26-north | noted-zogra
Chapter
502 5| modification which we have noted above in connexion with
503 | nothing
504 5| virtues is undertaken by novices in a special pledge, during
505 5| comfortable living. Finally, obedience, either to an abbot or to
506 5| interrupt concentration on the object of prayer. In this way there
507 5| I see them, abba”. ~ The observance of these three virtues is
508 5| monks. As we have already observed, this devotion to philanthropy
509 4| after approval had been obtained from the Patriarch of Constantinople.
510 2| to Alexandria only when occasion demanded; that is, when
511 5| the monastic life on the older foundations, especially
512 4| overseer. Each overseer keeps one-fourth of the seal of the monastic
513 5| supra-temporal reality. ~ The one-sided domination of the “contemplative”
514 4| monastery of the Sleepless Ones, which was founded by Alexander
515 4| distinguished from the tenth century onwards, and henceforth called the “
516 5| contemplative” monks are opened. They become worthy of visions
517 1| principles the first Christians ordered their lives on an exceptionally
518 4| Ages, when strong monastic orders were organized. These played
519 1| the Church and developed organically by pushing the moral principles
520 3| become the basis for the organization of monasticism during the
521 4| Bosporus became flourishing organizations, and through their activities
522 4| made successful efforts to organize the monks. ~ Monasticism
523 1| discover a link between oriental asceticism and the Christian
524 1| The origin of the monastic life.~During
525 3| were called “fathers of orphans”. ~ The coenobium could
526 4| catholicity and unity of Orthodoxy; and it is still the chief
527 4| executive body, the committee of overseers, while the representative
528 5| religious literature and piety owe so much, there is a need
529 5| Basil, Ascetic Discourse, P.G., xxxi, 877). ~ The twenty-four
530 3| step was taken in Egypt by Pachomius (d. 346). As well as administration
531 5| encountered on almost every page of the writing of Simeon
532 5| demand, especially their paintings and wood carvings. Also,
533 5| Simeon Theologian and Gregory Palamas. This light is part of God.
534 4| Zographos, Bulgarian; that of Panteleimon, Russian. There is also
535 5| mention that the monastery of Pantocrator at Constantinople, which
536 5| is part of God. Through a paradoxical fusion of the historical
537 3| monasticism henceforth run parallel to one another throughout
538 4| Holy Community, a kind of parliament, meets. The monasteries
539 2| of monks also. With the passage of time more and more remote
540 2| one of them died and days passed before the order ascetics
541 5| beast of burden which was passing by; and he replied without
542 5| deadened and a state of passionlessness achieved. Self-examination
543 5| despondency, vanity and pride. The passions which correspond to these
544 4| had been obtained from the Patriarch of Constantinople. At first
545 4| center of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, and is unique in its kind
546 4| fifth century, by the Roman patrician Studius, became the center
547 3| eremitic and the communal patterns of monasticism. ~ These
548 2| The first known hermit was Paul of Thebaid, but the first
549 3| the furthest points of the peninsula of Mount Athos; the communal
550 2| fellow men. This was early perceived by some of the great ascetic
551 5| is the occupation of the perfect, ~ Action belongs to the
552 5| divided into three eight-hour periods: one for prayer, one for
553 1| life and disregarded the periphery. One thing has supreme value
554 2| that they established a permanent abode there, far from the
555 5| evil will to God in the person of his spiritual father,
556 2| some of the great ascetic personalities, who undertook the appropriate
557 1| developing into an integrated personality. A hard struggle therefore
558 1| enter the world either as a pessimistic philosophy or as a society
559 5| to come, constitute three phases of one and the same spiritual
560 5| observed, this devotion to philanthropy was first promoted and systematized
561 1| either as a pessimistic philosophy or as a society dissolving
562 4| the emperor Nicephoros Phocas issued a decree, granting
563 5| hospital with men and women physicians, organized in a manner reminiscent
564 5| religious literature and piety owe so much, there is a
565 3| dwelt on half-destroyed pillars. Those who became “fools”
566 4| serene. The increase of piratical raids after the weakening
567 2| an absence, in the first place, of spiritual supervision
568 1| exceptionally high moral plane; but some of them wanted
569 3| that monasticism could now play a part in philanthropic
570 4| orders were organized. These played a large part in Christianizing
571 5| by novices in a special pledge, during which they are tonsured.
572 5| encountered very early, in a poem by Gregory the Theologian: ~ “
573 5| circumstances called for it. Abba Poimen is quoted as having said: “
574 3| exclusively on the furthest points of the peninsula of Mount
575 4| ecclesiastical and sometimes of political affairs. The monastery of
576 3| some time at his estate at Pontus, with members of his family.
577 4| Because of the dominant position which they gave to prayer,
578 3| God, sought release from practical and social work, in order
579 1| earlier times asceticism was practiced, either in total solitude
580 4| the fact that the monks praised God throughout the entire
581 5| in earlier times active (praktikoi). But beyond action there
582 2| nearest church, in order to pray together and receive Holy
583 5| But his chief weapon is prayer-continuous and intense prayer. The
584 5| even though it did not predominate unduly in monastic thought,
585 5| Theologian: ~ “Will you prefer action or contemplation? ~
586 5| a manner reminiscent of present-day hospitals. It was divided
587 5| Christian literature have been preserved in copies which came from
588 1| around it, choking it and preventing it from developing into
589 5| despondency, vanity and pride. The passions which correspond
590 3| were allowed to acquire private property, which could not,
591 2| subjected themselves to privation and suffering. Instead of
592 4| with the general external problems of the community, because
593 5| inasmuch as such expression, by producing external stimuli, may interrupt
594 1| insignificant. “For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole
595 5| wishing to test the degree of progress of his spiritual son, asked
596 4| committee of three superiors (proistamenoi) who are elected for one
597 5| be established which will promote Christian ideals within
598 5| to philanthropy was first promoted and systematized by Basil
599 1| societies, firstly for their own protection, and secondly for the channeling
600 5| especially before going to bed, provide the monk with powerful weapons,
601 1| second, the monastic life provided a way out when a reaction
602 1| out when a reaction was provoked by the closer contact of
603 1| of suffering in order to purify his will. ~ On the basis
604 1| woman lived together in purity (I Corinthians vii, 36 ff.).
605 5| intense work has a threefold purpose: to ensure their means of
606 5| condition for the ascetic in his pursuit of perfection. By silence
607 1| developed organically by pushing the moral principles of
608 1| movement historians have put forward various hypotheses,
609 3| and to some extent living quarters remained communal. Diet
610 5| called for it. Abba Poimen is quoted as having said: “Whoever
611 4| The increase of piratical raids after the weakening of the
612 1| provided a way out when a reaction was provoked by the closer
613 2| of Thebaid, but the first real leader of the desert life
614 5| into one supra-temporal reality. ~ The one-sided domination
615 1| country even before the recognition of Christianity by Constantine
616 3| the subsequent period. He recommended the gathering of monks together
617 4| monks for many now, which reduces the vigour of monastic life
618 2| undertook the appropriate reform: Hilarion in the region
619 2| places were sought as ascetic refuges, such as Athos and Meteora.
620 1| marriage, and virgins entirely refused to marry. These women organized
621 2| dress, food and work, was regulated by each individual for himself. ~ ~
622 3| the weaker monks sought a relaxation of discipline. At the idiorrhythmic
623 3| contemplation of God, sought release from practical and social
624 3| to some extent work were released from control. Thus monks
625 1| was a product of eastern religions, in which from earlier times
626 5| contemplation”, to which religious literature and piety owe
627 4| Many monasteries still remain and continue to function
628 5| of avoiding babbling and remaining silent whenever circumstances
629 5| acts rightly; and whoever remains silent for the sake of God’
630 5| physicians, organized in a manner reminiscent of present-day hospitals.
631 5| the eye and ear infirmary. Remnants of this philanthropic activity
632 2| passage of time more and more remote places were sought as ascetic
633 5| the causes of passion are removed. This state has given its
634 1| ideal self, which will render him capable of standing
635 3| of the ascetics, later it rendered it much harder to bear.
636 4| the starsti, enjoyed great renown, and innumerable crowds
637 4| Jerome and Rufinus became renowned. Later, great lavras were
638 5| made from time to time, the reorganization of the monastic life on
639 5| the brief prayer of Jesus, repeated incessantly. ~ Surrounded
640 1| sought to circumvent it by replacing it with a kind of spiritual
641 5| which was passing by; and he replied without hesitation, “Yes,
642 4| time. Thus, of the twenty representatives, four constitute the executive
643 5| one for prayer, one for rest, and one for work. Their
644 3| coenobia. Basil himself returned to Caesarea and organized
645 2| ascetics lived, the more reverence and admiration they evoked
646 4| the monk Athanasius the right to found there a great lavra,
647 1| himself and his activities to rigorous examination. He must divorce
648 4| hermitages were hewn out of the rock. Until a few decades ago,
649 4| the fifth century, by the Roman patrician Studius, became
650 4| of the Latins Jerome and Rufinus became renowned. Later,
651 5| foundations, especially on the rule of Basil the Great, did
652 3| love our kind’ (Extensive Rules 3, I-P.G. xxxi, 947). According
653 4| Russian. There is also a Rumanian skete. The monastery of
654 4| Greece: to the Slavs, the Rumanians, and other peoples. The
655 3| of monasticism henceforth run parallel to one another
656 4| famous. The elder ascetics of Russia, the starsti, enjoyed great
657 1| marriage is honorable, a great sacrament, but it is an institution
658 2| together for common prayer on Saturdays and Sundays. Beyond this,
659 4| Theodosius the Coenobiarch, Savvas the Sanctified, and Euthymius
660 5| spiritual son, asked him if he saw the horns-which were non-existent-
661 5| likewise acts rightly”. (Sayings of the Fathers,721). In
662 2| occurred on a still larger scale at the beginning of the
663 5| guest house, hospital and school was inconceivable. As a
664 5| attempts were limited in scope and intensity. Without neglecting “
665 5| coenobitic system, and the scriptural and doctrinal basis of monasticism
666 4| keeps one-fourth of the seal of the monastic commonwealth. ~
667 5| achieved. This subjection was sealed by Justinian and embodied
668 3| themselves to ascesis in seclusion: it is dangerous for them
669 1| ascetic groups of the Essene sect, whose environment was that
670 5| It was divided into four sections: medical, surgical, gynaecological,
671 5| independent spirit represented the secular world, and hence had to
672 5| achieved. Self-examination and self-censure, especially before going
673 5| passionlessness achieved. Self-examination and self-censure, especially
674 1| upon themselves greater self-restraint, fasting, and prayer. For
675 4| divided up among twenty self-sufficient monasteries. One representative
676 5| concern of the monks. The selfish, independent spirit represented
677 4| monastery, elected annually, is sent to Karyes, where the Holy
678 1| governed by principles which separated in the society of that time.
679 4| monastery of Hilandari is Serbian; that of Zographos, Bulgarian;
680 4| environment at once impressive and serene. The increase of piratical
681 4| monastic leaders Antony and Sergios became famous. The elder
682 5| powerful weapons, as he sets out to struggle against
683 4| from the beginning of the seventh century, that is, from the
684 2| wilderness for more than seventy years, and went to Alexandria
685 2| of Christians became so severe that many of them were forced
686 4| differences between the sexes, and avoided work. Because
687 | shall
688 4| which he did. Within a short time other communities of
689 3| extreme forms. The confirmed shut themselves up for many years
690 5| desert, the abba, was a significant concern of the monks. The
691 5| every page of the writing of Simeon Theologian and Gregory Palamas.
692 4| monasteries. These were situated at the Thebaid, Nitria,
693 4| fortress wall, three, and even six stories of them. In the
694 4| There is also a Rumanian skete. The monastery of Iviron,
695 3| system is represented by the sketes of Athos; and the other
696 4| north of Greece: to the Slavs, the Rumanians, and other
697 4| affairs. The monastery of the Sleepless Ones, which was founded
698 3| organized a whole group of socially beneficial institutions,
699 1| themselves into special societies, firstly for their own protection,
700 3| social being, not a wild and solitary one. For there is nothing
701 5| progress of his spiritual son, asked him if he saw the
702 5| monasticism was worked out soon afterwards. Without it,
703 5| fornication, avarice, anger, sorrow, despondency, vanity and
704 3| they lived in groups in spacious dormitories. It could be
705 5| The selfish, independent spirit represented the secular
706 5| action there is a higher stage in the ladder of monastic
707 1| not mean that in its later stages monasticism did not have
708 1| inevitable decline of moral standards. ~The first hypothesis is
709 1| will render him capable of standing boldly before God. In this
710 3| lavra, while from another standpoint it is a combination of the
711 4| ascetics of Russia, the starsti, enjoyed great renown, and
712 4| monasteries were built above steep cliffs, looking from a distance
713 3| coenobitic system~ A further step was taken in Egypt by Pachomius (
714 5| expression, by producing external stimuli, may interrupt concentration
715 4| wall, three, and even six stories of them. In the middle of
716 3| tradition there appeared strange and interesting variations,
717 2| consisted chiefly of making straw artifacts, which they sold
718 3| tendency towards a less strict mode of life became apparent
719 5| contemplation (theoria), the striving for direct communion with
720 4| each headed by one of the strongest monasteries: Lavra, Vatopedi,
721 4| church. The monastery of Studion, likewise founded in the
722 4| intervention. Theodore the Studite, who flourished at the beginning
723 4| by the Roman patrician Studius, became the center of the
724 3| meager allowance of food. The stylites dwelt on half-destroyed
725 2| away to the mountains, and subjected themselves to privation
726 5| not these three alone. In subjequent aretology, other vices,
727 2| with ferocious men, they submitted themselves to the “martyrdrom
728 4| were established in the suburbs on both sides of the Bosporus
729 5| Basil the Great, did not succeed, because these attempts
730 4| into three groups which succeeded one another in church. The
731 4| Ephraim the Syrian also made successful efforts to organize the
732 1| period. To interpret the sudden appearance of this movement
733 5| idiorrhythmic monks was never sufficient for comfortable living.
734 4| by a committee of three superiors (proistamenoi) who are elected
735 5| to ensure their means of support, to aid their fellow-men,
736 5| fused together into one supra-temporal reality. ~ The one-sided
737 1| periphery. One thing has supreme value for man: the soul,
738 5| four sections: medical, surgical, gynaecological, and the
739 5| the young ascetic had to surrender his evil will to God in
740 5| repeated incessantly. ~ Surrounded by absolute, the spiritual
741 2| desert of Nitria and the surrounding regions. They lived in complete
742 3| of humility. ~ All four survive to the present day. Hermits
743 4| the time of Justinian, has survived with undiminished vigour
744 4| the Holy Mountain became a symbol of the catholicity and unity
745 4| called Euchites, or, in the Syriac, Massalians. They were criticized
746 4| and theologian Ephraim the Syrian also made successful efforts
747 5| philanthropy was first promoted and systematized by Basil the Great. After
748 3| Athos; and the other two systems, the coenobitic and the
749 4| Thebaid, Nitria, Sketis, Tabenesis and Mount Sinai. The monastery
750 5| Christ’s disciples on Mount Tabor, the light which the hesychats
751 3| system~ A further step was taken in Egypt by Pachomius (d.
752 4| and Dionysiou. Each group takes it in turns to exercise
753 | taking
754 5| as having said: “Whoever talks for the sake of God’s will
755 3| nature of men: “Man is a tame and social being, not a
756 3| 947). According to this teaching, monks should return from
757 4| was distinguished from the tenth century onwards, and henceforth
758 2| of martyrdrom”, which had terminated a struggle with ferocious
759 5| light” and other related terms are encountered on almost
760 5| which an abba, wishing to test the degree of progress of
761 | than
762 4| independence of state intervention. Theodore the Studite, who flourished
763 4| five hundred in number, by Theodosius the Coenobiarch, Savvas
764 5| period of Byzantine mystical theology: hesychasm. ~ Silence was
765 5| perfection: contemplation (theoria), the striving for direct
766 5| experience of deification (theosis) becomes possible here and
767 | therefore
768 1| disregarded the periphery. One thing has supreme value for man:
769 2| During the middle of the third century, persecution of
770 4| Georgian (Iberian). Until the thirteenth century there was the Latin
771 | though
772 5| predominate unduly in monastic thought, later received greater
773 2| imitated his example. Five thousand anchorites occupied the
774 4| important monastic centers, with thousands of monks, rapidly developed,
775 5| 67,i). ~ The vices which threaten the moral integrity of the
776 5| Their intense work has a threefold purpose: to ensure their
777 5| pledge, during which they are tonsured. The formulation of this
778 5| monks in this direction took the form of avoiding babbling
779 4| cells are constructed on top of the fortress wall, three,
780 2| society of the world which was torn by hatred. The persecutions
781 1| was practiced, either in total solitude or in a monastery.
782 4| powerful fortresses, with towers and embrasures. The cells
783 3| centuries. Within the eremitical tradition there appeared strange and
784 5| in order that it might be transformed into a good will. This point
785 4| Europe. Monasticism was also transmitted, together with Christianity,
786 3| fools” for Christ’s sake traveled about displaying their assumed
787 1| to acquire the heavenly treasure, and submit to the trial
788 1| treasure, and submit to the trial of suffering in order to
789 1| society of that time. It turned its whole attention to the
790 3| philanthropic activity. ~ The turning of monasticism in this direction
791 4| Each group takes it in turns to exercise administrative
792 5| which was established in the twelfth century, had a hospital
793 1| second hypothesis is likewise unacceptable, because there were numerous
794 4| bishop, that of Ierissos. But understandably friction occurred between
795 5| of these three virtues is undertaken by novices in a special
796 2| ascetic personalities, who undertook the appropriate reform:
797 4| Justinian, has survived with undiminished vigour to the present day.
798 2| many of them found life undisturbed by persecutors inconceivable.
799 5| though it did not predominate unduly in monastic thought, later
800 3| social work, in order to be unfettered for their spiritual work;
801 4| entire Christian world. Unfortunately there has been a decline
802 4| Ecumenical Patriarchate, and is unique in its kind in the entire
803 4| symbol of the catholicity and unity of Orthodoxy; and it is
804 | upon
805 5| world, and hence had to be uprooted completely. That is, the
806 5| in direction which were useful to the Church were achieved.
807 1| periphery. One thing has supreme value for man: the soul, beside
808 5| anger, sorrow, despondency, vanity and pride. The passions
809 3| strange and interesting variations, sometimes taking extreme
810 1| historians have put forward various hypotheses, the most favoured
811 4| strongest monasteries: Lavra, Vatopedi, Iviron, Hilandari, and
812 3| limits. From one point of view, the idiorrythmic life may
813 1| in purity (I Corinthians vii, 36 ff.). Many widows avoided
814 1| widows avoided marriage, and virgins entirely refused to marry.
815 5| observance of these three virtues is undertaken by novices
816 5| opened. They become worthy of visions and enjoy spiritual experience
817 5| good will. This point is vividly illustrated an by an anecdote
818 5| heart, need not be expressed vocally, inasmuch as such expression,
819 5| The formulation of this vow coincided with the foundation
820 4| constructed on top of the fortress wall, three, and even six stories
821 1| plane; but some of them wanted to advance to greater austerity,
822 4| piratical raids after the weakening of the Byzantine empire
823 3| and at the same time the weaker monks sought a relaxation
824 5| worldly goods: marriage, wealth, and independent action.
825 5| the demons. But his chief weapon is prayer-continuous and
826 5| provide the monk with powerful weapons, as he sets out to struggle
827 4| Mountain, mostly on its western side, are coenobitic, and
828 | what
829 5| visit any Orthodox monastery whatsoever receive free hospitality. ~
830 | whenever
831 1| Corinthians vii, 36 ff.). Many widows avoided marriage, and virgins
832 3| and social being, not a wild and solitary one. For there
833 2| the Great. He lived in the wilderness for more than seventy years,
834 4| monasteries was possible only by windlass and net. Of the twenty-four
835 5| anecdote in which an abba, wishing to test the degree of progress
836 2| many of them were forced to withdraw from the cities. This occurred
837 1| Church a strong movement of withdrawal from organized society to
838 2| greater, so that those who had withdrawn remained in the open country
839 5| life~ As the first ascetics withdrew from the world to the desert,
840 1| marriage, in which man and woman lived together in purity (
841 5| especially their paintings and wood carvings. Also, works of
842 5| the things of light. The word “light” and other related
843 5| basis of monasticism was worked out soon afterwards. Without
844 5| and wood carvings. Also, works of classical and Christian
845 5| which came from monastic workshops. ~ Connected with their
846 5| are opened. They become worthy of visions and enjoy spiritual
847 5| almost every page of the writing of Simeon Theologian and
848 2| d. 356), whose life was written with insight and love by
849 1| lose his own soul? (Matthew XVI, 26). The affairs of this
850 | Yes
851 | yet
852 3| Although at first it eased the yoke of the ascetics, later it
853 5| completely. That is, the young ascetic had to surrender
854 2| especially he aroused the zeal of many simple men, who
855 4| Hilandari is Serbian; that of Zographos, Bulgarian; that of Panteleimon,
|