Chapter, Paragraph

  1  2,2 |           West and influenced by his western leaders, such as Hosius,
  2  2,2 |        eastern, and the other in the western, part of the Empire; but
  3  2,2 |                Valentinian ruied the western part of the Empire and entrusted
  4  2,3 |              became the ruler of the western half of the Empire and Valens
  5  2,3 |       council is so inadequate, some western European scholars are dubious
  6  2,3 |         distinguished leaders of the western church, Ambrose, bishop
  7  2,3 |         paganism in the East. In the western part of the Empire a particularly
  8  2,3 |      Ostrogoths or Ostgoths, and the western Goths, or Visigoths. Like
  9  2,3 |          when later they appeared in western Europe, were culturally
 10  2,3 |              Minor. By following the western shore of the Black Sea they
 11  2,3 |             these provinces.~ In the western provinces of the Eastern
 12  2,3 |              in the capital, and the western part of Asia Minor, the
 13  2,3 |              more fortunate than the western half during the period of
 14  2,3 |       kingdoms on Roman territory in western Europe and northern Africa.
 15  2,4 |             it was introduced in the western part of the Empire. The
 16  2,4 |            the epoch of Charlemagne, western European legislation was
 17  2,4 |            at that period influenced western Europe but not through the
 18  2,4 |             the middle Danube to the western provinces of the Empire,
 19  2,5 |           Odovacar, deposed the last western emperor, the young Romulus
 20  2,5 |              year of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, but this is
 21  2,5 |          there was still no separate Western Roman Empire. There was,
 22  2,5 |            eastern, the other in the western, part. In the year 476 there
 23  2,5 |              between the eastern and western churches; it continued until
 24  2,5 |              between the eastern and western parts of the Empire, in
 25  2,5 |             still be seen today.~ In western Europe further important
 26  2,5 |             of the fifth century the western part of the Empire, in spite
 27  2,5 |            this epoch were two other western centers of the eastern Empire,
 28  2,5 |  developments in the eastern and the western provinces of the Byzantine
 29  2,5 |            and wrote several works.~ Western European literature of this
 30  2,5 |           have been preserved in the western parts of the Empire. Among
 31  3,1 |              between the eastern and western churches, dating back to
 32  3,3 |         barbarian Germanic states of western Europe; the latter were
 33  3,3 |             had historical rights to western Europe, occupied at this
 34  3,4 |         Spanish fortress Ceuta), the western portion of northern Africa,
 35  3,4 |              reconquering the entire Western Roman Empire. The western
 36  3,4 |            Western Roman Empire. The western part of North Africa, the
 37  3,4 |             which naturally made the western conquered provinces very
 38  3,4 |             Roman point of view, his western campaigns are comprehensible
 39  3,4 |            the Byzantine Empire. The western campaigns, displaying only
 40  3,5 |             of Theodosius II and his western contemporary, Valentinian
 41  3,5 |     reception of Roman law, began in western Europe, Justinian’s code
 42  3,5 |            All legal developments in western Europe, even those of the
 43  3,7 |              the Three Chapters; the western church was not. In the end,
 44  3,7 |              In order to attract the western church to his support Justinian
 45  3,7 |             Vigilius, the priests of western Europe had to put up incessant
 46  3,7 |              and Theodora.”[73]~ The western church, however, did not
 47  3,9 |            lands of China and India. Western Europe of the earlier Middle
 48  3,9 |           caravan route led from the western borders of China through
 49  3,9 |              carried to all parts of western Europe and adorned the palaces
 50  3,9 |           and adorned the palaces of western kings and the residences
 51  3,11|        shortly before this period in Western Asia and along the shores
 52  3,11|              was more concerned with western developments, particularly
 53  3,11|         concentrate its attention on western affairs, especially on the
 54  3,16|              as a refuge of the last Western Roman emperors; in the sixth
 55  3,16|          Great and the mother of the western emperor, Valentinian III,
 56  4   |              Byzantine coins, in the western official documents of the
 57  4,1 |           the writings of Heraclius’ western contemporary, Isidore, bishop
 58  4,1 |          into two parts, eastern and western. The Emperor Aurelian restored
 59  4,1 |           the conception of medieval western Europe Islam was not a distinct
 60  4,1 |              of the Arabs toward the western shores of North Africa.
 61  4,1 |             own Empire, but also for western Europe, which was thus shielded
 62  4,1 |        Khagan of the Avars and other western rulers, “they sent ambassadors
 63  4,1 |             the Muhammedan menace to western Europe appeared from a different
 64  4,1 |     Palestine from distant points of western Europe to worship at the
 65  4,1 |           power of the Empire in the western part of the Mediterranean
 66  4,2 |           against the Emperor in the western provinces. He was subjected
 67  4,4 |            beginning to threaten the western part of the Mediterranean
 68  4,4 |           the writings of the famous western thinker of the ninth century,
 69  5,2 |     Christian world, but also all of western European civilization. The
 70  5,2 |              advance from Spain into western Europe was successfully
 71  5,2 |        forced the Arabs to clear the western part of Asia Minor and retreat
 72  5,2 |              the eighth century. One western pilgrim to the Holy Places,
 73  5,3 |             of its publication. Some western scholars refer it to the
 74  5,3 |              Thracesian theme in the western part of Asia Minor, formed
 75  5,3 |          Asia Minor, formed from the western districts of the vast theme
 76  5,4 |              the seventh century. In western Europe the bishop of Massilia (
 77  5,4 |              controlled by papal and western European interests. Southern
 78  5,6 |             speak of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the year
 79  5,6 |          late eighth century and the western Romano-Germanic world of
 80  5,6 |        Charles in the year 800 a new western empire was created which
 81  5,6 |              formation of a separate western empire. The coronation of
 82  5,6 |          rulers intended to create a western empire which would counterbalance
 83  5,6 |          ruler of the Empire.[107] A western historian of the period,
 84  5,6 |            found in the fact that in western annals referring to the
 85  5,6 |            was only a revolt of some western provinces against the legal
 86  5,6 |             to unite the Eastern and Western provinces.”[111] In other
 87  5,8 |            capital, he turned to the western states for help. His ambassadors
 88  5,8 |             of the Umayyad emir. The western rulers all received the
 89  5,8 |              143]~Struggles with the western Arabs. — At the same time
 90  5,8 |             also struggling with the western Arabs. North Africa, conquered
 91  5,8 |           under the authority of the western Emperor; in reality, however,
 92  5,8 |         inner Italian districts. The western emperor, Lewis II, came
 93  5,8 |              in large numbers to the western provinces, mostly to Thrace.
 94  5,8 |          Christianity and the rising western civilization; but they did
 95  5,8 |            led to a rupture with the western church and the gradual separation
 96  5,8 |             of the population of the western provinces, Italy and Greece,
 97  5,8 |             the famous father of the western church, Thomas Aquinas,
 98  5,8 |       adopted later by Byzantine and western European schools. They are
 99  6,2 |             west with Venice and the western emperor. Added to these
100  6,2 |        struggle with the eastern and western Arabs. But although the
101  6,2 |           Basil’s relations with the western Arabs, who at that time
102  6,2 |              the intervention of the western Emperor, Louis II, who occupied
103  6,2 |        combined attempt to drive the western Arabs out of Italy and Sicily.
104  6,2 |              negative outcome of the western alliance against the Arabs,
105  6,2 |            the Franks [i.e., for the western European nations].”[18]~
106  6,2 |          fourth century. The smaller western part with the city of Theodosiopolis (
107  6,2 |          into two parts, eastern and western, led to a cultural break
108  6,3 |          heart of Asia Minor and the western Muslims in Italy. Boris,
109  6,3 |      frequently call them Turks, and western sources sometimes refer
110  6,3 |        Patzinaks, the Alans, and the western Turks, i.e., the Magyars
111  6,3 |               the energetic ruler of western independent Bulgaria, and
112  6,4 |      Although no sources, Byzantine, western, or eastern, known up to
113  6,5 |        crossing of the Danube by the western Goths, which initiated the
114  6,6 |             Relations with Italy and western Europe.~ The Italian developments
115  6,6 |           aggressive movement of the western Arabs and the Adriatic Slavs
116  6,6 |          delayed the coronation of a western ruler in order to avoid
117  6,6 |              basileus assumed by the western ruler. Liudprand accused
118  6,7 |             eastern Orthodox and the western Catholic, which took place
119  6,7 |            ecumenical council by the western church and is still considered
120  6,7 |         similar landed wealth of the western church in the time of the
121  6,7 |            of church property in the western Frankish kingdom under the
122  6,7 |            Calabria, where papal and western influence was becoming very
123  6,7 |             embraced wide circles of western European clergy, developed
124  6,7 |              final separation of the western and eastern churches occur
125  6,7 |             times greatly in need of western help, especially when the
126  6,7 |          with the medieval guilds of western Europe.~ Over a hundred
127  6,7 |        people (pauperes) of medieval western Europe, and the orphans (
128  6,7 |            while the strategi of the western themes were supported by
129  6,8 |           movement of the Seljuqs in western Asia created a new epoch
130  6,8 |        tribes, they conquered all of western Asia, from Afghanistan to
131  6,8 |        applied in this period to all western European nationalities) —
132  6,8 |          Turks reached as far as the western provinces of Asia Minor.
133  6,8 |             his reign, to appeal for western aid by sending a message
134  6,8 |           messages to the princes of western Europe and to “all Christians (
135  6,8 |           stubborn resistance to the western Emperor Lewis II. Robert’
136  6,8 |             throughout the West. The Western Empire of Charlemagne, or
137  6,8 |          importance to the states of Western Europe.~ Emperor Michael
138  6,8 |         penetrated the court life of western Europe and the Slavonic
139  6,8 |          Celts [i.e., the peoples of western Europe] and Arabs; and they
140  6,8 |            and are compared with the western European markgraves (meaning
141  6,8 |              very closely well-known western European epic legends, such
142  7,1 |              chosen as his ideal the western knight, the new Emperor
143  7,1 |            hunting parties after the western pattern, tournaments‑all
144  7,1 |               A very great number of western Europeans appeared at the
145  7,1 |        married twice, each time to a western princess. His first wife,
146  7,1 |          Manuel was regulated by his western ideals, as well as by his
147  7,1 |              effect a union with the western Catholic church. Latin oppression
148  7,1 |            and Bosnia, and then into western Europe, where the followers
149  7,1 |             some other cities of the western coast of Asia Minor and
150  7,1 |           apparently, also among the western Latins. Anna Comnena wrote
151  7,1 |          Bosphorus, there broke upon western Europe a real wail of despair,
152  7,1 |            conditions of the life of western Europe in the eleventh century,
153  7,1 |         Commercial relations between western Europe and the eastern countries
154  7,1 |           some embassies between the western monarch and the caliph Harun
155  7,1 |           religious‑minded masses of western Europe and evoked a powerful
156  7,1 |          that is raised toward 1075. Western Europe, slowly reconstructed
157  7,1 |            the spiritual head of the western European world could, through
158  7,1 |            his influence, induce the western European peoples to furnish
159  7,1 |            of a mass movement of the western European peoples, sometimes
160  7,1 |            seems that, in arming the western Christians for the struggle
161  7,1 |            point of view of Alexius, western auxiliaries seemed useless
162  7,1 |           for the crusades, from the western point of view: (1) The first
163  7,1 |              In the eleventh century western pilgrimages to the Holy
164  7,1 |      crusades, however, by informing western Europeans of the situation
165  7,1 |             factor in the history of western Europe which is associated
166  7,1 |         colonial expansion from some western European countries, especially
167  7,1 |              new world was opened to western Europe. The subsequent crusades
168  7,1 |          participated in the general western European crusading movement;
169  7,1 |           and when Alexius asked for western auxiliary troops, and was,
170  7,1 |             In the summer of 1096 in western Europe, began the crusading
171  7,1 |             Bikélas) wrote:~ ~To the Western eye the Crusades present
172  7,1 |       Byzantium And the East and for western Europe.~The first account
173  7,1 |            the Turks to evacuate the western part of Asia Minor and to
174  7,1 |           state was organized on the western feudal pattern.~ The First
175  7,1 |         Increasing contacts with the western states. — The son and successor
176  7,1 |        steadily increasing number of western European states with which
177  7,1 |              was involved chiefly in western policy, which had sad consequences
178  7,1 |              the reign of Manuel his western policy, like that of his
179  7,1 |             the expedition.~ But the western peoples, who had learned
180  7,1 |           could not take care of the western interests of the Byzantine
181  7,1 |           was free to proceed in his western policy against Roger. Nevertheless
182  7,1 |             for the war against “the western dragon,” “a new Amalek,” “
183  7,1 |              between the eastern and western churches. By evoking a conflict
184  7,1 |          existed in the shape of the Western Empire.” Yet those negotiations
185  7,1 |              In a long letter to his western friend, King Henry II Plantagenet,
186  7,1 |       recognize the authority of the western emperor and yield to the
187  7,1 |             among the vassals of the western empire. It was thus the
188  7,1 |            to him in his position as western emperor. The idea of a single
189  7,1 |       European society headed by the western emperor and the pope. Over
190  7,1 |             and strongly inclined to western tastes, customs and manners,
191  7,1 |            in his relations with the Western Empire, France, Venice,
192  7,1 |            resume relations with the western powers that he so ostentatiously
193  7,1 |              enemies of Byzantium in western Europe: Germany, and the
194  7,1 |           had been. the basis of the western European policy, came to
195  7,1 |           Byzantium.~ Meanwhile, the western danger to the Eastern Empire
196  7,1 |         kingdom for the plans of the western emperor against Byzantium,
197  7,1 |              the Greeks. At least, a western medieval historian remarked: “
198  7,1 |       Constantinople. Furthermore, a western chronicle affords very interesting
199  7,1 |              of Egypt, Saladin. As a western chronicler reported, “urged
200  7,2 |           over into the hands of the western knights and was given up
201  7,2 |           Bulgarians and Vlachs. The western cleric Ansbert, who followed
202  7,2 |              was in the hands of the western Emperor; there was a moment
203  7,2 | Philippopolis. In his message to the western Emperor, Isaac named him “
204  7,2 |            to annex Byzantium to the Western Empire. A sort of ultimatum
205  7,2 |             was to fear not only the Western Emperor, the heir of the
206  7,2 |            as a buffer state against western imperialism, would be a
207  7,2 |              Choniates, and that the western sources afford no evidence
208  7,3 |         increase in the power of the western emperor, our rival.” In
209  7,3 |             general crusade in which western and eastern Christianities
210  7,3 |              But the choicest of the western knights, particularly of
211  7,3 |              statements of the chief western source of the Fourth Crusade
212  7,3 |            that time, in the eyes of western Europe, said Nicetas Choniates, “
213  7,3 |              to the crusade, for the western knights were already insisting
214  7,3 |             spared or respected. The western knights and their soldiers,
215  7,3 |            this crusade the whole of western Europe became enriched with
216  7,3 |          Constantinople; most of the western European churches received
217  7,3 |              possession of which the western knights were obliged to
218  7,3 |            baronies and received the western European feudal organization.
219  7,3 |          later Byzantine art. In the western part of the peninsula was
220  7,3 |             when Greco-Byzantine and western feudal elements united together
221  7,3 |        satisfactory.~ The aim of the western knights and merchants was
222  7,3 |              of the Lascaris, in the western part of Asia Minor, situated
223  7,3 |           Latin Empire. Then, in the western part of the Balkan peninsula,
224  7,3 |         which had formerly drawn the western peoples to the East. After
225  7,4 |            the eastern church to the western, of the patriarchate of
226  7,4 |             the sake of his illusive western policy.~ In the internal
227  7,4 |          doctrines which appeared in western European philosophy in the
228  7,4 |            statement to say that the western European scholasticism depended
229  7,4 |     relations with the popes and the western church. The chief cause
230  7,4 |       partisan of the union with the western church. In internal ecclesiastical
231  7,4 |          century can be explained by western influence, which was very
232  7,4 |              in order to prevent the western Emperor from getting possession
233  7,4 |              were already evident. A western chronicler of the first
234  7,4 |             culture over that of the western peoples, whom a source called “
235  7,4 |           the barbarian names of the western or Russian (Scythian) leaders,
236  7,4 |              of “the Roman” over the western “barbarian,” deserves as
237  7,4 | Constantinople). His opinions of the western crusaders and the mutual
238  7,4 |            find in the best works of western medieval literature.”~ Besides
239  7,4 |               In the twelfth century western Europe witnessed the revival
240  8,1 |            which the former received western European feudal organization.
241  8,1 |           founded in the East on the western models, and commercial factories,
242  8,1 |           Fourth Crusade. “All these Western enclaves in the East reacted
243  8,2 |            battle fell the flower of Western chivalry, and the Emperor
244  8,2 |          escaped the danger from his western neighbor, set to work actively
245  8,2 |                22] The Byzantine and western historians of the thirteenth
246  8,2 |              destroyed, and only the western arch under the dome and
247  8,4 |              the eight hundred brave western mercenaries. In their fight
248  8,5 |          Henry, who feared the brave western mercenaries of Theodore,
249  8,7 |    concentrated the interests of the western Greek patriots and from
250  8,7 |            preserve Hellenism in the western districts of Greece from
251  8,7 |            in St. Peter’s, where the western emperors, beginning with
252  8,7 |               that is to say, of the western Hellenic center, upon the
253  8,7 |           bishops who lived “in that western part.”[56] Finally, Theodore
254  8,7 |   ecclesiastical rupture between the western Greek hierarchs and the
255  8,7 |             of Thessalonica, several western European princes related
256  8,7 |          titulary” Latin emperors in western Europe.~ Thus, from 1222,[
257  8,8 |            Nicaea and Epirus reached western Europe and aroused alarm
258  8,9 |              who at that time was in western Europe, John of Brienne,
259  8,9 |            century. It destroyed the western Greek Empire and the western
260  8,9 |         western Greek Empire and the western Greek center, which seemed
261  8,9 |              Empire. The short-lived western empire (1222-1230) practically
262  8,9 |  Constantinople and traveled through western Europe, begging rulers for
263  8,10|            Emperor of Nicaea and the western Emperor, Frederick II Hohenstaufen.~
264  8,10|           means of union between the western and eastern churches, the
265  8,10|              correspondence with the western Emperor and had even received
266  8,10|             become the vassal of the western Emperor and restore the
267  8,10|            and the privileges of the western clergy, the Emperor exclaimed: “
268  8,10|              friendly support of the western Emperor, must have had a
269  8,11|      invasion two stories given by a western historian of the thirteenth
270  8,11|              least in the opinion of western European writers, in the
271  8,13|        Bulgaria. Dyrrachium “was the western outpost of the Nicene Empire,
272  8,13|         battle was fought in 1259 in western Macedonia, in the plain
273  8,13|             well-armed troops of the western knights fled before the
274  8,13|          Gregorovius, “a creation of western European crusading knights,
275  8,13|            to the past.”[114]~ While Western sources, almost without
276  8,14|              between the eastern and western churches in connection with
277  8,14|              1215, recognized by the western church as an ecumenical
278  8,15|           nobility, and resemble the western European beneficium or Byzantine
279  8,15|          aliqua inquisitione).[149]~ Western goods imported by the Venetians
280  8,16|             in the East, but also in western Europe. The editor of Blemmydes’
281  8,16|      Byzantium on the development of western European thought. There
282  8,16|     accomplishing the union with the western church, against which he
283  8,16|          established institutions of western feudalism, of course made
284  8,16|       subjects acquainted with their western chivalrous literature of
285  8,16|              was a mere imitation of western models, or whether the Byzantine
286  8,16|     conditions of life, analogous to western conditions, only partly
287  8,16|            only partly influenced by western literature. Bury suggested
288  8,16|              their acquaintance with Western romances move the Greeks
289  8,16|       produce works impregnated with Western ideas in the same way as
290  8,16|     recognize the popular Hellenized western names of Rodolph and Bertrand;[
291  8,16|             was inclined to refer to western European sources all that
292  8,16|              ought to be referred to western influence. A parallel literary
293  8,16|       romances of chivalry, when the western knights were establishing
294  8,16|             of Ochrida or Achrida in western Macedonia, which in the
295  8,16|            thirteenth century in the western part of the Balkan peninsula,
296  8,16|        related the Christian East to western Europe, and to Italy in
297  8,17|              exclusively to medieval western Europe, and indeed as distinguishing
298  8,17|  infrequently, that feudalism in all western countries was a homogeneous
299  8,17|    exclusively to the Middle Ages in western Europe. Therefore at present
300  8,17|           problem from the limits of western European medieval history
301  8,17|             concerning the origin of western European feudalism. Some
302  8,17|              distinctive features of western European feudalism are explained
303  8,17|         military service. Later when western European feudalism took
304  8,17|            both parts of the Empire, western and eastern, confirms the
305  8,17|      Crusades and the penetration of western European influence into
306  8,17|         Manuel I (1143-1180), actual western European feudal terms, though
307  8,17|             the Fourth Crusade, i.e. western European landlords, began
308  8,17|            period testifies that the western conquerors continued to
309  8,17|      analogies with other countries, Western, Slavonic, and Muhammedan,
310  8,17|       patronage (patrocinium) or the western European commondatio-mundium
311  8,17|          immunity-exkuseia back to a Western custom which passed to Byzantium
312  8,17|             medieval immunity on the western feudal model.~ It is usually
313  8,17|       Pavlov-Silvansky, who compared western patronage with Russian zakladnichestvo
314  8,17|          Russian zakladnichestvo and western immunity with bayar samosud (
315  8,17|        author not limited himself to western analogies but had also made
316  8,17|              duchies and counties of western Europe.[229] But the distinctive
317  8,17|           the distinctive trait of a western European feudal state is
318  8,17|              of land property to the Western Church. The Frankish kings
319  8,17|         analogy may be drawn between western European feudal lords, dukes (
320  8,17|              to be compared with the western European margraves (meaning
321  8,17|           the epoch of the crusades, western crusaders and other westerners
322  8,17|       landholding nobility, was pure western feudalism which the crusaders
323  8,17|         brought with them from their western homes. Once established
324  8,17|           ideal system of feudalism. Western institutions of the eleventh
325  8,17|               under whose conditions western Europe lived for a long
326  8,17|              for the history both of western European feudalism and of
327  8,17|              as in the states of the western Middle Ages; especially
328  9,2 |      primitive renaissance of art in western Europe, that is to say,
329  9,2 |            manuscript collections in western and eastern libraries. To
330  9,2 |               and his second wife, a western princess, Anne of Savoy,[
331  9,2 |           the Byzantine emperors and western princesses, at the critical
332  9,3 |          East also depended upon his western policy.~ At the close of
333  9,3 |              between the eastern and western churches, Michael diverted
334  9,3 |             Augustus.”[55] Sanudo, a western chronicler of the same time,
335  9,3 |              seems to be an event of western European history, has its
336  9,3 |              the chief basis for the western aggressive policy against
337  9,4 |            siege. The victory of the western mercenaries was enthusiastically
338  9,4 |       Marmora. Several cities of the western coast of Asia Minor began
339  9,4 |           Heraclius and occupied the western part of the peninsula. While
340  9,4 |              in failing to annex the western Serbian (Croatian) land;
341  9,4 |              rivalry between the two western commercial republics, Venice
342  9,4 |            on the part of some other western cities which had their colonies
343  9,6 |       besought the pope to rouse the western European states to take
344  9,6 |        exaggerated statements of the western chronicles, two-thirds or
345  9,6 |       Thucydides. From Byzantium, as western chroniclers narrated, the
346  9,7 |      question of immediate danger to western Europe. The subjugation
347  9,7 |              After the defeat of the western crusaders at Nicopolis,
348  9,7 |              most powerful rulers of western Europe and to the Russian
349  9,7 |              declared a contemporary western chronicler, “it was the
350  9,7 |              154] Manuel’s appeal to western Europe gained him a certain,
351  9,7 |      impression there and induce the western European rulers to take
352  9,7 |              journey of Manuel II in Western Europe. — When Manuel’s
353  9,7 |              the greatest centers of western Europe, Paris and London,
354  9,7 | fruitlessness of Manuel’s journey to western Europe, as far as the substantial
355  9,7 |              information acquired by western Europe about the Byzantine
356  9,7 |          plans after his return from western Europe but continued to
357  9,7 |            had relied, the rising of western Europe in a crusade, had
358  9,8 |     impressed deeply both Venice and western Europe. The nearness of
359  9,8 |              was the last attempt of western Europe to come to the help
360  9,9 |              between the Eastern and Western churches, celebrated a union
361  9,9 |    representing both the Eastern and Western churches; emperor and nobles,
362  9,9 |             fall of Constantinople a western relief fleet arrived in
363  9,9 |             terrible impression upon western Europe, which first of all
364  9,9 |        appeal to Pope Nicholas V the western emperor, Frederick III,
365  9,9 |          menace could weld disunited western Europe for the struggle
366  9,10|     intervention of the pope and the western European sovereigns. The
367  9,11|             definite resistance from western European rulers. In his
368  9,13|          hand, in the attempt of the western Greek monk Barlaam to Latinize
369  9,13|              prevailing mysticism in western and eastern Europe, and
370  9,13|          emperors, alone could rouse western Europe to defend Christianity.
371  9,14|             The papal appeals to the western rulers for aid against the
372  9,14|           Despite the papal appeals, western Europe sent no help against
373  9,14|    intercourse between Byzantium and western Europe in the epoch of the
374  9,15|         journey of Manuel II through western Europe, and finally the
375  9,15|           also from the feeling that western aid bought by the price
376  9,15|         Empire lay in union with the western church.~ ~
377  9,17|     sometimes humiliating voyages to western Europe of the emperors (
378  9,17|          Thessaly after 1261. In the western part of Thessaly, which
379  9,17|            Galata or Pera, and about western merchants there.[326] Pegolotti
380  9,17|       entirely into the hands of the western merchants, mainly those
381  9,17|      commercial activity of the many western merchants in Byzantium went
382  9,17|             the wealthy and striving western republics and cities was
383  9,18|            or on his journey through western Europe. Altogether there
384  9,18|          best representatives of the western Renaissance. He received
385  9,18|             peoples and countries of western Europe.[360] His recent
386  9,18|              use of the most eminent western writers and scholars. He
387  9,18|           speak of the emigration to western Europe, and urge the Greeks
388  9,18|          according to the pattern of western Scholasticism.[379]~ One
389  9,18|          Cabasilas’ ideas was, as in western European mysticism, the
390  9,18|           Hesychast movement and the western European mystic movements,
391  9,18|             Italian humanism and the western Renaissance.”[389]~ Finally,
392  9,18|             is perhaps best known in western Europe for his edition of
393  9,18|       considerable influence even on western medicine and was used as
394  9,18|          more than an imitation of a Western model. Diehl said: “If the
395  9,18|          followers of the so-called “western” hypothesis, taking into
396  9,18|            taking into consideration western influence on Byzantine life
397  9,18|           new forms in the East. The western hypothesis, however, cannot
398  9,18|              century as dominated by Western influence. Italy had touched
399  9,19|              he could share with his Western friends only the knowledge
400  9,19|           Fathers of the Eastern and Western churches and works of theological
401  9,19|           traveled through Italy and western Europe about the fourth