (cf.
430 Intro, 3 | Mandalas or 'books' (lit. 'cycles') and Suktas or 'hymns'.
431 21 | milk (gó), sour milk (dádhi), and barley (yáva). The
432 Intro, 7 | Aryaman, Bhaga, Varuna, Daksa, Amsa: Surya was probably
433 Intro, 8 | others, which are called Danastutis, or 'praises of gifts'.
434 Intro, 7 | to by the metronymic term Danava. Another powerful demon
435 11 | Decked in gay attire like a dancer, clothed in light, she appears
436 Intro, 8 | with dice (cp. p. 186). Dancing was also practised, chiefly
437 Intro, 7 | His mother being called Danu, he is sometimes alluded
438 Intro, 7 | generally described as Dasas and slain by Indra. A group
439 17 | and frequent epithets are dasrá wondrous and násatya true.~
440 Intro, 7 | 134). The term dasa, or dasyu, properly the name of the
441 6 | black race. He subjected the Dasyus to the Aryan, and gave land
442 18 | become obscured, because it dates from an earlier age. For
443 7 | colour is brown; his form is dazzling, for he shines like the
444 21 | Indra, and is most fully dealt with in the two hymns iv.
445 4 | brightly down. It is his dear abode, where pious men and
446 Intro, 8 | apparently being the commonest. Debt, chiefly as a result of
447 Intro, 7 | Spirit-life', and Nirrti, 'Decease', occur only in a few isolated
448 Intro, 7 | described as 'true' and 'not deceitful', being friends and protectors
449 15 | that are wise and cannot be deceived. They are kings and universal
450 Intro, 10| interpretations can be treated as decisive only if they are borne out
451 Intro, 4 | arranged according to the decreasing number of their stanzas,
452 4 | him. One hymn (vi. 69) is dedicated to the two gods conjointly.
453 17 | cured of various physical defects, or befriended in other
454 Intro, 7 | indefinite in outline and deficient in individuality. Having
455 14 | They purify, carrying away defilement. They even cleanse from
456 Intro, 7 | eleven hymns. They are a deft-handed trio, who by their marvellous
457 14 | down before the youth.~The deification of the Waters is pre-Vedic,
458 6 | sun when kept back by the delaying dawn. He is also said to
459 14 | for Indra, Soma (viii. 48) delights in them like a young man
460 17 | They are the speediest deliverers from distress in general.
461 Intro, 7 | and limbs of Agni merely denote his flames. Some of the
462 Intro, 7 | felt. We find here names denoting either an agent (formed
463 Intro, 5 | n and a hard palatal or dental is in the RV. restricted
464 16 | evil dreams. All creatures depend on him, and the epithet '
465 Intro, 7 | fulfilment of desires is dependent on them. They are benevolent
466 Intro, 9 | Maruts, or Storm gods, often depict with vigorous imagery the
467 24 | fascination of the dice, deplores the ruin to which he has
468 7 | his terrible shafts and deprecation of his wrath. He is implored
469 7 | be might slay. Thus the deprecations of his wrath led to the
470 8 | seized the brightness in the depth of the ocean.~
471 8 | waters, who lives in their depths, who is surrounded by females,
472 7 | according to the usual derivation from rud cry.~
473 16 | gods.~The name Súrya is a derivative of svàr light, and cognate
474 17 | They yoke their car to descend to earth and receive the
475 28 | from whom the human race is descended, Yama and Yami, are identical
476 4 | strides he takes, and the description of him as a youth vast in
477 3 | are almost exclusively descriptive of them. Their lances represent
478 28 | priest. He is not expressly designated a god, but only a being
479 16 | to Surya. Since the name designates the, orb of the sun as well
480 6 | also found there as the designation of the God of Victory, though
481 6 | held them together.~As the destroyer of demons in combat, Indra
482 6 | sometimes he is described as destroying demons in general, the Raksases
483 Intro, 7 | connexion with some god who destroys them. The much less common
484 Intro, 7 | to drive away demons and destruction. The Mortar and Pestle used
485 Intro, 7 | to all these gods, with detailed introductions describing
486 1 | upon. As knowing all the details of sacrifice he is wise
487 Intro, 6 | the line that is rigidly determined, and the lines of eleven
488 2 | the name is accompanied by devá god, when it means the '
489 Intro, 7 | are, finally, the Visve devas (p. 147), who, invoked in
490 Intro, 9 | Parjanya (v. 83) paints the devastating effects of the rain-storm
491 Intro, 7 | the RV. (x. 121) is kasmai devaya havisa vidhema? 'to what
492 23 | that trodden by the gods (devayána).~
493 Intro, 7 | the Divine Doors (dvaro devih), which lead to the place
494 Intro, 7 | entire hymn (x. 97) being devoted to their praise, chiefly
495 3 | and, like wild elephants, devour the forests. One of their
496 1 | as soon as born the child devours his parents. By the ten
497 Intro, 7 | their five main feats of dexterity the greatest consisted in
498 Intro, 7 | Vidhatri the 'Disposer', Dhartr, the 'Supporter', Tratr,
499 18 | is pre-eminently called dhrtravrata whose laws are established.
500 1 | smoke. 'Smoke-bannered' (dhuma-ketu) is his frequent and exclusive