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"What
are the four?
"Here,
bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body, ardent, clearly
comprehending (it) and mindful (of it), having overcome, in this world,
covetousness and grief; he lives contemplating the feelings in the feelings,
ardent, clearly comprehending (them) and mindful (of them), having overcome, in
this world, covetousness and grief; he lives contemplating consciousness in
consciousness, ardent, clearly comprehending (it) and mindful (of it), having
overcome in this world covetousness and grief; he lives contemplating mental
objects in mental objects, ardent, clearly comprehending (them) and mindful (of
them), having overcome, in this world, covetousness and grief."
"And
how, O bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live contemplating the body in the body?
"Here,
O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu, gone to the forest, to the foot of a tree, or to an
empty place, sits down, bends in his legs crosswise on his lap, keeps his body
erect, and arouses mindfulness in the object of meditation, namely, the breath
which is in front of him.
"Mindful,
he breathes in, and mindful, he breathes out. He, thinking, 'I breathe in
long,' he understands when he is breathing in long; or thinking, 'I breathe out
long,' he understands when he is breathing out long; or thinking, 'I breathe in
short,' he understands when he is breathing in short; or thinking, 'I breathe
out short,' he understands when he is breathing out short.
"'Experiencing
the whole body, I shall breathe in,' thinking thus, he trains himself.
'Experiencing the whole body, I shall breathe out,' thinking thus, he trains
himself. 'Calming the activity of the body, I shall breathe in,' thinking thus,
he trains himself. 'Calming the activity of the body, I shall breathe out',
thinking thus, he trains himself.
"Just
as a clever turner or a turner's apprentice, turning long, understands: 'I turn
long;' or turning short, understands: 'I turn short'; just so, indeed, O
bhikkhus, a bhikkhu, when he breathes in long, understands: 'I breathe in
long'; or, when he breathes out long, understands: 'I breathe out long'; or,
when he breathes in short, he understands: 'I breathe in short'; or when he
breathes out short, he understands: 'I breathe out short.' He trains himself
with the thought: 'Experiencing the whole body, I shall breathe in.' He trains
himself with the thought: 'Experiencing the whole body, I shall breathe out.'
He trains himself with the thought: 'Calming the activity of the body I shall
breathe in.' He trains himself with the thought: 'Calming the activity of the body
I shall breathe out.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally, or he lives
contemplating the body in the body externally, or he lives contemplating the
body in the body internally and externally. He lives contemplating origination-things
in the body, or he lives contemplating dissolution-things in the body, or he
lives contemplating origination-and-dissolution-things in the body. Or indeed
his mindfulness is established with the thought: 'The body exists,' to the
extent necessary just for knowledge and remembrance, and he lives independent
and clings to naught in the world. Thus, also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives
contemplating the body in the body."
"And
further, O bhikkhus, when he is going, a bhikkhu understands: 'I am going';
when he is standing, he understands: 'I am standing'; when he is sitting, he
understands: 'I am sitting'; when he is lying down, he understands: 'I am lying
down'; or just as his body is disposed so he understands it.
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally, or he lives
contemplating the body in the body externally, or he lives contemplating the
body in the body internally and externally. He lives contemplating
origination-things in the body, or he lives contemplating dissolution-things in
the body, or he lives contemplating origination-and-dissolution-things, in the
body. Or indeed his mindfulness is established with the thought: 'The body
exists', to the extent necessary just for knowledge and remembrance, and he
lives independent and clings to naught in the world." Thus, also, O
bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And
further, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu, in going forwards (and) in going backwards, is a
person practicing clear comprehension; in looking straight on (and) in looking
away from the front, is a person practicing clear comprehension; in bending and
in stretching, is a person practicing clear comprehension; in wearing the
shoulder-cloak, the (other two) robes (and) the bowl, is a person practicing
clear comprehension; in regard to what is eaten, drunk, chewed and savored, is
a person practicing clear comprehension; in defecating and in urinating, is a
person practicing clear comprehension; in walking, in standing (in a place), in
sitting (in some position), in sleeping, in waking, in speaking and in keeping
silence, is a person practicing clear comprehension.
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally... and clings to naught
in the world. Thus, also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in
the body."
"And
further, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu reflects on just this body hemmed by the skin
and full of manifold impurity from the soles up, and from the top of the hair
down, thinking thus: 'There are in this body hair of the head, hair of the
body, nails, teeth, skin, flesh, fibrous threads (veins, nerves, sinews,
tendons), bones, marrow, kidneys, heart, liver, pleura, spleen, lungs, contents
of stomach, intestines, mesentery, feces, bile, phlegm, pus, blood, sweat,
solid fat, tars, fat dissolved, saliva, mucus, synovic fluid, urine.'
"Just
as if, O bhikkhus, there were a bag having two openings, full of grain
differing in kind, namely, hill-paddy, paddy, green-gram, cow-pea, sesamum,
rice; and a man with seeing eyes, having loosened it, should reflect thinking
thus: 'This is hill paddy; this is paddy, this is green-gram; this is cow-pea;
this is sesamum; this is rice.' In the same way, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu reflects
on just this body hemmed in by the skin and full of manifold impurity from the
soles up, and from the top of the hair down, thinking thus: 'There are in this
body: hair of the head, hair of the body, nails, teeth, skin, flesh, fibrous
threads (veins, nerves, sinews, tendons), bones, marrow, kidneys, heart, liver,
pleura, spleen, lungs, contents of the stomach, intestines, mesentery, feces,
bile, phlegm, pus, blood, sweat, solid fat, tears, fat dissolved, saliva, mucus,
synovic fluid, urine.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body, internally... and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And
further, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu reflects on just this body according as it is
placed or disposed, by way of the modes of materiality, thinking thus: 'There
are in this body the mode of solidity, the mode of cohesion, the mode of
caloricity, and the mode of oscillation.'
"O
bhikkhus, in whatever manner, a clever cow-butcher or a cow-butcher's
apprentice, having slaughtered a cow and divided it by way of portions, should
be sitting at the junction of a four-cross-road; in the same manner, a bhikkhu
reflects on just this body, according as it is placed or disposed, by way of
the modes of materiality, thinking thus: 'There are in this body the mode of
solidity, the mode of cohesion, the mode of caloricity, and the mode of
oscillation.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally... and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees a body dead, one, two,
or three days: swollen, blue and festering, thrown into the charnel ground, he
thinks of his own body thus: 'This body of mine too is of the same nature as
that body, is going to be like that body and has not got past the condition of
becoming like that body.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally... and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus,
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And,
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees, whilst it is being
eaten by crows, hawks, vultures, dogs, jackals or by different kinds of worms,
a body that had been thrown into the charnel ground, he thinks of his own body
thus: 'This body of mine, too, is of the same nature as that body, is going to
be like that body, and has not got past the condition of becoming like that
body.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally or he lives contemplating
the body in the body externally, or he lives contemplating the body in the body
internally and externally. He lives contemplating origination-things in the
body or he lives contemplating dissolution-things in the body, or he lives
contemplating origination-and-dissolution-things in the body. Or indeed his
mindfulness is established with the thought, 'The body exists,' to the extent
necessary just for knowledge and remembrance, and he lives independent, and
clings to naught in the world.
"Thus,
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And,
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees a body, thrown in the
charnel ground and reduced to a skeleton together with (some) flesh and blood
held in by the tendons, he thinks of his own body thus: 'This body of mine,
too, is of the same nature as that body, is going to be like that body, and has
not got past the condition of becoming like that body.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally, or he lives
contemplating the body in the body externally, or he lives contemplating the
body in the body internally and externally.
"He
lives contemplating origination-things in the body or he lives contemplating
dissolution-things in the body, or he lives contemplating
origination-and-dissolution-things in the body. Or indeed, his mindfulness is
established with the thought, 'The body exists,' to the extent necessary just
for knowledge and remembrance, and he lives independent, and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus,
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And,
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees a body thrown in the
charnel ground and reduced to a blood-besmeared skeleton without flesh but held
in by the tendons, he thinks of his own body thus: 'This body of mine, too, is
of the same nature as that body, is going to be like that body, and has not got
past the condition of becoming like that body.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally... and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus,
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And,
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees a body thrown in the
charnel ground and reduced to a skeleton held in by the tendons but without
flesh and not besmeared with blood, he thinks of his own body thus: 'This body
of mind, too, is of the same nature as that body, is going to be like that
body, and has not got past the condition of becoming like that body.
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally... and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus,
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And,
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees a body thrown in the
charnel ground and reduced to bones gone loose, scattered in all directions --
a bone of the hand, a bone of the foot, a shin bone, a thigh bone, the pelvis,
spine and skull, each in a different place -- he thinks of his own body thus:
'This body of mine, too, is of the same nature as that body, is going to be
like that body, and has not got past the condition of becoming like that body.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally... and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus,
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And,
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees a body thrown in the
charnel ground and reduced to bones, white in color like a conch, he thinks of
his own body thus: 'This body of mine, too, is of the same nature as that body,
going to be like that body and has not got past the condition of becoming like
that body;'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally... and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus,
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And,
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees a body thrown in the
charnel ground and reduced to bones more than a year old, heaped together, he
thinks of his own body thus: 'This body of mine, too, is of the same nature as
that body, is going to be like that body and has not got past the condition of
becoming like that body.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally... and clings to naught
in the world.
"Thus,
also, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
"And,
further, O bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu, in whatever way, sees a body thrown in the
charnel ground and reduced to bones gone rotten and become dust, he thinks of
his own body thus: 'This body of mine too, is of the same nature as that body,
is going to be like that body and has not got past the condition of becoming
like that body.'
"Thus
he lives contemplating the body in the body internally, or he lives
contemplating the body in the body externally, or he lives contemplating the
body in the body internally and externally. He lives contemplating
origination-things in the body, or he lives contemplating dissolution-things in
the body, or he lives contemplating origination-and-dissolution-things in the
body. Or his mindfulness is established with the thought, 'The body exists,' to
the extent necessary just for knowledge and remembrance, and he lives
independent and clings to naught in the world.
"Thus,
indeed, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the body in the body."
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