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"Trangenesis'
15. The use of organs from engineered
animals for xenotransplantation raises the need for certain reflections on
transgenesis and its ethical implications.
The term
"transgenic animal" is used to indicate an animal whose genetic
make-up has been modified by the introduction of a new gene (or genes). In
contrast, the term "knock out" is used to designate those animals in
which a given endogenous gene (or genes) is no longer expressed. In either
case, such animals will express particular characteristics which will be
transmitted to the offspring.
As we have already
observed, the possibility of working out such genetic modifications, using
genes of human origin as well, is morally acceptable when done in respect for
the animal and for biodiversity, and with a view to bringing significant
benefits to man himself. Therefore, while recognizing that transgenesis
does not compromise the overall genetic identity of the mutated animal or its
species, and reaffirming man's responsibility towards the created order and
towards the pursuit of improving health by means of certain types of genetic
manipulation, we will now enumerate some fundamental ethical conditions which
must be respected:
1. Concern for the
well-being of genetically modified animals should be guaranteed so that the
effect of the transgene's expression, possible modification of the
anatomical, physiological and/or behavioural aspects of the animal may be
assessed, all the while limiting the levels of stress and pain, suffering and
anxiety experienced by the animal;
2. The effects on the
offspring and possible repercussions for the environment should be considered;
3. Such animals should
be kept under tight control and should not be released into the general
environment;
4. The number of animals
used in experiments should be kept to a bare minimum;
5. The removal of organs
and/or tissues must take place during a single surgical operation;
6. Every experimental
protocol on animals must be evaluated by a competent ethics committee.
Informed Consent
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