Chapter, Paragraph

  1  3,11|              Byzantine Empire and the Turks, who had appeared shortly
  2  3,11|             the Abyssinians while the Turks were considering the northern
  3  3,16|            earliest references to the Turks. Another source particularly
  4  3,16|       Constantinople was taken by the Turks in 1453 the church was destroyed
  5  5,8 |             of Persians, and later of Turks, the continuous attacks
  6  6,2 |           increasing influence of the Turks at the Arabian court, the
  7  6,2 |               a new enemy, the Seljuq Turks, who were prominent in the
  8  6,2 |               invasions of the Seljuq Turks forced Basil II to assume
  9  6,2 |            Patzinaks (Pechenegs). The Turks, taking advantage of the
 10  6,3 |          sources frequently call them Turks, and western sources sometimes
 11  6,3 |            the Alans, and the western Turks, i.e., the Magyars or Hungarians.[
 12  6,5 |          therefore akin to the Seljuq Turks, who began to menace Byzantine
 13  6,5 |              Patzinaks and the Seljuq Turks was of very great importance.~
 14  6,7 |               conquests of the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor, and partly
 15  6,8 |             the north, and the Seljuq Turks in the east. In the end
 16  6,8 |             for his struggle with the Turks. This was the first victory
 17  6,8 |              the north and the Seljuq Turks from the east did not justify
 18  6,8 |              The new successes of the Turks and Patzinaks were persistently
 19  6,8 |             of the Empire: the Seljuq Turks in the east, the Patzinaks
 20  6,8 |             in the west.~ ~The Seljuq Turks.~ The Byzantine Empire had
 21  6,8 |        Byzantine Empire had known the Turks for a long time. A project
 22  6,8 |             of the sixth century. The Turks also served in Byzantium
 23  6,8 |      relations and conflicts with the Turks were of little or no consequence
 24  6,8 |              appearance of the Seljuq Turks on the eastern border in
 25  6,8 |            the strength of the Seljuq Turks increased still more because
 26  6,8 |            between the Empire and the Turks; when it was attacked, Byzantine
 27  6,8 |           Moreover in this attack the Turks were very successful. Turkish
 28  6,8 |        facilitated the advance of the Turks into Byzantine districts.
 29  6,8 |            capital of Cappadocia, the Turks pillaged the main sanctuary
 30  6,8 |         several campaigns against the Turks and achieved some success
 31  6,8 |              their conflicts with the Turks, immediately felt a tribal
 32  6,8 |               over to the side of the Turks. This caused great unrest
 33  6,8 |           battle, was captured by the Turks, and upon his arrival in
 34  6,8 |              the later advance of the Turks there. The woeful condition
 35  6,8 |          Byzantine army to resist the Turks. One scholar goes so far
 36  6,8 |               was in the hands of the Turks.[149] Another historian
 37  6,8 |         Alexius Comnenus in 1081, the Turks took advantage of the unprotected
 38  6,8 |               Separate detachments of Turks reached as far as the western
 39  6,8 |               and Alp Arslan, neither Turks nor Empire considered themselves
 40  6,8 |       negotiated by these rulers. The Turks utilized every occasion
 41  6,8 |          shores of the Bosphorus, the Turks had yet been established
 42  6,8 |      opposition to the attacks of the Turks.~ In the time of Constantine
 43  6,8 |              struggle with the Seljuq Turks, who, together with the
 44  6,8 |               Uzes, Khazars, Magyars (Turks), who, especially the first
 45  6,8 |            was later destroyed by the Turks.~ Among the encyclopedias
 46  6,8 |        withdrawn; those of the Seljuq Turks advanced. At home there
 47  7,1 |         composed of Macedonian Slavs, Turks, the imperial Varangian‑
 48  7,1 |             of the Empire against the Turks and Patzinaks. —  The Turkish
 49  7,1 |           borders, the attacks of the Turks and Patzinaks were so successful
 50  7,1 |               the distractions of the Turks because of the attacks of
 51  7,1 |            Patzinaks and Seljuqs were Turks who, thanks to their military
 52  7,1 |              Empire, when the Ottoman Turks surrounded Constantinople
 53  7,1 |        oppressed by the Patzinaks and Turks,” told of the insulting
 54  7,1 |        Emperor “is running before the Turks and Patzinaks” from one
 55  7,1 |            fall into the hands of the Turks and Patzinaks … Endeavor,
 56  7,1 |         eleventh century.~ The Seljuq Turks, after they had crushed
 57  7,1 |             terribly sacked. Then the Turks conquered Antioch in Syria,
 58  7,1 |               scholars ascribe to the Turks are exaggerated, it is very
 59  7,1 |         Ramsay on the mildness of the Turks toward the Christians: “
 60  7,1 |          conquest of Jerusalem by the Turks in the eighth decade of
 61  7,1 |             under the pressure of the Turks the whole of the Christian
 62  7,1 |               the mass attacks of the Turks it prepares to reply by
 63  7,1 |             ever‑growing power of the Turks was felt by the Byzantine
 64  7,1 |               be unable to resist the Turks successfully with their
 65  7,1 |          passed into the hands of the Turks and when the position of
 66  7,1 |     expeditions took place before the Turks conquered Palestine. One
 67  7,1 |           come under the power of the Turks, so that there could be
 68  7,1 |               Restorer, drive out the Turks. This occurred in about
 69  7,1 |               mercenaries against the Turks, who during the last three
 70  7,1 |            but assistance against the Turks. His request was favorably
 71  7,1 |              menacing the Empire, the Turks and Patzinaks. Anna Comnena
 72  7,1 |              all easily killed by the Turks. Peter the Hermit had returned
 73  7,1 |           later crusaders. As for the Turks, having so easily done away
 74  7,1 |               Eski‑Shehr), forced the Turks to evacuate the western
 75  7,1 |             with the weakening of the Turks in Asia Minor and with the
 76  7,1 |               its former enemies, the Turks. In their turn, the crusaders
 77  7,1 |          concluded alliances with the Turks against Byzantium. Here,
 78  7,1 |              suddenly captured by the Turks, that is by the Emir Malik
 79  7,1 |           nearly annual wars with the Turks in Asia Minor, which often
 80  7,1 |               hostilities against the Turks and undertake a new and
 81  7,1 |          country before the advancing Turks. Among other noble Armenian
 82  7,1 |                on a march against the Turks, during a hunting party
 83  7,1 |         Crusade.~ ~Relations with the Turks. — If John, in his external
 84  7,1 |               hostilities against the Turks were successful. In the
 85  7,1 |            they were assaulted by the Turks and destroyed; only a pitiful
 86  7,1 |      agreement between Manuel and the Turks, became agitated. Some of
 87  7,1 |            from the border. There the Turks suddenly assaulted them
 88  7,1 |              s very flight before the Turks into one of his brilliant
 89  7,1 |          attacking Ismaelitians [i.e. Turks] he [Manuel] rushed into
 90  7,1 |            last hope of expelling the Turks from Asia Minor. After that
 91  7,2 |              in Asia Minor, where the Turks continued their successful
 92  7,2 |        Relations with the Normans and Turks and the Second Bulgarian
 93  7,3 |               it was destroyed by the Turks. A Greek chronicler wrote
 94  7,4 |             hand, the menace from the Turks and Patzinaks, and the new
 95  7,4 |             her external enemies, the Turks and Patzinaks. This danger
 96  7,4 |           gifts. Fierce wars with the Turks, Patzinaks, and Normans,
 97  7,4 |             thievish men, Cretans and Turks, Alans, Rhodians and Chians (
 98  7,4 |               was only a ruin and the Turks completed its destruction.~
 99  8,1 |               Frankish newcomers, the Turks and Bulgars; the Greeks
100  8,2 |              of Constantinople by the Turks, when the Sultan Muhammed
101  8,2 |               succumbed to the Seljuq Turks, but the crusaders who had
102  8,4 |                            The Seljuq Turks.~ Theodore’s war with the
103  8,4 |              Rum, for it hindered the Turks in their further advance
104  8,4 |               In their fight with the Turks, they displayed great heroism
105  8,4 |             had taken refuge with the Turks, was captured. He put on
106  8,5 |         fallen in the war against the Turks, the victory, in the opinion
107  8,5 |             37]~ The victory over the Turks allowed Theodore to open
108  8,13|             In Asia Minor, the Seljuq Turks were seriously menaced by
109  8,13|            near the city of Castoria. Turks, Cumans, and Slavs, as well
110  8,13|               was the first time that Turks fought against Greeks on
111  8,15|        Sultanate of Rum compelled the Turks to crowd into the Nicene
112  8,16|            have been destroyed by the Turks in 1453, and on its site
113  9,2 |              economically strong: the Turks threatened from Asia Minor,
114  9,2 |               Dushan) and the Ottoman Turks. The enterprising commercial
115  9,2 |              question in favor of the Turks.~ But if in the sphere of
116  9,2 |        Bulgars, and especially Seljuq Turks as well as Ottoman Turks.
117  9,2 |              Turks as well as Ottoman Turks. Several months after the
118  9,2 |               strong support from the Turks (he had even married his
119  9,2 |              the establishment of the Turks in Europe. With the co-operation
120  9,2 |             and, with the help of the Turks, regained his throne. John
121  9,2 |               fighting with them [the Turks] and for them, and it means
122  9,2 |              subserviency towards the Turks Manuel had been forced to
123  9,2 |              of Constantinople by the Turks. On the site of the Christian
124  9,2 |        military empire of the Ottoman Turks.~ Of the brothers who survived
125  9,2 |              of a crusade against the Turks, receiving from the pope
126  9,2 |             was seized by the Ottoman Turks m 1453.~ ~
127  9,3 |                His relations with the Turks in the East also depended
128  9,3 |              dangers in Asia from the Turks.”[62] Of course, the Turkish
129  9,3 |            the thirteenth century the Turks themselves were living through
130  9,3 |           Nestorian [i.e., Christian] Turks of Central Asia on a real
131  9,3 |              conquered by the Ottoman Turks. From the third decade of
132  9,3 |               with the advance of the Turks toward the west, the border
133  9,3 |             of opening the way to the Turks. Influenced by the Russian
134  9,3 |             policy were felt when the Turks, after a period of troubles
135  9,3 |           strengthened by the Ottoman Turks; they were to deal the final
136  9,4 |               of Michael’s death. The Turks had been prevented by their
137  9,4 |             peninsula and the Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor. Like Charles
138  9,4 |              reasons only the Ottoman Turks were to succeed in carrying
139  9,4 |              the Bulgars.~The Ottoman Turks. — The rise of the Ottoman
140  9,4 |               The rise of the Ottoman Turks was the chief phenomenon
141  9,4 |              and gave his name to the Turks who were under his control;
142  9,4 |               were called the Ottoman Turks. The dynasty founded by
143  9,4 |               century on, the Ottoman Turks began to harass seriously
144  9,4 |               IX was sent against the Turks and defeated. Constantinople
145  9,4 |           with the Seljuq and Ottoman Turks and extorted from the hard
146  9,4 |             have conquered the Seljuq Turks, strangled the Ottoman power
147  9,4 |            into Asia Minor, where the Turks were besieging the large
148  9,4 |        followed by others against the Turks in Asia Minor. But the unbearable
149  9,4 |            Greece.~ ~Successes of the Turks in Asia Minor. — At the
150  9,4 |      successfully against the Ottoman Turks. But these military successes
151  9,4 |           began to pay tribute to the Turks. In 1341, when Andronicus
152  9,4 |      Andronicus III died, the Ottoman Turks had already become the real
153  9,4 |               In the east the Ottoman Turks had become the masters of
154  9,5 |              the growing power of the Turks, who were also aiming at
155  9,5 |             form an alliance with the Turks also miscarried, due to
156  9,5 |           interests of Dushan and the Turks must undoubtedly have collided.
157  9,5 |          Palaeologus was slain by the Turks. Dushan was doomed to disappointment;
158  9,5 |          plans of the warlike Ottoman Turks.~ ~
159  9,6 |             fourteenth century.~ ~The Turks. — Toward the end of the
160  9,6 |            Andronicus the Younger the Turks were almost in complete
161  9,6 |              to take arms against the Turks. But the small relief expeditions
162  9,6 |              not accomplish much. The Turks were resolved to establish
163  9,6 |              Cantacuzene involved the Turks.~ The first establishment
164  9,6 |          establishment of the Ottoman Turks in Europe is usually connected
165  9,6 |         invitation of Cantacuzene the Turks as his allies devastated
166  9,6 |              first settlements of the Turks in the peninsula of Gallipoli
167  9,6 |               financial claims of the Turks Cantacuzene even handed
168  9,6 |            private settlements of the Turks in Europe, namely in Thrace
169  9,6 |            fell into the hands of the Turks. Cantacuzene’s attempt to
170  9,6 |    Cantacuzene’s attempt to bribe the Turks to evacuate Zympa failed.~
171  9,6 |            cities and fortresses. The Turks fortified Zympa, and seized
172  9,6 |          capture of Callipolis by the Turks threw them into despair.
173  9,6 |             the Ismailites [i.e., the Turks] crossed on this side, into
174  9,6 |     government of the danger from the Turks, their possible capture
175  9,6 |              be protected against the Turks, desired first of all, the
176  9,6 |            first establishment of the Turks in the Balkan peninsula;
177  9,6 |              barbaric behavior of the Turks in Europe was Cantacuzene’
178  9,6 |       unrestrainable onslaught of the Turks to the west. If Cantacuzene
179  9,6 |             continuous incursions the Turks had paved the way for the
180  9,6 |               of an alliance with the Turks. The great “Tsar of the
181  9,6 |              the establishment of the Turks in Europe; but we must not
182  9,6 |              perhaps have brought the Turks into the peninsula, as Cantacuzene
183  9,6 |          themselves at Callipolis the Turks, taking advantage of the
184  9,6 |          himself as a deserter to the Turks, and entering Murad’s tent
185  9,6 |               The confusion among the Turks was rapidly quelled by Bayazid,
186  9,6 |              was also captured by the Turks, and a short time later
187  9,6 |               against danger from the Turks John set about restoring
188  9,6 |              the hands of the Ottoman Turks, Tenedos was an excellent
189  9,6 |               is very narrow, and the Turks, knowing how many ships
190  9,6 |             depended upon the Ottoman Turks, to whom, as was already
191  9,7 |         Manuel II (1391-1425) and the Turks.~ In one of his essays,
192  9,7 |            fleet; for that reason the Turks, though possessing both
193  9,7 |       Meanwhile, the successes of the Turks in the Balkan peninsula
194  9,7 |        conquest of Serbia had led the Turks to the borders of the Kingdom
195  9,7 |         crusaders were crushed by the Turks in the battle of Nicopolis (
196  9,7 |            been taken prisoner by the Turks, and spent some time at
197  9,7 |             the Dardanelles which the Turks could not prevent. According
198  9,7 |       According to his statement, the Turks put all their Christian
199  9,7 |               be able to overcome the Turks, Manuel decided to appeal
200  9,7 |               misery, besieged by the Turks.” Money was sent to Constantinople,
201  9,7 |           caused Venice to regard the Turks, especially after their
202  9,7 |           great interest, because the Turks found and admired in his
203  9,7 |              clashed with the Ottoman Turks. Sultan Bayazid hastened
204  9,7 |            the complete defeat of the Turks. Bayazid himself fell a
205  9,7 |           their defeat at Angora, the Turks were so weakened that for
206  9,7 |               of the West against the Turks. There are two very interesting
207  9,7 |          already fallen a prey to the Turks and the rest of ancient
208  9,7 |         mercilessly devastated by the Turks. Having lost all hope of
209  9,7 |               weakness of the Ottoman Turks after the defeat of Angora
210  9,7 |             such a blow. In 1422, the Turks besieged Constantinople.
211  9,7 |          Ottoman Empire compelled the Turks to give up the siege. The
212  9,7 |               the peace made with the Turks, the Emperor pledged himself
213  9,7 |              of Constantinople by the Turks in 1422 was only a prologue
214  9,7 |         estimating relations with the Turks in Manuel’s time one must
215  9,8 |     Thessalonica was conquered by the Turks. One of the brothers of
216  9,8 |            could not contend with the Turks, and sold the city to Venice
217  9,8 |          second Venice.”[187] But the Turks, who already possessed the
218  9,8 |             They could not resist the Turks who, after a short siege,
219  9,8 |         taking of Thessalonica by the Turks was also described in Greek
220  9,8 |               his observations of the Turks, believed it possible to
221  9,8 |               to the capital from the Turks, John VIII undertook the
222  9,8 |         receive real help against the Turks from the West, with the
223  9,8 |           arousing to war against the Turks the Hungarians, Poles, and
224  9,8 |         crusaders were crushed by the Turks. Vladislav fell in battle.
225  9,8 |              of a crusade against the Turks never left him. For a long
226  9,8 |             were not realized and the Turks were never seriously menaced
227  9,8 |              After the victory of the Turks at Varna, John VIII, who
228  9,8 |        Although in relations with the Turks, Byzantium under John VIII
229  9,8 |              some difficulties of the Turks in the Balkan peninsula
230  9,8 |            northern Greece, where the Turks were already making their
231  9,9 |               were intercepted by the Turks, in case of siege Constantinople
232  9,9 |              It was very easy for the Turks to carry out these measures,
233  9,9 |          which consisted, besides the Turks, of the representatives
234  9,9 |            who had passed over to the Turks and wished to prove his
235  9,9 |      conflicts between the Greeks and Turks during the siege, and his
236  9,9 |               day, the actions of the Turks during the siege and after
237  9,9 |              of Constantinople by the Turks.~ At the beginning of April,
238  9,9 |        greater military forces of the Turks that contributed to the
239  9,9 |              all the saps made by the Turks under the walls and their
240  9,9 |            stubborn resistance to the Turks at the last hour of battle.
241  9,9 |            doom when he said that the Turks “are supported by guns,
242  9,9 |               particular violence the Turks attacked the walls close
243  9,9 |              Constantine’s death, the Turks rushed into the city inflicting
244  9,9 |             for safety there. But the Turks broke in the entrance gate
245  9,9 |            images were burnt, and the Turks ate meat boiled on the fire.[
246  9,9 |           Uspensky, believe that “the Turks in 1453 acted with more
247  9,9 |              of the appearance of the Turks in St. Sophia the liturgy
248  9,9 |          passed into the hands of the Turks. At the same time they took
249  9,9 |               which was called by the Turks Istamboul (Stamboul).[230]~
250  9,9 |               enormous victory of the Turks, the extreme ruin of the
251  9,9 |         piously, “On the day when the Turks took Constantinople, the
252  9,9 |            the future advances of the Turks. Moreover, the ruin of one
253  9,9 |                Some writers named the Turks Teucrians (Teucri), considering
254  9,9 |         enough to have no fear of the Turks; that “a strong expedition” [
255  9,9 |            will be able to defeat the Turks and “drive them out of Europe” (
256  9,9 |              coming struggle with the Turks and the chief cause of these
257  9,9 |            Genoese will not fight the Turks: they are said to pay tribute
258  9,9 |           have made a treaty with the Turks. If the Italians do not
259  9,9 |              struggle with Islam. The Turks continued to advance, and
260  9,9 |          today is in the hands of the Turks.~ ~
261  9,13|               against invasion by the Turks and later the Serbs, and
262  9,14|            the fourteenth century the Turks were the masters of Asia
263  9,14|            rulers for aid against the Turks were fruitless or brought
264  9,14|             repulsive than the Muslim Turks. Petrarca wrote: “The Turks
265  9,14|           Turks. Petrarca wrote: “The Turks are enemies, but the Greeks
266  9,14|              sent no help against the Turks. John’s conversion, so solemnly
267  9,15|            Serbia and Bulgaria by the Turks, the defeat of the crusaders
268  9,15|       conquest of Thessalonica by the Turks in 1430, had put the Eastern
269  9,15|              the Mongol defeat of the Turks at Angora. The Turkish successes
270  9,15|      Latin-Greek struggle against the Turks was so strongly felt. But
271  9,15|           impending domination of the Turks might be replaced by that
272  9,16|            capture of the city by the Turks, and he was recognized by
273  9,17|               menaced by the Normans, Turks, Serbs, Venetians, and Genoese,
274  9,17|               by the dominions of the Turks and could hardly maintain
275  9,17|           capital, was cut off by the Turks, the island of Lemnos, in
276  9,17|        particularly threatened by the Turks began to be deserted by
277  9,17|         Callipolis (Gallipoli) by the Turks a number of inhabitants
278  9,17|             by the Venetians, and the Turks were about to seize the
279  9,17|          Spanish (Catalan) companies, Turks, Genoese, and Venetians,
280  9,17|             victorious advance of the Turks.~ Large landownership was
281  9,17|             her trade. Yet before the Turks definitely cut off all connection,
282  9,17|     victorious advance of the Ottoman Turks; gradually they took possession
283  9,18|               step before the Ottoman Turks, gradually reduced in territory
284  9,18|              of Constantinople by the Turks in 1422. Cananus, who wrote
285  9,18|        capture of Thessalonica by the Turks in 1430. Unlike Cananus,
286  9,18| Constantinople he was captured by the Turks. Later he was ransomed and
287  9,18|             time to Mistra, which the Turks had not then taken. Before
288  9,18|          their defects. Hatred of the Turks, faithfulness and devotion
289  9,18|               island of Lesbos by the Turks. In the opening pages of
290  9,18|              captured Sparta from the Turks and transported Plethon’
291  9,19|               the crusade against the Turks and the union of the churches.
292  9,19|              of a crusade against the Turks. At the news of the fall
293  9,19|           threatening Europe from the Turks and for this reason appealing
294  9,19|       destruction at the hands of the Turks, Byzantium performed great