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Vedic Reader (excerpts) IntraText - Concordances (Hapax - words occurring once) |
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501 Intro, 1 | earlier, could scarcely have differed at all from that of the
502 Intro, 4 | There must have been some difference between the two groups,
503 Intro, 10| method of interpreting the difficult parts of the RV. from internal
504 2 | golden splendour which he diffuses, illuminating heaven, earth,
505 Intro, 4 | arranged according to the diminishing number of stanzas contained
506 17 | the latter also (like the Dioskouroi and the Asvins) are rescuers
507 Intro, 8 | especially valuable as throwing direct light on the earliest thought
508 1 | burning head he faces in all directions.~He is compared with various
509 18 | high are seen at night, but disappear by day. Thus Varuna is lord
510 7 | thunderbolt in his arm, and discharges his lightning shaft from
511 3 | Vrtra joint from joint, and disclosed the cows.~When not associated
512 11 | the hated darkness. She discloses the treasures concealed
513 Intro, 1 | been invalidated by the discovery in 1907 of the names of
514 17 | divine physicians, healing diseases with their remedies, restoring
515 5 | beings, and protect from disgrace and misfortune. They are
516 Intro, 7 | Furrow', is once invoked to dispense crops and rich blessings.~
517 6 | subjects the black skin. He dispersed 50,000 of the black race.
518 Intro, 10| critical scholar has at his disposal not only all the material
519 Intro, 7 | rarely occur Vidhatri the 'Disposer', Dhartr, the 'Supporter',
520 22 | was the usual method of disposing of the dead, and was the
521 Intro, 1 | extreme antiquity seems to be disproved by the relationship of the
522 Intro, 7 | RV. have not yet become dissociated from the physical phenomena
523 17 | goes round the sun in the distance. Their revolving course (
524 17 | speediest deliverers from distress in general. The various
525 Intro, 7 | into three groups of eleven distributed in earth, air, and heaven,
526 11 | concealed by darkness, and distributes them bountifully, She awakens
527 Intro, 7 | Indo-Iranian period. The goddess Diti, named only three times
528 Intro, 6 | metre throughout; a typical divergence from this rule is to mark
529 Intro, 10| considerable, is shown by the divergences of opinion among his predecessors
530 6 | thunderstorm is in a few passages divested of mythological imagery,
531 Intro, 7 | who, with the aid of the dog Sarama, tracks and releases
532 10 | drives out the cows. In to doing he dispels the darkness
533 7 | dominion be is aware of the doings of men and gods, He is bountiful (
534 | done
535 10 | purely Indian deity. The double accent and the parallel
536 29 | more concrete way than his doublet Vayú, who is celebrated
537 10 | páti, 'Lord of prayer', the doublets alternating in the same
538 6 | etymology of the word is doubtful, but its radical portion
539 Intro, 8 | already existed, though doubtless in a rudimentary stage.
540 6 | the action of the waters downwards. With the Vrtra-fight, with
541 3 | for Indra when he slew the dragon, they sang a song and pressed
542 Intro, 8 | the subject of Kalidasa's drama Vikramorvasi. The other (
543 Intro, 8 | interest as foreshadowing the dramatic works of a later age.~Didactic
544 21 | the gods drink Soma; they drank it to gain immortality;
545 Intro, 7 | Visnu, where cheered by draughts of Soma they live a life
546 17 | They desire honey and are drinkers of it. They have a skin
547 Intro, 7 | bolt of Indra and a new -drinking-cup for the gods. He is a guardian
548 21 | into jars (kalása) or vats (dróna), where it is mixed with
549 1 | or his mothers. From the dry wood Agni is born living;
550 Intro, 8 | which describes the world as due to the development of the
551 14 | Indra, armed with the bolt, dug out a channel for them,
552 Intro, 8 | instruments used being the drum (dundubhi), the flute (vana), and
553 1 | characteristically a messenger (dutá) appointed by gods and by
554 Intro, 7 | barhis) and the Divine Doors (dvaro devih), which lead to the
555 1 | exclusively bears the epithet dvi-jánman having two births. As being
556 Intro, 7 | dual compounds are those of Dyava-prthivi, 'Heaven and Earth' (p.
557 21 | lord of speech'. He awakens eager thought: he is a generator
558 Intro, 8 | anklets, necklaces, and earrings were worn as ornaments.
559 7 | is bountiful (midhváms), easily invoked and auspicious (
560 Intro, 8 | vegetables, and fruit. Meat was eaten only when animals were sacrificed.
561 Intro, 7 | Vedas, are the Pisacas, eaters of raw flesh or of corpses.~
562 6 | ways, such as excess in eating and drinking, and cruelty
563 18 | arms, walks, drives, sits, eats, and drinks. His eye with
564 Intro, 7 | cows; and Svarbhanu, who eclipses the sun. There are several
565 Intro, 9 | paints the devastating effects of the rain-storm with great
566 Intro, 3 | mechanical, is into Astakas or 'eighths' of about equal length,
567 Intro, 8 | mentioning their names. More elaborate and obscure is a long poem
568 11 | called the sister, or the elder sister, of Night (x. 127),
569 3 | rend trees, and, like wild elephants, devour the forests. One
570 8 | Agui which lurks in the eloud. For Agni, besides being
571 21 | brought to earth. The myth embodying this belief is that of the
572 18 | limits of his dominion. He embraces the universe, and the abodes
573 Intro, 4 | words and meanings begin to emerge. As to matter, a tendency
574 28 | sarameyáu) are his regular emissaries. They guard the path along
575 21 | intoxicating effect of Soma most emphasized by the poets is the stimulus
576 Intro, 10| reaction arose which, in emphasizing the purely Indian character
577 Intro, 8 | about the poets and their employers, as well as about the names
578 18 | from the root vr cover or encompass.~
579 18 | Varuna seems to have been the encompassing sky. It has, however, become
580 | ending
581 21 | and mystical imagery in endless variation. The pressing
582 6 | the physical world. He is energetic and violent in action, an
583 Intro, 8 | the Indo-Aryans were still engaged in war with the aborigines,
584 6 | often assist him. Indra also engages in conflict with numerous
585 Intro, 8 | 164), in which a number of enigmas, largely connected with
586 28 | besought to grant continued enjoyment of the light of the sun.~
587 Intro, 2 | COLLECTION.~When the Indo-Aryans entered India, they brought with
588 22 | with a glorious body, he enters upon a life of bliss which
589 23 | as their food. They are entreated to hear, intercede for,
590 Intro, 7 | invoked to grant a favourable entry, to remove disease, and
591 Intro, 2 | Anukramanis or 'Indexes', which enumerate from the beginning to the
592 Intro, 7 | One passage (ii. 27, 1) enumerates six of them Mitra, Aryaman,
593 Intro, 7 | Some of the gods appear equipped as warriors, especially
594 Intro, 3 | that in bulk the RV. is equivalent to the extant poems of Homer.~
595 1 | the firmament; like the erector of a post he supports the
596 6 | Exhilarated by Soma and generally escorted by the Maruts, he attacks
597 Intro, 7 | melted butter. It is thus essentially a polytheistic religion,
598 16 | drawn by one steed called etasá, or by seven swift mares
599 6 | character displays lofty ethical features.~The name of Indra
600 Intro, 10| Religion and Mythology, and Ethnology. The student will find in
601 7 | to the application of the euphemistic epithet sivá which became
602 Intro, 10| in its application, will eventually clear up a large proportion
603 Intro, 10| based on etymology, are evidently often merely conjectural,
604 27 | the world is explained the evolution of the existent (sát) from
605 Intro, 8 | the starting-point of the evolutional philosophy which in later
606 Intro, 10| is clear from a careful examination of their comments that neither
607 Intro, 4 | hymns of the first are, excepting four stanzas, composed in
608 6 | in various ways, such as excess in eating and drinking,
609 Intro, 8 | representing the unit of value in exchange. Certain trades and crafts
610 Intro, 10| notes of the Reader many exemplifications of the usefulness of these
611 Intro, 7 | god and a single demon, as exemplified by Indra and Vrtra. The
612 Intro, 7 | value as the want of a god exercising the particular activity
613 3 | the Maruts occasionally exhibit the maleficent traits of
614 Intro, 7 | Seasons. The Rbhus further exhibited their skill in renewing
615 Intro, 8 | trades and crafts already existed, though doubtless in a rudimentary
616 Intro, 7 | the 'one lord of all that exists'. In one curious instance
617 Intro, 2 | thus fixed. The earliest expedient of this kind was the formation
618 Intro, 10| are invaluable guides. in explaining the theological and ritual
619 Intro, 10| explanations of a word. Thus he explains the epithet jata-vedas in
620 7 | addressed to him chiefly express fear of his terrible shafts
621 21 | resulting from the admixture, is expressed in the most various ways.
622 Intro, 7 | styled 'sons of Aditi'. This expression at first most probably meant
623 28 | and his priest. He is not expressly designated a god, but only
624 2 | blesses all beings, and which extend to the ends of the earth.
625 Intro, 5 | become universal, being extended to cases where it has no
626 14 | is only incipient, hardly extending beyond the notion of their
627 6 | latter feature is probably an extension of the former. Indra's connexion
628 Intro, 1 | thought apparent in the extensive literature of the successive
629 Intro, 8 | ceremonies only, while Sura, extracted from some kind of grain,
630 Intro, 2 | this work was concluded, extraordinary precautions were taken to
631 18 | numbering hardly a dozen.~His face, eye, arms, hands, and feet
632 1 | With a burning head he faces in all directions.~He is
633 Intro, 7 | one (x. 161) to Sraddha, 'Faith'. Anumati, 'Favour (of the
634 9 | Mithra is the guardian of faithfulness. As the kindly nature of
635 Intro, 10| the Asvins, as 'true, not false', another Agrayana, as '
636 5 | wealth, or bestow great fame and dominion. Sometimes
637 17 | are parallel to the two famous horsemen of Greek mythology,
638 13 | conducts the dead on the far-off path of the Fathers. He
639 16 | Agni and of the gods. He is far-seeing, all-seeing, the spy of
640 18 | mankind is the sun. He is far-sighted and thousand-eyed. He treads
641 18 | ocean, the course of the far-travelling wind beholding all the secret
642 24 | who, unable to resist the fascination of the dice, deplores the
643 Intro, 8 | references to flora and fauna bear out this conclusion.~
644 Intro, 7 | Sraddha, 'Faith'. Anumati, 'Favour (of the gods)', Aramati, '
645 Intro, 7 | who is invoked to grant a favourable entry, to remove disease,
646 7 | addressed to him chiefly express fear of his terrible shafts and
647 23 | They revel with Yama and feast with the gods. They are
648 Intro, 7 | deities. Among their five main feats of dexterity the greatest
649 18 | face, eye, arms, hands, and feet are mentioned. He moves
650 16 | cloud and rain, or their felly (paví), or a brilliant car
651 Intro, 7 | in question began to be felt. We find here names denoting
652 17 | with the Sun conceived as a female called either Surya or more
653 8 | depths, who is surrounded by females, who is often invoked with
654 3 | drawn by steeds (generally feminine) that are ruddy or tawny,
655 7 | been founded partly on the fertilizing and purifying action of
656 18 | he severely punishes. The fetters (pásas) with which he binds
657 Intro, 4 | The fact of its containing fewer hymns than the seventh book
658 Intro, 2 | down for 2,500 years with a fidelity that finds no parallel in
659 Intro, 8 | practised to some extent: fields were furrowed with a plough
660 Intro, 7 | frequently used in the sense of fiend to designate the aerial
661 Intro, 6 | length. There are about fifteen metres, but only about seven
662 17 | being invoked in more than fifty entire hymns and in parts
663 Intro, 8 | obscure is a long poem of fifty-two stanzas (i. 164), in which
664 6 | action, an irresistible fighter, an inexhaustible lavisher
665 Intro, 7 | in many instances simply figurative illustrations of the phenomena
666 3 | storm. Their rain is often figuratively called milk, ghee, or honey.
667 Intro, 7 | which they represent, their figures are indefinite in outline
668 Intro, 3 | the Samhita text would fill an octavo volume of about
669 17 | of it. They have a skin filled with honey; they poured
670 18 | swiftly into the ocean without filling it. It is, however, with
671 21 | as it passes through the filter of sheep's wool is usually
672 21 | exclusively to Vayu or India. The filtered Soma flows into jars (kalása)
673 Intro, 9 | Gambler's lament (x. 34) is a fine specimen of pathetic poetry.
674 1 | produce him are meant the ten fingers of the kindler. Owing to
675 15 | it is great, very lofty, firm, with a thousand columns
676 1 | red smoke rises up to the firmament; like the erector of a post
677 1 | Thus he is butter-backed, flame-haired, and has a tawny beard,
678 17 | They are strong and agile, fleet as thought or as an eagle.
679 Intro, 8 | to-day. The references to flora and fauna bear out this
680 14 | They give their auspicious fluid like loving mothers. They
681 28 | is the path of Yama. His foot-fetter (pádbisa) is spoken of as
682 18 | not occur. Varuna is on a footing of friendship with his worshipper,
683 1 | the kindler. Owing to the force required to kindle Agni
684 Intro, 8 | special literary interest as foreshadowing the dramatic works of a
685 Intro, 7 | Aranyani, 'Goddess of the Forest' (x. 146). Others are only
686 Intro, 8 | The smith melted ore in a forge, and made kettles and other
687 18 | in which the prayer for forgiveness of guilt does not occur.
688 Intro, 2 | expedient of this kind was the formation of the Pada or 'word' text,
689 | former
690 6 | him.~The essential myth forming the basis of his nature
691 Intro, 8 | who is on the point of forsaking him. It is the earliest
692 6 | characteristically called the 'fort-destroyer' (parbhíd). But the chief
693 6 | moreover, appear as the fortresses (púras) of the aerial demons,
694 | forty
695 Intro, 4 | very long hymns (one of forty-eight and another of fifty-eight
696 Intro, 4 | Thus the second Book has forty-three, the third sixty-two, the
697 Intro, 8 | That they were still moving forward as conquerors is indicated
698 Intro, 6 | Vedic metres, which are the foundation of the Classical Sanskrit
699 7 | powers would then have been founded partly on the fertilizing
700 Intro, 10| traditional method Roth, the founder of Vedic philology, substituted
701 28 | messengers, but the two four-eyed, broad-nosed, brindled dogs,
702 Intro, 10| great commentary of Sayana (fourteenth century A.D.), and is represented
703 Intro, 5 | Panini at the end of the fourth century B.C. It differs
704 22 | imperfections and bodily frailties, in which all desires are
705 Intro, 7 | is A-diti, 'Liberation', 'Freedom' (lit. 'un-binding'), whose
706 Intro, 8 | society, and that women held a freer and more honoured position
707 6 | is described with extreme frequency and much variation. Exhilarated
708 Intro, 8 | corresponding to the north-west Frontier Province, and the Panjab
709 Intro, 8 | grain, vegetables, and fruit. Meat was eaten only when
710 8 | youthful, he shines without fuel in the waters which surround
711 22 | in which all desires are fulfilled, and which is passed among
712 Intro, 7 | time they appoint; and the fulfilment of desires is dependent
713 21 | Soma to Indra, and is most fully dealt with in the two hymns
714 1 | funeral pyre (x. 14). Another function of Agni is to burn and dispel
715 15 | the same attributes and functions as Varuna alone. They are
716 Intro, 6 | 4 x 12), which together furnish two-thirds of the total
717 Intro, 7 | onwards, in all probability furnished the analogy for this dual
718 Intro, 7 | confer welfare. Sita, the 'Furrow', is once invoked to dispense
719 Intro, 8 | some extent: fields were furrowed with a plough drawn by bulls;
720 6 | said to find the light; he gained the sun or found it in the
721 6 | sun, is also connected the gaining of Soma. Thus when Indra
722 Intro, 8 | chiefly as a result of gambling, was known. Clothing consisted
723 3 | 54). They form a troop (ganá, sárdhas), being mentioned
724 Intro, 7 | a single being (like the Gandarewa of the Avesta), who dwells
725 Intro, 10| were composed. That the gap between the poets and the
726 8 | also termed the embryo (gárbha) of the waters; and the
727 3 | father Rudra. They wear garlands, golden mantles, golden
728 15 | arms. They wear glistening garments. They mount their car in
729 11 | she awakes; she opens the gates of heaven; her radiant beams
730 11 | mind of the poet. Decked in gay attire like a dancer, clothed
731 16 | inanimate object: he is a gem of the sky, or a variegated
732 Intro, 8 | hymns. They yield incidental genealogical information about the poets
733 Intro, 7 | By far the most common generic name for them is Raksas.
734 10 | the first member is the genitive of a noun brh, from the
735 Intro, 7 | spouse of a corresponding genius named Gandharva. In a few
736 Intro, 9 | Nevertheless the RV. contains much genuine poetry. As the gods are
737 Intro, 7 | Hiranyagarbha, the 'Golden Germ', once occurs as the name
738 Intro, 5 | has more participles and gerunds. It is, however, in verbal
739 25 | the body of a primaeval giant named Purusa. The act of
740 6 | the mountains (párvata, girí), on which the demons lie
741 14 | which is rich in honey, gladdens the gods, is the draught
742 3 | cars on which they ride gleam with lightning, and are
743 15 | as with arms. They wear glistening garments. They mount their
744 13 | bounty is often mentioned. 'Glowing' (aghrni) is one of his
745 21 | admixture (asír): milk (gó), sour milk (dádhi), and
746 13 | golden spear, an awl, and a goad. His car is drawn by goats
747 14 | terrestrial, and the sea is their goal. They abide where the gods
748 22 | body intact and to burn the goat which is sacrificed as his
749 Intro, 7 | she, is twice mentioned.~Godesses play an insignificant part
750 Intro, 2 | of them, such as Dyaus, going back to the Indo-European,
751 7 | like the radiant sun, like gold. He is arrayed with golden
752 10 | sharp-horned and blue-backed; golden-coloured and ruddy. He is armed with
753 2 | golden deity: the epithets golden-eyed, golden-handed, and golden-tongued
754 2 | the epithets golden-eyed, golden-handed, and golden-tongued are
755 17 | are the only gods called golden-pathed (híranya-vartani). They
756 2 | golden-eyed, golden-handed, and golden-tongued are peculiar to him. His
757 18 | stimulate prayer. By the golden-winged messenger of Varuna the
758 1 | the waters he is like a goose; he is winged, and he takes
759 18 | his knowledge.~As a moral governor Varuna stands far above
760 23 | desire to be in their good graces. The Vasisthas are once
761 Intro, 1 | centuries to account for the gradual changes, linguistic, religious,
762 Intro, 4 | in the tenth book earlier grammatical forms and words growing
763 Intro, 9 | hymns to Indra show much graphic power in describing his
764 21 | sharp weapons, which he grasps in his hand; he wields a
765 21 | crushed are called ádri or grávan. The pressed juice as it
766 Intro, 7 | goddesses. The pressing stones (gravanas) are invoked as deities
767 Intro, 5 | Greek. It exhibits a much greater variety of forms than Sanskrit
768 5 | other pairs one of the two greatly predominates.~
769 1 | since the Italians and Greeks, as well as the Indians
770 Intro, 8 | as ornaments. Men usually grew beards, but sometimes shaved.
771 1 | He is the only god called grhá-pati lord of the house, and is
772 18 | air, and to moisten the ground.~Varuna's ordinances being
773 5 | rich in seed. They never grow old. They are great and
774 Intro, 2 | 2. ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE COLLECTION.~When
775 13 | His characteristic food is gruel (karambhá).~He sees all
776 20 | leaving his name to be guessed. The deities meant in the
777 1 | constantly spoken of as a guest (átithi) in human dwellings.
778 Intro, 10| commentators are invaluable guides. in explaining the theological
779 26 | the wolf and the thief, guiding them to safety. Under the
780 Intro, 8 | about the names and the habitat of the Vedic tribes. They
781 1 | to drive (Lat. ago, Gk. hágo), Skt. ájami).~
782 18 | dozen.~His face, eye, arms, hands, and feet are mentioned.
783 Intro, 5 | sibilant between final n and a hard palatal or dental is in
784 16 | seven swift mares called hárit bays.~The Dawn or Dawns
785 28 | along which the dead man hastens to join the Fathers who
786 10 | arrows, and wields a golden hatchet or an iron axe. He has a
787 15 | falsehood, which they dispel, hate, and punish. They afflict
788 11 | dreams, evil spirits, and the hated darkness. She discloses
789 Intro, 7 | x. 121) is kasmai devaya havisa vidhema? 'to what god should
790 1 | who conveys the offering (havya-váhana) is distinguished his corpse-devouring (
791 1 | threefold light; he has three heads, three bodies, three stations.
792 22 | and Soma are besought to heal any injury that bird, beast,
793 21 | medicinal powers: Soma heals whatever is sick, making
794 14 | They also bestow remedies, health, wealth, strength, long
795 23 | food. They are entreated to hear, intercede for, and protect
796 19 | compared during the drought to heated kettles, and are described
797 17 | sons of Zeus, brothers of Helena; and to the two Lettic God'
798 3 | golden ornaments, and golden helmets. Armlets and anklets (khadí)
799 6 | praised as the protector, helper, and friend of his worshippers.
800 11 | radiant beams appear like herds of cattle. She drives away
801 Intro, 2 | exclusively composed by a hereditary priesthood. They were handed
802 14 | exhilarated and to whom it gave heroic strength. They are invoked
803 6 | heaven and earth like a hide; he holds asunder heaven
804 Intro, 4 | family books renders it highly probable that they formed
805 10 | the chief of the later Hindu triad.~
806 Intro, 1 | literature in the north-west of Hindustan.~
807 17 | gods called golden-pathed (híranya-vartani). They are strong and agile,
808 Intro, 7 | 81. 82) are addressed. Hiranyagarbha, the 'Golden Germ', once
809 Intro, 7 | potent powers of evil. They hold sway over all creatures;
810 Intro, 3 | equivalent to the extant poems of Homer.~There is a twofold division
811 Intro, 5 | latter about as much as Homeric from Attic Greek. It exhibits
812 Intro, 4 | hundred and four hymns. The homogeneity of the family books renders
813 Intro, 4 | ten books, ii to vii, are homogeneous in character. The hymns
814 Intro, 7 | friends and protectors of the honest and righteous, but punishing
815 17 | their car is honey-hued and honey-bearing. They give honey to the
816 17 | jars of honey. They have a honey-goad; and their car is honey-hued
817 17 | honey-goad; and their car is honey-hued and honey-bearing. They
818 Intro, 8 | women held a freer and more honoured position than in later times.
819 6 | arrows; he also carries a hook (ankusá).~Having a golden
820 1 | bull that bellows, and has horns which he sharpens; when
821 Intro, 8 | show that he ever did so on horseback. The ordinary weapons were
822 17 | Though their name (asv-in horseman) is purely Indian, and though
823 10 | Accompanied by his singing host he rends Vala with a roar,
824 Intro, 4 | which were the sphere of the Hotr or reciting priest. The
825 1 | other name invoking priest (hótr), also officiating priest (
826 | how
827 7 | uncertain, but would be 'Howler' according to the usual
828 21 | from the root su (= Av. hu) press.~
829 11 | Shining with a uniform hue, she wastes away the life
830 23 | descendants for any sin humanly committed against them.
831 Intro, 8 | were trapped and snared, or hunted with bows and arrows, occasionally
832 3 | and the stone which they hurl, their lightning, and their
833 Intro, 10| strength', 'giver of life', 'hurler away of what is undesired', '
834 17 | Surya. They are Surya's two husbands whom she chose and whose
835 16 | cognate with the Avesta hvare sun, which has swift horses
836 21 | alluded to generally in hyperbolical usage, with verbs meaning
837 Intro, 4 | priest, and added after Books i-viii, which were the sphere of
838 Intro, 6 | which is of a generally iambic type. It is only the rhythm
839 Intro, 7 | are in fact several such identifications in the RV. The idea is even
840 Intro, 4 | groups being based not on identity of authorship, but of metre.~
841 Intro, 7 | liberation', according to an idiom common in the RV. and elsewhere.
842 1 | The name of Agni (Lat. igni-s, Slavonic ogni) is Indo-European,
843 Intro, 10| and etymology, without ignoring either the help supplied
844 3 | worshippers and not to let their ill-will reach them, and are besought
845 2 | splendour which he diffuses, illuminating heaven, earth, and air.
846 11 | the life of mortals. She illumines the ends of the sky when
847 Intro, 9 | cosmogonic hymns (x. 129) illustrates how philosophical speculation
848 Intro, 7 | instances simply figurative illustrations of the phenomena of nature
849 Intro, 1 | unchanged for the truly immense period of over 3000 years.
850 6 | the same time sensual and immoral in various ways, such as
851 Intro, 9 | primitive, their poetry is often impaired by constant sacrificial
852 21 | poets is the stimulus it imparts to Indra in his conflict
853 2 | the rays of the Sun, to impel the sun, or to declare men
854 Intro, 10| expeller of water, Parjanya', 'impeller', 'strong', 'wise', and '
855 22 | bliss which is free from imperfections and bodily frailties, in
856 Intro, 7 | properties. Sacrificial implements, moreover, are deified.
857 12 | referred to as a father. By implication his wife is the Earth, and
858 Intro, 7 | been originally mortal is implied in the statement that they
859 Intro, 9 | with death in language of impressive and solemn beauty. One of
860 6 | the waters pent up like imprisoned cows. The physical elements
861 Intro, 8 | himself and his home by his inability to resist the attraction
862 16 | Occasionally he is, described as an inanimate object: he is a gem of the
863 14 | personification is only incipient, hardly extending beyond
864 20 | sacrificial group intended to include all the gods in order that
865 Intro, 10| Sayana often gives several inconsistent explanations of a word in
866 Intro, 7 | This vagueness is further increased by the practice of invoking
867 6 | but its radical portion ind may be connected with that
868 6 | be connected with that in índ-u drop.~
869 Intro, 7 | represent, their figures are indefinite in outline and deficient
870 9 | character appears somewhat indefirite.~Uttering his voice, he
871 21 | to be attributed to Soma independently. He is a victor unconquered
872 Intro, 2 | works called Anukramanis or 'Indexes', which enumerate from the
873 Intro, 8 | forward as conquerors is indicated by references to rivers
874 29 | similarly linked with Indra as Índra-Vayú. Vata is the breath of the
875 21 | draught, but oftenest called índu the bright drop. The colour
876 Intro, 7 | life (x. 58. 60), or to induce sleep (v. 55), or to procure
877 Intro, 7 | the RV. Thus the Sindhu (Indus) s celebrated as a goddess
878 6 | irresistible fighter, an inexhaustible lavisher of the highest
879 6 | appears to be Dyaus; but the inference from other passages is that
880 Intro, 8 | there mentioned, it is to be inferred that the Indo-Aryan tribes
881 Intro, 5 | has twelve forms of the infinitive, while only a single one
882 Intro, 2 | and some derivatives and inflected forms are analysed. This
883 Intro, 5 | in nominal and pronominal inflexion are more numerous. It has
884 22 | ant, or serpent may have inflicted on the body. The way to
885 14 | for them, and they never infringe his ordinances. They are
886 18 | wrath is aroused by sin, the infringement of his ordinances, which
887 11 | appointed place, she never infringes the ordinance of nature
888 Intro, 7 | mankind; the only one in whom injurious traits appear being Rudra.
889 22 | are besought to heal any injury that bird, beast, ant, or
890 21 | with Vrtra is mentioned in innumerable passages. Through this association
891 17 | age.~They are twins and inseparable, though two or three passages
892 Intro, 5 | that of Sanskrit. Thus the insertion of a sibilant between final
893 Intro, 7 | frequently mentioned, are in many instances simply figurative illustrations
894 | instead
895 1 | have been an Indo-European institution also, since the Italians
896 Intro, 8 | were fond of music, the instruments used being the drum (dundubhi),
897 22 | besought to preserve the body intact and to burn the goat which
898 27 | first; from it was evolved intelligence by heat. It is the starting-point
899 23 | They are entreated to hear, intercede for, and protect their worshippers,
900 Intro, 8 | hymns has a special literary interest as foreshadowing the dramatic
901 Intro, 8 | a-sat), is particularly interesting as the starting-point of
902 Intro, 7 | the cups have been various interpreted a s the moon with its four
903 Intro, 10| that still confront the interpreter of the Rigveda.~
904 Intro, 10| one of these, Aurnavabha, interprets nasatyau, an epithet of
905 Intro, 1 | the Vedas, but also of the intervening literature of the Brahmanas
906 9 | Mitra with Varuna is so intimate that he is addressed alone
907 6 | monologue in which Indra, intoxicated with Soma, boasts of his
908 Intro, 2 | which could hardly have been introduced into India before about
909 Intro, 7 | these gods, with detailed introductions describing their characters
910 1 | his path is black when he invades the forests and shaves the
911 Intro, 1 | This estimate has not been invalidated by the discovery in 1907
912 Intro, 10| Indian commentators are invaluable guides. in explaining the
913 Intro, 2 | period of the Indo-Aryan invasion were almost exclusively
914 18 | connected. Thus he makes the inverted cask (the cloud) to pour
915 6 | physical side, and more invested with mythological imagery,
916 21 | hostile powers. That Soma invigorates Indra for the fight with
917 Intro, 7 | nature. The hymns are mainly invocations of these gods, and are meant
918 Intro, 1 | we must assume that the Iranian and the Indian languages
919 6 | and violent in action, an irresistible fighter, an inexhaustible
920 7 | young and unaging, a lord (ísana) and father of the world.
921 1 | institution also, since the Italians and Greeks, as well as the
922 Intro, 1 | But, according to Prof. Jacobi, the separation took place
923 7 | two exclusive epithets, jálasa, cooling, and jálasa-bhesaja,
924 7 | epithets, jálasa, cooling, and jálasa-bhesaja, possessing cooling remedies.~
925 5 | often called pitára, matára, jánitri, besides being separately
926 Intro, 10| he explains the epithet jata-vedas in as many as five different
927 1 | and is exclusively called jatá-vedas he who knows all created
928 Intro, 5 | to cases where it has no justification. After e and o in the RV.
929 Intro, 5 | where it is historically justified; in Sanskrit it has become
930 Intro, 7 | as an independent name, Ka, of the supreme god. The
931 Intro, 7 | oblation?' This led to the word ká, 'who?' being used in the
932 21 | filtered Soma flows into jars (kalása) or vats (dróna), where
933 Intro, 8 | later formed the subject of Kalidasa's drama Vikramorvasi. The
934 28 | úluka) and the pigeon (kapóta) are mentioned as his messengers,
935 13 | characteristic food is gruel (karambhá).~He sees all creatures
936 Intro, 7 | hymn of the RV. (x. 121) is kasmai devaya havisa vidhema? '
937 Intro, 10| one of his predecessors, Kautsa, as saying that the Vedic
938 6 | údhar), spring (útsa), cask (kávandha), pail (kósa). The clouds,
939 2 | it is hardly possible to keep the two deities apart.~Savitr
940 4 | flight of birds or mortal ken. His highest step is like
941 3 | helmets. Armlets and anklets (khadí) are peculiar to them. The
942 6 | drinking, and cruelty in killing his own father Tvastr. He
943 1 | to the force required to kindle Agni he is often called '
944 1 | meant the ten fingers of the kindler. Owing to the force required
945 1 | production from the two kindling sticks (aránis), which are
946 9 | of faithfulness. As the kindly nature of the god is often
947 1 | to be termed the nearest kinsman of men. He is oftenest described
948 21 | become a commonplace.~We know that the preparation and
949 6 | cask (kávandha), pail (kósa). The clouds, moreover,
950 1 | distinguished his corpse-devouring (kravyád) form that burns the body
951 18 | attribute of sovereignty (ksatrá) and the term ásura are
952 Intro, 7 | protection and prosperity. Ksetrasya pati, 'Lord of the Field',
953 Intro, 10| that, as a result of the labours of Vedic scholars, the meaning
954 Intro, 7 | consorts, and altogether lacking in individuality: such are
955 22 | of the dead man, having lain beside him, arises, and
956 6 | said to have drunk three lakes of Soma. One whole hymn (
957 21 | the blind to see and the lame to walk. Soma also stimulates
958 Intro, 8 | monologue in which a gambler laments the misery he has brought
959 3 | descriptive of them. Their lances represent lightning, as
960 6 | Dasyus to the Aryan, and gave land to the Aryan.~More generally
961 Intro, 1 | necessary to postulate the lapse of seven or eight centuries
962 Intro, 7 | detached stanzas. By far the largest number of hymns is addressed
963 Intro, 7 | with the waters.~There are, lastly, a few divinities of the
964 1 | also sometimes conceived as latent in terrestrial waters. This
965 20 | none should be left out in laudations meant for the whole pantheon.
966 6 | fighter, an inexhaustible lavisher of the highest goods on
967 18 | heaven and earth, and by his law heaven and earth are held
968 7 | man-slaying bolt from them, and to lay others low. He is, however,
969 21 | herbs, Soma is, like other leading gods, called a king: he
970 11 | the eye of the gods, and leads on the beautiful white horse.
971 22 | future life. From them we learn that, though burial was
972 Intro, 1 | date of the inscription leaves two centuries for the separation
973 20 | his characteristic marks, leaving his name to be guessed.
974 20 | order that none should be left out in laudations meant
975 17 | and the maimed. Several legends are mentioned about those
976 | let
977 21 | exclusively, while the morning libation is his first drink. The
978 23 | Soma, and thirst for the libations prepared for them on earth,
979 6 | result of victories. His liberality is so characteristic that
980 6 | girí), on which the demons lie or dwell, or from which
981 22 | dead. Before the pyre is lighted, the wife of the dead man,
982 3 | their epithet rsti-vidyut lightning-speared shows. They also have golden
983 29 | thunderstorm. He produces ruddy lights and makes the dawns to shine.
984 | likely
985 21 | poets. He is then often likened to or associated with the
986 6 | men have attained to the limit of his might; and no one
987 18 | they flow can reach the limits of his dominion. He embraces
988 Intro, 1 | for the gradual changes, linguistic, religious, social, and
989 29 | Vayu is often similarly linked with Indra as Índra-Vayú.
990 3 | dustless, fierce, terrible like lions, but also playful like children
991 7 | mentioned. He has beautiful lips and wears braided hair.
992 Intro, 8 | Two kinds of spirituous liquor were made: Soma was drunk
993 12 | means 'rain-cloud' in the literal sense but in most passages
994 21 | offered to the gods on the litter of sacred grass (barhís).
995 Intro, 4 | attribution of authorship is of little or no value in the case
996 Intro, 10| obscure words than Sayana who lived nearly 2,000 years later.
997 Intro, 8 | been the main source of livelihood, cows being the chief objects
998 8 | spirit of the waters, who lives in their depths, who is
999 4 | the Vrtra myth the Maruts, lndra's companions, are drawn
1000 17 | heaven, but sometimes their locality is referred to as unknown.