Chapter, Paragraph

  1  2   |                 2. The empire from Constantine the Great to Justinian~ ~ ~
  2  2,1 |                                    Constantine and Christianity~The cultural
  3  2,1 |    recognition during the reign of Constantine at the beginning of the
  4  2,1 |          changes in the empire was Constantine the Great. During his reign
  5  2,1 |            important personage was Constantine the Great.~ Constantine
  6  2,1 |            Constantine the Great.~ Constantine was born at the city of
  7  2,1 |       father, Constantius Chlorus, Constantine belonged probably to an
  8  2,1 |         and Constantius, father of Constantine, assumed the title of Augustus
  9  2,1 |         legions proclaimed his son Constantine Augustus. At this time a
 10  2,1 |        Maximian and Galerius died. Constantine then formed an alliance
 11  2,1 |           two victorious emperors, Constantine and Licinius, met at Milan
 12  2,1 |          in a complete victory for Constantine. Licinius was killed in
 13  2,1 |          was killed in 324 AD, and Constantine became the sole ruler of
 14  2,1 |             The two main events of Constantine’s reign which were of paramount
 15  2,1 |        position of Christianity in Constantine’s time scholars have considered
 16  2,1 |    particular: the “conversion” of Constantine and the Edict of Milan.[
 17  2,1 |            1a]~ ~The conversion of Constantine~Historians and theologians
 18  2,1 |        interested in the causes of Constantine’s “conversion.” Why did
 19  2,1 |            s “conversion.” Why did Constantine favor Christianity? Should
 20  2,1 |  information found in the sources. Constantine as depicted by the Christian
 21  2,1 |          not in the least resemble Constantine created by the pen of the
 22  2,1 |        this is true in the case of Constantine. A preconceived conviction
 23  2,1 |        brilliant work, The Time of Constantine the Great. He represents
 24  2,1 |           the Great. He represents Constantine as a statesman of genius,
 25  2,1 |            religious conscience of Constantine and then draw a picture
 26  2,1 |      according to Burckhardt, lies Constantine’s great merit. Yet Constantine
 27  2,1 |     Constantine’s great merit. Yet Constantine gave very definite privileges
 28  2,1 |             there was only chance. Constantine, “an egotist in a purple
 29  2,1 |           source Eusebius’ Life of Constantine, disregarding the fact that
 30  2,1 |           famous “flight” to Gaul, Constantine stayed at the court of Diocletian
 31  2,1 |            victory even apart from Constantine. Some Constantine or other
 32  2,1 |       apart from Constantine. Some Constantine or other would have come
 33  2,1 |          Minor was achieved before Constantine came on the scene at all,
 34  2,1 |          situation. Such a man was Constantine. He was gifted, inasmuch
 35  2,1 |       apparent that Harnack viewed Constantine as a gifted statesman only.
 36  2,1 |            that toward the time of Constantine the Christians constituted
 37  2,1 |        minority during the time of Constantine. If that is true, then the
 38  2,1 |      political theory in regard to Constantine’s attitude toward Christianity
 39  2,1 |           Burckhardt in evaluating Constantine’s activities; he referred
 40  2,1 |          deism, which, was shaping Constantine’s religion.” According to
 41  2,1 |     religion.” According to Duruy, Constantine “very early became aware
 42  2,1 |           of primary importance to Constantine:~ ~As Bonaparte sought to
 43  2,1 |      Church and the Revolution, so Constantine proposed to have the old
 44  2,1 |            the deepest recesses of Constantine’s mind, and have found there
 45  2,1 |      elsewhere, however, that “the Constantine pictured by Eusebius often
 46  2,1 |       Dölger. Schwartz stated that Constantine, “with the diabolical perspicacity
 47  2,1 |        that all the steps taken by Constantine toward Christianity were
 48  2,1 |          defended the sincerity of Constantine’s conversion,[12] and more
 49  2,1 |            field of numismatics of Constantine’s time, attempted to substantiate
 50  2,1 |            Boissier noted that for Constantine the statesman to deliver
 51  2,1 |            accept the sincerity of Constantine’s conversion.[15] E. Stein
 52  2,1 |           greatest significance of Constantine’s religious policy, he said,
 53  2,1 |        State, and he presumed that Constantine was influenced to some extent
 54  2,1 |          17] A. Piganiol said that Constantine was a Christian without
 55  2,1 |       However, the “conversion” of Constantine, generally connected with
 56  2,1 |   Christianity. It is certain that Constantine was a supporter of the cult
 57  2,1 |   interesting attempt to represent Constantine as merely the continuator
 58  2,1 |         Grégoire, Licinius, before Constantine, originated a policy of
 59  2,1 |           who provided a model for Constantine to follow.[20]~ Granting
 60  2,1 |           to follow.[20]~ Granting Constantine’s leanings toward Christianity,
 61  2,1 |             21]~ The conversion of Constantine is usually connected with
 62  2,1 |        during the struggle between Constantine and Maxentius; an element
 63  2,1 |          Christian contemporary of Constantine, Lactantius, who, in his
 64  2,1 |          spoke only of the warning Constantine received in a dream to inscribe
 65  2,1 |          the heavenly vision which Constantine was supposed to have seen.~
 66  2,1 |            Another contemporary of Constantine, Eusebius of Caesarea, wrote
 67  2,1 |        Eusebius remarked only that Constantine, starting out to save Rome, “
 68  2,1 |          Another work, The Life of Constantine, was written about twenty-five
 69  2,1 |     following night Christ came to Constantine in a dream, bearing the
 70  2,1 |      stones, bearing the images of Constantine and his two sons; at the
 71  2,1 |       Christ.[26] From the time of Constantine the labarum became the banner
 72  2,1 |            were sent by God to aid Constantine in his struggle, may be
 73  2,1 |      against Maxentius, but before Constantine’s departure from Gaul.~ ~
 74  2,1 |         Milan.~During the reign of Constantine the Great, Christianity
 75  2,1 |           agreement with Licinius, Constantine met Licinius in Milan, where
 76  2,1 |          at Milan in March, 313 by Constantine and Licinius was not an
 77  2,1 |       basis of this edict, is that Constantine and Licinius gave Christianity
 78  2,1 |         triumph of Christianity in Constantine’s time. To Constantine,
 79  2,1 |          in Constantine’s time. To Constantine, Christianity seemed compatible
 80  2,1 |           that during the reign of Constantine Christianity was placed
 81  2,1 |              33]~ ~The attitude of Constantine toward the Church.~Constantine
 82  2,1 |     Constantine toward the Church.~Constantine did more than merely grant
 83  2,1 |           court. Toward the end of Constantine’s reign the authority of
 84  2,1 |           In addition to all this, Constantine’s name is connected with
 85  2,1 |             on the Mount of Olives Constantine built the Church of the
 86  2,1 |         Irene; it is possible that Constantine laid the foundations of
 87  2,1 | constructed in other places during Constantine’s reign, at Antioch, Nicomedia,
 88  2,1 |            34]~ After the reign of Constantine three important Christian
 89  2,1 |          new life in the period of Constantine. Politically, Caesarea,
 90  2,2 |    temporal powers. Beginning with Constantine the Great, the state took
 91  2,2 |             heretical” teaching of Constantine’s period, the doctrine had
 92  2,2 |           church did not succeed.~ Constantine, who had just defeated Licinius
 93  2,2 |         henceforth be my portion,” Constantine wrote in his letter.[38]~
 94  2,2 |           of Cordova (Spain), whom Constantine held in great esteem. He
 95  2,2 |    movement. It was only then that Constantine decided to call a council.~
 96  2,2 |           peace within the church. Constantine wrote: “The devil will no
 97  2,2 |            Reality did not fulfill Constantine’s hopes. The Council of
 98  2,2 |  complications. In the attitude of Constantine himself there came to be
 99  2,2 |         the cause of the change in Constantine’s attitude. Perhaps among
100  2,2 |          called to this view: When Constantine first attempted to solve
101  2,2 |            in the East. When later Constantine realized that the Nicene
102  2,2 |           During the last years of Constantine’s reign Arianism penetrated
103  2,2 |     condition of the sources.[44]~ Constantine remained a pagan until the
104  2,2 |            Arius, be recalled.[45] Constantine made his sons Christian.~ ~
105  2,2 |          primary importance during Constantine’s reign, next to the recognition
106  2,2 |           Βυζαντιον).~ Long before Constantine the ancients had been fully
107  2,2 |    magnificent new edifices.~ When Constantine decided to create a new
108  2,2 |     related, one night God visited Constantine in a dream and induced him
109  2,2 |            his capital. After this Constantine’s choice fell definitely
110  2,2 |     unfinished structures begun by Constantine.[47]~ Byzantium, which had
111  2,2 |            of Marmora. In 324 A.D. Constantine decided upon the foundation
112  2,2 |  progressed to such an extent that Constantine found it possible to dedicate
113  2,2 |            the city in the time of Constantine, it is certain that it exceeded
114  2,2 |           the enemy from the land, Constantine built a wall extending from
115  2,2 |            was called the “City of Constantine” or Constantinople. The
116  2,2 |         walls. Of the monuments of Constantine’s time almost none have
117  2,2 |         and Leo III, dates back to Constantine’s time and is still preserved.
118  2,2 |            Plataea, transferred by Constantine to the new capital, and
119  2,2 |           it is somewhat damaged.~ Constantine, with the insight of genius,
120  2,2 |           administrative genius of Constantine. Not in the edict of religious
121  2,2 |          religious toleration lies Constantine’s great service to the world:
122  2,2 |            Following the period of Constantine the Great, Constantinople
123  2,2 |          Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.~The reforms of Constantine
124  2,2 |        Constantine.~The reforms of Constantine and Diocletian were characterized
125  2,2 |            century. Diocletian and Constantine desired to effect the definite
126  2,2 |  Nevertheless, both Diocletian and Constantine introduced administrative
127  2,2 |           person. His court, which Constantine later transferred to Constantinople,
128  2,2 | Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine the Great. Diocletian retained
129  2,2 |      officials of that time. Since Constantine had shorn them of their
130  2,2 |           officials to the higher. Constantine the Great further developed
131  2,2 |       features of Diocletian’s and Constantine’s reforms were the definite
132  2,2 |            in the fourth century.~ Constantine the Great died in 337 A.D.
133  2,2 |       century, Eutropius, enrolled Constantine among the gods;[59] history
134  2,2 |            wrote his “Panegyric of Constantine” to glorify the triumph
135  2,2 |    contending elements.[62]~ ~From Constantine to the Early Sixth Century~
136  2,2 |         Century~After the death of Constantine his three sons, Constantine,
137  2,2 |        Constantine his three sons, Constantine, Constantius, and Constans,
138  2,2 |          the brothers were killed, Constantine in the year 340 and Constans
139  2,2 |   indicates that from the death of Constantine the Great until 518 A.D.
140  2,2 |           the Dardanian dynasty of Constantine, or rather the dynasty of
141  2,2 | Constantius (337-61).~ The sons of Constantine ruled the Empire jointly
142  2,2 |      religious ones as well. While Constantine and Constans were adherents
143  2,2 |           the ensuing civil strife Constantine, and a few years later Constans,
144  2,2 |    Apostles, supposedly erected by Constantine the Great.[67a] The Senate
145  2,2 |        decorated since the time of Constantine the Great by the statue
146  2,2 |      pagans. The famous labarum of Constantine, which served as the standard
147  2,3 |   privileges granted the clergy by Constantine the Great. Valens followed
148  2,3 |       heretics and pagans. Even in Constantine’s time the Catholic (i.e.
149  2,3 |            had been removed during Constantine’s reign, but had been restored
150  2,3 |           the Goths in the army of Constantine the Great helped him in
151  2,3 |         struggle with Licinius. In Constantine’s time the Visigoths agreed
152  2,3 |         however, Yezdegerd I, like Constantine the Great, appreciated how
153  2,4 |            Christian emperors from Constantine the Great to Theodosius
154  2,4 |           walls of Constantinople. Constantine the Great had surrounded
155  2,4 |            somewhat to the west of Constantine’s wall. This new wall of
156  2,4 |             the praetorian prefect Constantine repaired it and also built
157  2,5 |          as the chief authority on Constantine the Great. Eusebius lived
158  2,5 |      triumph of Christianity under Constantine and participated in the
159  2,5 |           Christ to the victory of Constantine over Licinius. According
160  2,5 |         Rufinus.[167]~ The Life of Constantine, written by Eusebius at
161  2,5 |           as among the panegyrics. Constantine is represented as a God-chosen
162  2,5 |   interpretation the three sons of Constantine personified the Holy Trinity,
163  2,5 |            the Holy Trinity, while Constantine himself was the true benefactor
164  2,5 |         insight into the period of Constantine, especially because it contains
165  2,5 |         the time of Diocletian and Constantine down to the so-called rescript
166  2,5 |           the Romans and he blamed Constantine the Great above all. His
167  2,5 |           as early as the reign of Constantine the Great. Unusual splendor
168  2,5 |       existence.~ With the name of Constantine is bound up the erection
169  3,6 |           others that this “second Constantine the Great was ready to forget
170  3,8 |          reforms of Diocletian and Constantine increased excessively the
171  3,9 |            coins from the epoch of Constantine the Great appear in Indian
172  3,15|       writer of the tenth century, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, who remarked
173  3,15|         133] The year when Emperor Constantine Copronymus died (775) Fallmerayer
174  3,16|         famous work of the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the tenth
175  3,16|           geographical matters for Constantine Porphyrogenitus.~ In addition
176  3,16|            even before the time of Constantine the Great. Hesychius was
177  3,16|           church had been built by Constantine the Great or by Constantius,
178  3,16|            Byzantine emperors from Constantine the Great to the eleventh
179  4   |         wife Eudocia, he had a son Constantine, who reigned after the death
180  4   |          He is known in history as Constantine III (one of the sons of
181  4   |            III (one of the sons of Constantine the Great being considered
182  4   |          Great being considered as Constantine II). After the death of
183  4   |            II). After the death of Constantine III the throne was occupied
184  4   |      autumn of 641, and the son of Constantine III, Constans II, was proclaimed
185  4   |           probably a diminutive of Constantine, his official name; on Byzantine
186  4   |     Byzantine sources he is called Constantine. The people apparently called
187  4   |     succeeded by his energetic son Constantine IV (668-85). Constantine
188  4   |           Constantine IV (668-85). Constantine IV is usually surnamed Pogonatus,
189  4   |          son.[3] With the death of Constantine IV in the year 685 ended
190  4,1 |         Holy Sepulcher, erected by Constantine the Great and Helen, was
191  4,1 |          the brilliant epoch under Constantine, and the magnificent buildings
192  4,1 |          the early eighth century. Constantine IV and the siege of Constantinople
193  4,1 |         the reign of the energetic Constantine IV (668-85), when the Arabian
194  4,1 |         advantageous peace treaty, Constantine performed a great service,
195  4,1 |           note that the success of Constantine made a strong impression
196  4,1 |       chronicler, when the news of Constantine’s accomplishments reached
197  4,1 |          685-95), the successor of Constantine IV, an event which was of
198  4,1 |       Emperor, and in the year 679 Constantine IV undertook a campaign
199  4,1 |            abandoned, and his son, Constantine IV, remained in Constantinople.~ ~ ~
200  4,3 |          successor of Constans II, Constantine IV, desirous of establishing
201  4,3 |          82]~ Thus, in the time of Constantine IV, the Byzantine government
202  4,3 |     Justinian II, the successor of Constantine IV, relations between the
203  4,3 |        Justinian II (705-11), Pope Constantine came at the invitation of
204  4,3 |            information on it. Pope Constantine, as the German church historian,
205  4,3 |         decrees of Rome.”[87] Pope Constantine returned safely to Rome
206  4,4 |         work On Themes, written by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the emperor
207  5,1 |     probable.~ The son of Leo III, Constantine V Copronymus (741-75), married
208  5,1 |            Empire because her son, Constantine VI, proclaimed Emperor from
209  5,1 |            through the marriage of Constantine V.~ ~
210  5,2 |          the seventh century under Constantine IV, and seemed even more
211  5,2 |          of medieval Hellenism. If Constantine IV halted the Arabs under
212  5,2 |          of his son and successor, Constantine, with the daughter of the
213  5,2 |          the successor of Leo III, Constantine V, to move the imperial
214  5,2 |           Empire.~ In the reign of Constantine V relations with the Byzantine
215  5,2 |        along the Bulgarian border. Constantine treated with contempt the
216  5,2 |         began military operations. Constantine conducted eight or nine
217  5,2 |        varying results. In the end Constantine failed to attain his goal,
218  5,2 |            century, in the time of Constantine VI and his mother Irene,
219  5,2 |          this work) in the work of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, On the
220  5,2 |          refer also to the days of Constantine V: “The whole of the Peloponnesus
221  5,2 |        capital after the epidemic, Constantine transported to Constantinople
222  5,3 |            pious emperors, Leo and Constantine.” There is some uncertainty
223  5,3 |            the time of Leo III and Constantine V at all.[23] At present
224  5,3 |          laws, arranged by Leo and Constantine, the wise and pious kings,
225  5,3 |            the wisest Tsar Leo and Constantine, the two faithful emperors.”[
226  5,3 |            of the Emperors Leo and Constantine, and that it was published
227  5,3 |            by private individuals. Constantine Porphyrogenitus said that
228  5,3 |         and his son and coemperor, Constantine.[62]~ ~
229  5,4 |            picture in the reign of Constantine V Copronymus (741-75), the
230  5,4 |            Educated by his father, Constantine followed a very determined
231  5,4 |            unprejudiced opinion of Constantine. It is with some exaggeration
232  5,5 |          aftermath.~At the time of Constantine’s accession the European
233  5,5 |       large number of iconoclasts. Constantine spent the first two years
234  5,5 |    Artavasdus succeeded in forcing Constantine to leave the capital, and
235  5,5 |            restored image worship. Constantine succeeded, however, in deposing
236  5,5 |         Artavasdus demonstrated to Constantine that icon worship might
237  5,5 |              With this aim in view Constantine decided to convoke a council
238  5,5 |        with the following: “To New Constantine and the most pious, many
239  5,5 |         heads of George, etc.[92]~ Constantine V displayed extreme intolerance
240  5,5 |            he was congratulated by Constantine V, who wrote: “I have found
241  5,5 |             in the time of Leo and Constantine Italy alone received about
242  5,5 |         martyrs who suffered under Constantine V, Stephen the Younger is
243  5,5 |       calmer than under his father Constantine V. Although Leo, too, was
244  5,5 |     transition from the tactics of Constantine V to the restoration of
245  5,5 |       iconoclasm. Because his son, Constantine VI, was a minor, the rule
246  5,5 |         council of 754 declared by Constantine as imperial laws continued
247  5,5 |           council acclaimed “a New Constantine and a New Helen.”[101] It
248  5,5 |         main energy of Leo III and Constantine V was directed toward the
249  5,6 |         Greeks called Eruthro, and Constantine, Emperor of Byzantium, at
250  5,6 |         the legal emperor, her son Constantine, and became the autocratic
251  5,6 |         Justinian, Theodosius, and Constantine the Great, the emperors
252  5,6 |      immediately after the name of Constantine VI.~ If such was the view
253  5,8 | image-worship, claiming even to be Constantine, the son of Irene who had
254  5,8 |        than that under Leo III and Constantine V, but “only spiritually
255  5,8 |             the name he applied to Constantine V] against the Salutary
256  5,8 |            icon worship written by Constantine V Copronymus have been preserved
257  5,8 |            declined in the time of Constantine V, but was revived under
258  5,8 |          the apostle of the Slavs, Constantine (Cyril), studied under the
259  5,8 |          Sixth Ecumenical Council, Constantine V Copronymus ordered a portrait
260  6   |           of Patriarch Photius and Constantine Porphyrogenitus add further
261  6,1 |    Alexander (886-913). Leo’s son, Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (913-
262  6,1 |        They were deposed in 945 by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, who ruled
263  6,1 |          two minor sons, Basil and Constantine. Theophano married the capable
264  6,1 |       Romanus II and a daughter of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Only
265  6,1 |       Bulgar-Slayer, 976-1025) and Constantine VIII (976-1028), become
266  6,1 |        dynasty. After the death of Constantine VIII the aged senator, Romanus
267  6,1 |        Romanus Argyrus, married to Constantine’s daughter, Zoë, became
268  6,1 |    proclaimed emperor. He ruled as Constantine IX Monomachus from 1042
269  6,1 |     husband, but Theodora survived Constantine Monomachus and became the
270  6,2 |     composition of this expedition Constantine Porphyrogenitus spoke of
271  6,2 |          10]~ In the long reign of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (913-
272  6,2 |          sons also were dethroned. Constantine Porphyrogenitus became sole
273  6,2 |             16]~ The last years of Constantine Porphyrogenitus were marked
274  6,2 |       Jerusalem … Before his death Constantine could rejoice because during
275  6,2 |            eleventh century, under Constantine IX Monomachus, the new capital
276  6,2 |       recalled to Europe to defend Constantine Monomachus, first against
277  6,3 |            throughout the reign of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.[53] Later,
278  6,4 |    expressed more concretely under Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the
279  6,4 |        source, during the reign of Constantine Monomachus, in 1043, “the
280  6,5 |           Magyars, and Bulgarians. Constantine Porphyrogenitus devoted
281  6,5 |            many things recorded by Constantine in this work it is also
282  6,5 |        migration of nations.”[68]~ Constantine Monomachus (1042-55) assigned
283  6,5 |      capital. Still, the troops of Constantine Monomachus were able to
284  6,5 |       blows. But toward the end of Constantine’s reign it became more difficult
285  6,5 |          especially in the time of Constantine Monomachus, the Patzinaks
286  6,6 |     Byzantine court in the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. The population
287  6,7 |           the minority of her son, Constantine VII Porphyrogemtus, Nicholas
288  6,7 |      government was transferred to Constantine’s father-in-law, Romanus
289  6,7 |          Basilics and the Novel of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. One of
290  6,7 |          typicon) given by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus about the
291  6,7 |          to the famous Donation of Constantine (Donatio Constantini), which
292  6,7 |        since the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus was inclined
293  6,7 |           to the Ecloga of Leo and Constantine as a “subversion of the
294  6,7 |        Lecapenus, the co-regent of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. This Novel
295  6,7 |           In a subsequent Novel of Constantine Porphyrogenitus it was officially
296  6,7 |            placed upon the rich in Constantine’s reign surpassed those
297  6,7 |            to Zoë, the daughter of Constantine VIII, urged by his interest
298  6,7 |     Byzantine Court of the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, lists twenty-five
299  6,7 |            Themes (tenth century), Constantine Porphyrogenitus gives a
300  6,8 |             Isaac was succeeded by Constantine X Ducas (1059-67). This
301  6,8 |         the antimilitary nature of Constantine’s administration. The Empire
302  6,8 |         Eudocia Macrembolitissa by Constantine Ducas, her first husband,
303  6,8 | bureaucratic regime of his father, Constantine Ducas, which was unsuitable
304  6,8 |            of the eleventh century Constantine IX Monomachus annexed to
305  6,8 |         the antimilitary policy of Constantine Ducas weakened the military
306  6,8 |            government.”[144] Under Constantine X Ducas, and during the
307  6,8 |         the Turks.~ In the time of Constantine Ducas the Uzes appeared
308  6,8 |          tenth century was Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, who
309  6,8 |            many original writings. Constantine left all government affairs
310  6,8 |            writings of the time of Constantine VII in the tenth century
311  6,8 |            of them were written by Constantine himself, others with his
312  6,8 |         the time of Diocletian and Constantine the Great later penetrated
313  6,8 |            of Byzantine influence. Constantine is also responsible for
314  6,8 |       scholarly men gathered about Constantine came the historian Joseph
315  6,8 |           instance of the Emperor, Constantine the Rhodian wrote a poetic
316  6,8 | encyclopedias which appeared under Constantine was the famous collection
317  6,8 |   Anthologia Palatina, compiled by Constantine Kephalas. It derives its
318  6,8 |        claim of some scholars that Constantine Kephalas was no other than
319  6,8 |         Kephalas was no other than Constantine the Rhodian should be considered
320  6,8 |         century.[166]~ The time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus witnessed
321  6,8 |          the works of Genesius, of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, and of
322  6,8 |     Bulgar-octonus) until that of (Constantine) Monomachus, learning was
323  6,8 |         the eleventh century under Constantine Monomachus, when a group
324  6,8 |      scholars, headed by the young Constantine Psellus, aroused the Emperor’
325  6,8 |      lyceum founded in the time of Constantine Monomachus was to aid in
326  6,8 |          of the philosophy school, Constantine Psellus, usually known by
327  6,8 |        Elsewhere Psellus said that Constantine IX “admired his eloquence
328  6,8 |        flowed from his lips;” that Constantine X “filled himself with his
329  6,8 |          in the ninth century, and Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the tenth.[
330  7,1 |           in the eighth century by Constantine V Copronymus, as well as
331  7,1 |         and talent of the Emperors Constantine IV and Leo III Isaurian.
332  7,1 |     eleventh century under Emperor Constantine Monomachus. The Christian
333  7,1 |        Empire as heir to Augustus, Constantine, and Justinian, and strongly
334  7,2 |  contemporary of Alexius Comnenus, Constantine Angelus, of the city of
335  7,4 |          this honor must belong to Constantine the Great, Alexius Comnenus
336  7,4 |           by side with the Emperor Constantine or, if any one objects to
337  7,4 |           objects to that, next to Constantine.” The third Comnenus, Manuel,
338  7,4 |            dwell in the capital of Constantine; they belong neither to
339  7,4 |      Photius in the ninth century, Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the tenth,
340  7,4 |            to her many verses, and Constantine Manasses composed his chronicle
341  7,4 |      Angeli lived also a humanist, Constantine Stilbes, of whom very little
342  7,4 |          in 1118. The chronicle of Constantine Manasses, written in the
343  8,4 |        possession of the throne of Constantine the Great in the place which
344  8,5 |         and peopler of the city of Constantine … Looking only to thee and
345  8,14|        possible. The papal legate, Constantine, bishop of Orvieto, was
346  8,17|       novels of Romanus Lecapenus, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Romanus
347  8,17|            of the eighth issued by Constantine IV (668-685), Justinian
348  8,17|        Irene (797-802) and her son Constantine VI (780-797),[221] Of course
349  8,17|            the Christian clergy by Constantine the Great and his successors.[
350  9,2 |       ruler of Northern Macedonia, Constantine Dragosh (Dragases), a Slav,
351  9,2 |            emperors, John VIII and Constantine XI; the latter is often
352  9,2 |            fixed their choice upon Constantine, one of the brothers of
353  9,2 |           to Morea, which notified Constantine of his election to the tottering
354  9,2 |          It was long believed that Constantine XI was crowned by a layman.
355  9,2 |             that the coronation of Constantine XI was never performed officially
356  9,2 |           and their opponents.[27] Constantine had been twice married,
357  9,2 |           but both had died before Constantine’s election to the Byzantine
358  9,2 |         fall of Constantinople and Constantine’s death prevented the fulfillment
359  9,2 |             and kindred East.[29]~ Constantine XI was killed in May 1453,
360  9,2 |          the brothers who survived Constantine, Demetrius Palaeologus was
361  9,2 |            became “the new city of Constantine” (i.e., a new Constantinople-Tsargrad).[
362  9,3 |        this war the Bulgarian Tsar Constantine Tech (Tich) took part on
363  9,3 |           with the Bulgarian king, Constantine Tech, Michael was so actively
364  9,5 |          aspirant to the throne of Constantine the Great, Justinian, and
365  9,8 |           of the Despots of Morea, Constantine, John VIII’s brother, who
366  9,8 |         considered the invasion of Constantine into northern Greece as
367  9,8 |       Greeks. The horrified Despot Constantine was glad to make peace on
368  9,8 |      tribute to the sultan.~ Under Constantine Palaeologus the famous traveler,
369  9,9 |                                    Constantine XI (1449-53) and the capture
370  9,9 |           and love of country were Constantine’s characteristics, vouched
371  9,9 |            at Constantinople, knew Constantine personally before his ascension
372  9,9 |          and terrible adversary of Constantine was Muhammed II, twenty-one
373  9,9 |      adversaries survive, those of Constantine Palaeologus on seals and
374  9,9 |          siege of the great city.~ Constantine made every possible effort
375  9,9 |           the coming fatal danger, Constantine appealed to the West for
376  9,9 |            defense of the capital. Constantine and the population of the
377  9,9 |            honor of the vanquished Constantine, his abused country, and
378  9,9 |       rather belittled the role of Constantine, but at the same time wrote
379  9,9 |         historian, Phrantzes,[219] Constantine incited the people to a
380  9,9 |            the power of God.”[220] Constantine ended his speech thus: “
381  9,9 |            historical fact.~ After Constantine’s death, the Turks rushed
382  9,9 |         tomb is not really that of Constantine; his burial place is unknown.
383  9,9 |           Greeks revere as that of Constantine. Timid devotion has strewn
384  9,9 |            the corpse of the great Constantine and other Emperors…[231]~ ~
385  9,15|            last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, like his brother John
386  9,16|      evidence to affirm that under Constantine there was an open break
387  9,16|       danger approaching the city, Constantine again appealed for aid to
388  9,17|            last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, are known.[333] The
389  9,18|            and personal affairs of Constantine XI and the real situation
390  9,18|            the fourteenth century, Constantine Harmenopulus, known by the
391 App  |    Byzantine Empire~324-1453~ ~ ~~~Constantine the Great (sole emperor),
392 App  |            emperor), 324-337.~~~~~~Constantine, 337-340. ~~~~~~Constans,
393 App  |          Heraclius, 610-641. ~~~~~~Constantine II, 641. ~~~~~~Heraclonas (
394 App  |             Heracleon), 641. ~~~~~~Constantine III (Constans II), 641-668. ~~~~~~
395 App  |       Constans II), 641-668. ~~~~~~Constantine IV, 668-685. ~~~~~~Justinian
396 App  |             Leo III, 717-741.~~~~~~Constantine V Copronymus, 741-775. ~~~~~~
397 App  |            Chazar), 775-780. ~~~~~~Constantine VI, 780-797. ~~~~~~Irene,
398 App  |           Alexander, 912-913.~~~~~~Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 913-
399 App  |          919-944.~~~~~~Stephen and Constantine, Romanus Lecapenus' sons.
400 App  |      Bulgaroctonus, 976-1025.~~~~~~Constantine VIII, 1025-1028.~~~~~~Romanus
401 App  |       Theodora and Zoë, 1042.~~~~~~Constantine IX Monomachus, 1042-1055.~~~~~~
402 App  |          Comnenus, 1057-1059.~~~~~~Constantine X Ducas, 1059-1067.~~~~~~
403 App  |         John VIII, 1425-1448.~~~~~~Constantine XI, 1449-1453.~~~  ~ ~ ~ ~