Chapter, Paragraph

  1  2,1 |            early Christian Rome, in Italy, although pagan sympathy
  2  2,2 |    tradition, had come to Latium in Italy and laid the foundations
  3  2,2 |            Nicomedia; Maximian kept Italy, Africa, and Spain, with
  4  2,2 |  northwestern corner of Africa; (2) Italy, including Africa, Italy,
  5  2,2 |            Italy, including Africa, Italy, the provinces between the
  6  2,2 |      reforms of Diocletian affected Italy in particular; from the
  7  2,3 |      directed his main attention to Italy.~ In addition to the menace
  8  2,5 |    significant events took place in Italy. In the second half of the
  9  2,5 |         himself became the ruler of Italy. In order to make his rule
 10  2,5 |           order to make his rule in Italy more secure, he sent ambassadors
 11  2,5 |             with the assurance that Italy needed no separate emperor
 12  2,5 |           him the administration of Italy. This request was granted
 13  2,5 |          legally appointed ruler of Italy. The year 476 formerly was
 14  2,5 |          Upon becoming the ruler of Italy, Odovacar assumed an attitude
 15  2,5 |            to the rich provinces of Italy, thus attaining a double
 16  2,5 |            the undesirable ruler of Italy through the efforts of an
 17  2,5 |             any event, Theodoric in Italy was less of a menace to
 18  2,5 |               Theodoric moved on to Italy, defeated Odovacar, seized
 19  2,5 |      departure of the Ostrogoths to Italy, devastating raids against
 20  2,5 |        Theodoric became the king of Italy; and in the far north-west
 21  2,5 |        proclaimed Theodoric king of Italy “without waiting,” said
 22  2,5 |           Theodoric as the ruler of Italy, and the latter then became
 23  2,5 |            Goths and the natives of Italy.~ To Clovis, the king of
 24  2,5 |  successfully diverted by Zeno into Italy. Thus the Germanic problem
 25  2,5 |      barbaric kingdoms were formed; Italy was practically ruled by
 26  3,3 |       having seized by violence our Italy, have refused to give it
 27  3,3 |             of affairs prevailed in Italy, where the natives, in spite
 28  3,3 |            of affairs in Africa and Italy was favorable for Justinian,
 29  3,4 |          Later, when transferred to Italy, this army conquered Naples
 30  3,4 |          who shortly afterward left Italy for Constantinople, taking
 31  3,4 |          Africanus and Vandalicus.” Italy seemed definitely conquered
 32  3,4 |           with them and was sent to Italy to assume the supreme command.
 33  3,4 |            by the Byzantine army in Italy and on the islands were
 34  3,4 |          had led to his recall from Italy, his successor, Narses,
 35  3,4 |             of devastating warfare, Italy, Dalmatia, and Sicily were
 36  3,4 |         large landed aristocracy of Italy and to the church the land
 37  3,4 |            industry and commerce in Italy and, as a result of the
 38  3,4 |       Justinian’s empire. Dalmatia, Italy, the eastern part of North
 39  3,4 |        Belisarius was recalled from Italy but was unable to stop the
 40  3,6 |         pagan national sanctuary in Italy, the temple of Apollo in
 41  3,7 |           war began at this time in Italy and Justinian needed the
 42  3,8 |     prefectures of North Africa and Italy.~ The Emperor hoped that
 43  3,8 |             Over the sea it invaded Italy and Sicily. In Constantinople
 44  3,10|             the Lombard conquest of Italy. In the internal life of
 45  3,11|       developments, particularly in Italy where the Lombards were
 46  3,12|             the death of Justinian, Italy was insufficiently protected
 47  3,12|         advanced from Pannonia into Italy under the leadership of
 48  3,12|          army and the aged ruler of Italy, of having invited the Lombards
 49  3,12|           Lombards entered northern Italy. A wild barbaric horde,
 50  3,12|             soon conquered northern Italy, which became known as Lombardy.
 51  3,12|         ease. They reached southern Italy and soon occupied Benevento (
 52  3,12|        Lombards had soon founded in Italy a large Germanic kingdom.
 53  3,12|             against the Lombards in Italy, but the effort ended in
 54  3,12|        several times send troops to Italy, but always with the aim
 55  3,12|           the Lombard domination in Italy.[123] Left to its own fate,
 56  3,12|             The Lombard conquest of Italy demonstrated clearly the
 57  3,12|           the gradual alienation of Italy from the Byzantine Empire
 58  3,12|     imperial political authority in Italy.~ ~
 59  3,14|          place in the government of Italy, which, together with a
 60  3,14|            Byzantine authorities in Italy had not been able to offer
 61  3,14|             strengthen its power in Italy by placing the civil administrative
 62  3,14|         Byzantine administration in Italy was to be headed by a military
 63  3,14|          attacks of the Lombards in Italy, so the formation of the
 64  3,15|      importation of the plague from Italy in the year 746. Reference
 65  3,16|  administrative center of Byzantine Italy reconquered from the Ostrogoths
 66  4,1 |    possessed the separated parts of Italy which were not included
 67  4,1 |             the southern portion of Italy with Sicily and several
 68  4,1 |            Byzantine possessions in Italy, increased very greatly
 69  4,1 |           the seventh century, when Italy became the refuge for many
 70  4,1 |             the natives migrated to Italy and Gaul. The African church,
 71  4,1 |              or some other point in Italy. The chroniclers explain
 72  4,1 |         menace from North Africa to Italy and Sicily, and decided
 73  4,1 |             the state of affairs in Italy did not promise peace. The
 74  4,1 |       possession of a large part of Italy. The Emperor’s authority,
 75  4,1 |            the southernmost part of Italy, where the population was
 76  4,1 |         Constans II started out for Italy by way of Athens, and, after
 77  4,1 |            and the southern part of Italy, established himself in
 78  4,1 |          five years of his reign in Italy without succeeding in accomplishing
 79  4,2 |          position of the Emperor in Italy.~ The famous opponent of
 80  4,3 |     Constantinople. But the army of Italy protected him against the
 81  4,4 |            in the administration of Italy, as those of the Berbers (
 82  4,4 |              and even the shores of Italy and Sicily. In the northwest
 83  5,2 |            of 746-47, imported from Italy, which especially devastated
 84  5,4 |         Following this step, middle Italy detached itself from the
 85  5,4 |        European interests. Southern Italy still remained under Byzantine
 86  5,5 |         time of Leo and Constantine Italy alone received about 50,
 87  5,5 |           fate of medieval southern Italy, for it upheld there the
 88  5,5 |           church. But even southern Italy was apparently not altogether
 89  5,7 |     iconoclastic movement alienated Italy and brought about very strained
 90  5,7 |        Byzantine Empire lost middle Italy, including the Ravenna exarchate,
 91  5,8 |        important points in southern Italy, were of exceedingly great
 92  5,8 |   traditional policy of creating in Italy an independent state, “the
 93  5,8 |             territories in southern Italy.~ The Apennine peninsula
 94  5,8 |             possessions in southern Italy around the Gulf of Tarentum.[
 95  5,8 |           The political position in Italy in the ninth century appears
 96  5,8 |             their own. The south of Italy was directly subject to
 97  5,8 |         Empire. The greater part of Italy was in the hands of the
 98  5,8 |     Byzantine provinces in southern Italy. The Venetian fleet which
 99  5,8 |        important points in southern Italy also passed into the hands
100  5,8 |           the gradual separation of Italy from the Byzantine Empire.
101  5,8 |           of the western provinces, Italy and Greece, all the monks
102  5,8 |     migrated with their families to Italy; thousands of monks founded
103  5,8 |          vast territory of southern Italy, Asia Minor and Cappadocia,
104  5,8 |           or in southern and middle Italy.”[170] But parallel with
105  5,8 |        seals.~ Iconoclasm alienated Italy and the papacy from the
106  6,2 |        important points in southern Italy. The troubled affairs of
107  6,2 |             The troubled affairs of Italy caused the intervention
108  6,2 |            the western Arabs out of Italy and Sicily. But this alliance
109  6,2 |             of Tarentum in southern Italy by Basil’s troops and their
110  6,2 |          Byzantine rule in southern Italy. “The aged Basil,” said
111  6,2 |        definitely lost; in southern Italy Byzantine troops failed
112  6,2 |             Muslims in the west, in Italy, and Sicily were of no importance
113  6,2 |            king, Otto the Great, in Italy. In the East the Byzantine
114  6,2 |             their raids on southern Italy, and the Byzantine government,
115  6,3 |          and the western Muslims in Italy. Boris, in his turn, needed
116  6,6 |                      Relations with Italy and western Europe.~ The
117  6,6 |    campaigns in Sicily and southern Italy. By the middle of the ninth
118  6,6 |       against the Arabs in southern Italy raised Byzantine influence
119  6,6 |       raised Byzantine influence in Italy toward the end of Basil’
120  6,6 |            Byzantine possessions in Italy were divided into two themes:
121  6,6 |        success of Byzantine arms in Italy Leo VI definitely separated
122  6,6 |     Byzantine influence in southern Italy in the tenth century there
123  6,6 |            the Byzantine Empire and Italy witnessed the rise of a
124  6,6 |             to become master of all Italy. This was, of course, a
125  6,6 |     Byzantine provinces of southern Italy.~ For new negotiations with
126  6,6 |             Byzantine policy toward Italy. Not only did he conclude
127  6,6 |         Arabian attacks on southern Italy, against which the successor
128  6,6 |             the Byzantine themes of Italy ceased for a long period
129  6,6 |             took place in Byzantine Italy. The former strategus of
130  6,6 |          replaced by the catapan of Italy, who resided in Bari. As
131  6,6 |     defending the southern coast of Italy against the Saracens.~ The
132  6,6 |     Byzantine provinces in southern Italy were made safe from Arabian
133  6,6 |    detachment of Normans arrived in Italy at the beginning of the
134  6,6 |            of Byzantium in southern Italy to such an extent that in
135  6,6 |          but steadily, in Byzantine Italy. By the end of this period,
136  6,6 |          arose among the Normans in Italy a very capable and energetic
137  6,7 |            in the southern parts of Italy. Through his patriarch,
138  6,7 |           monastery; emigrants from Italy founded two, a Roman and
139  6,7 |           the changed conditions in Italy in the middle of the eleventh
140  6,7 |        Cluniac movement in southern Italy greatly displeased the Eastern
141  6,7 |             the affairs of southern Italy. For instance, during the
142  6,8 |           pleasure. “The East, like Italy, paid a heavy price for
143  6,8 |             the Normans appeared in Italy, and, taking advantage of
144  6,8 |           Empire defended itself in Italy only with its left arm.”[
145  6,8 |      conquest of Byzantine southern Italy. Although the Byzantine
146  6,8 |       difficulties, the struggle in Italy in the fifties and sixties
147  6,8 |    Byzantine domination in southern Italy, and one of the most strongly
148  6,8 |    Byzantine domination in southern Italy. From this very important
149  6,8 |     dominions in the inner parts of Italy, This conquest of southern
150  6,8 |           This conquest of southern Italy also set Robert’s forces
151  6,8 |          The subjection of southern Italy by the Normans did not destroy
152  6,8 |       Norman conquerors of southern Italy, as represented by Robert
153  6,8 |             territories of southern Italy. Well aware of the internal
154  6,8 |         Byzantine history. Southern Italy was definitely lost in the
155  6,8 |         their military attacks from Italy to the eastern coast of
156  7,1 |             possessions in southern Italy, formed much wider plans.
157  7,1 |             had broken out in south Italy called Robert away. Bohemond,
158  7,1 |        different names: Patarins in Italy, Cathari in Germany and
159  7,1 |              Cathari in Germany and Italy, Poblicans (i.e. Paulicians)
160  7,1 |       economic movement occurred in Italy in the eleventh century,
161  7,1 |          limited to central Europe, Italy, and Byzantium. It began
162  7,1 |          enthusiasm spread all over Italy, Germany, and England. A
163  7,1 |          and the Greeks in southern Italy.” All the crusading armies
164  7,1 |        accomplished his crossing to Italy.~ Bohemond’s return to Italy
165  7,1 |        Italy.~ Bohemond’s return to Italy was greeted with the greatest
166  7,1 |          most part, from France and Italy, but there were also, in
167  7,1 |        itself in the union of south Italy with Sicily and the formation
168  7,1 |           the relations to southern Italy completely changed. There
169  7,1 |           hands Sicily and southern Italy, and on Christmas Day, 1130,
170  7,1 |       temporary. The restoration of Italy was a favorite dream of
171  7,1 |          had important interests in Italy. In view of the common danger,
172  7,1 |         destroy the Norman power in Italy. This alliance became very
173  7,1 |        later to France via southern Italy where he met with Roger.~
174  7,1 |           transfer hostilities into Italy and to attempt to restore
175  7,1 |        prevented from marching into Italy to support Manuel; then
176  7,1 |        Byzantium. It was thought in Italy that Conrad had already
177  7,1 |            had come to Germany from Italy, from the famous medical
178  7,1 |             admit that his power in Italy should be divided with the
179  7,1 |            the eastern Emperor from Italy. But, shortly after, for
180  7,1 |             establishing himself in Italy, could not approve of them;
181  7,1 |            some success in southern Italy, i.e. after Bari and some
182  7,1 |  unsuccessful campaign of Manuel in Italy clearly showed Frederick
183  7,1 |        hopes for the restoration of Italy. In 1158 a peace was made
184  7,1 |          Byzantine troops never saw Italy again.~ Under the new conditions
185  7,1 |          the Hohenstaufens to annex Italy, which Frederick Barbarossa
186  7,1 |         complete defeat in northern Italy and resulted in the triumph
187  7,1 |        improve Manuel’s position in Italy. His relations were also
188  7,1 |             the Byzantine policy in Italy in a similar way, Frederick
189  7,1 |         utmost in the struggle with Italy and Hungary as well as in
190  7,1 |             Andronicus also fled to Italy, and there they tried to
191  7,2 |            vessel from Byzantium to Italy; he went then to Germany,
192  7,2 |            to assemble the fleet in Italy and to obtain from the pope
193  7,3 |       influence was preponderant in Italy, and Henry’s eastern plans
194  7,3 |             movement against Islam. Italy stood on the side of the
195  7,3 |         chief foe of the papacy and Italy in the Hohenstaufens, the
196  7,4 |            John Italus (coming from Italy), a pupil of Michael Psellus,
197  7,4 |             III, whose situation in Italy had somewhat improved, refused
198  7,4 |             Cappadocia and southern Italy; also in Russia, at Kiev,
199  7,4 |         with Greek sources, both in Italy and in the east, and that
200  7,4 |          direct intercourse between Italy and Byzantium, especially
201  7,4 |       reminding us of the Greeks in Italy in the early fifteenth century.”~
202  8,7 |          had been crowned.[49] From Italy Peter sent his wife, Yolande,
203  8,10|          the Greek troops fought in Italy in Frederick’s army. But
204  8,14|        abbot of Casole, of southern Italy, took part in them as an
205  8,14|            whole church of southern Italy of that time, the papal
206  8,14|             a bishop of Orvieto, in Italy, to Nicaea to resume the
207  8,16|             was adopted in Germany, Italy, and England, could certainly
208  8,16|           to western Europe, and to Italy in particular, in the cultural
209  8,16|          The rise of the culture of Italy in the thirteenth century
210  8,16|           these three movements, in Italy, Nicaea, and Epirus, developed
211  8,17|            to his eldest son; Rome, Italy, and the islands to his
212  9,2 |           the Emperor’s return from Italy, had arrested him at Venice
213  9,2 |             of her husband, fled to Italy, where she ended her days
214  9,2 |           Thomas, ended his days in Italy dreaming of a crusade against
215  9,3 |            Norman state in southern Italy and Sicily, gained control
216  9,3 |            of French expeditions to Italy—an era very destructive
217  9,3 |             her energy and means on Italy, instead of turning her
218  9,3 |         pope who had invited him to Italy.~ On his coming to Italy
219  9,3 |            Italy.~ On his coming to Italy with an army, Charles crushed
220  9,3 |         Charles to conquer southern Italy and only later does he seem
221  9,3 |             settlements in southern Italy and of the great number
222  9,3 |             settlements in southern Italy, from the thirteenth to
223  9,3 |          international situation in Italy and the Balkan peninsula,
224  9,3 |     Byzantine Empire, the troops of Italy and of Charles’ native France,
225  9,3 |            political unification of Italy, always brings to mind a
226  9,3 |     hostilities against Charles. In Italy the imperial party, the
227  9,3 |           was king only of southern Italy. The importance to Byzantium
228  9,4 |             there — for example, of Italy, Pisa, Florence, and Ancona —
229  9,6 |      slavery” all were hastening to Italy, Spain, and even farther “
230  9,6 |         through the coast cities of Italy, France, and Spain. “There
231  9,6 |        north and west, and affected Italy, Spain, France, England,
232  9,6 |       Norway.[136] At this time, in Italy, Boccaccio was writing his
233  9,6 |           the shores and islands of Italy, to distract the Genoese
234  9,7 |             When Manuel was leaving Italy, encouraged by the promises
235  9,7 |             who was at that time in Italy, Manuel informed Martin
236  9,8 |        brilliant retinue sailed for Italy. The result of this journey
237  9,8 |             the imperial journey to Italy was of no avail.~ Pope Eugenius
238  9,9 |            sultan’s plans to attack Italy, which allured him “by its
239  9,9 |             Look upon Christianity! Italy, you say, is pacified. I
240  9,11|            depended upon affairs in Italy: the popes, for example,
241  9,11|         Manfred’s power in southern Italy was destroyed by Charles
242  9,13|              who arrived from south Italy (Calabria), began the quarrel.
243  9,15|             to sign the decree.~ In Italy there exist today a number
244  9,16|          very well-known scholar in Italy in the seventeenth century,
245  9,17|         himself at that time was in Italy. Tafur remarked that “the
246  9,18|            Trebizond, but even from Italy, at that time in the height
247  9,18|      Peloponnesus, and then went to Italy, or more probably to Crete,
248  9,18|          Europe — Hungary, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, and England.
249  9,18|           intimately connected with Italy. Interest in ancient philosophy,
250  9,18|            Platonism. He brought to Italy his knowledge of Plato and
251  9,18|         Greek classical learning to Italy and especially of the revival
252  9,18|     exchanges between Byzantium and Italy in the epoch of the Palaeologi.
253  9,18|      particular, who were living in Italy when the first productions
254  9,18|               The new things out of Italy which appear in Serbia,
255  9,18|     dominated by Western influence. Italy had touched with animation
256  9,18|           Italian Renaissance. Both Italy and Byzantium were living
257  9,18|           conquest; in the west, in Italy, general conditions shaped
258  9,19|            forth the Renaissance in Italy. On the contrary, the conditions
259  9,19|          who fled from Byzantium to Italy before the Turkish danger,
260  9,19|          have embraced the whole of Italy by the first half of the
261  9,19|            of Calabria, in southern Italy, Barlaam, who died about
262  9,19|     fourteenth century. Moving from Italy to Greece and back again,
263  9,19|          and back again, passing in Italy for a Greek of Thessalonica
264  9,19|            insolent remarks against Italy and the Italians, on his
265  9,19|           exalts to the skies hated Italy and vilifies and blames
266  9,19|          language and literature in Italy by means of lessons and
267  9,19|             Calabria, from southern Italy, where the Greek language
268  9,19|          Magna Graecia” in southern Italy, whose Hellenic elements
269  9,19|           century had introduced to Italy in general and to southern
270  9,19|             general and to southern Italy in particular not a few
271  9,19|       conquered the greater part of Italy were themselves affected
272  9,19|            of Hellenism in southern Italy and Sicily, the Greek population
273  9,19|          their country for southern Italy and Sicily under pressure
274  9,19|   emigration to Sicily and southern Italy took place from the Byzantine
275  9,19|       number of Greek monks came to Italy, escaping the persecution
276  9,19|           Arabs, inundated southern Italy. This was probably the main
277  9,19| Hellenization of Byzantine southern Italy, because Byzantine culture
278  9,19|           wrote: “Thus, in southern Italy there formed densely populated
279  9,19|             monasteries in southern Italy belongs to the twelfth century.
280  9,19|             Greek medieval southern Italy produced a number of writers
281  9,19|           wrote the Pope concerning Italy, “in which, in many places,
282  9,19|          nearer source, in southern Italy, the source which gave them
283  9,19|         influence of Byzantium upon Italy begins at the end of the
284  9,19|        special political mission to Italy, where his fame had already
285  9,19|             who was at that time in Italy, he removed for a short
286  9,19|             Chrysoloras returned to Italy, and then, in behalf of
287  9,19|           with the sun illuminating Italy which had been sunk in deep
288  9,19|      expressed a wish that thankful Italy should erect in his honor
289  9,19|             by occupying a chair in Italy.”[468]~ But Italy of the
290  9,19|          chair in Italy.”[468]~ But Italy of the fifteenth century
291  9,19|          the humanistic movement in Italy, and with the deep interest
292  9,19|            469]~ During his stay in Italy, he plunged into the intense
293  9,19|          time he received news from Italy that he had been appointed
294  9,19|             his desire to return to Italy, the center of humanism,
295  9,19|              and left Byzantium for Italy.~ At Rome the house of Bessarion
296  9,19|          activity was carried on in Italy. Besides numerous works
297  9,19|           of the nineteenth century Italy began issuing a Catholic
298  9,19|          who opened new horizons to Italy; Byzantium also gave the
299  9,19|            Poggio, traveled through Italy and western Europe about
300  9,19|    veneration for ancient Hellas in Italy, there was evident an intensive
301  9,19|            Greek wisdom returned to Italy bringing Greek books. The
302  9,19|     literature. The accumulation in Italy of the treasures of the