Chapter, Paragraph

  1  2,5 |             the Persians and later the Arabs.~ The twenty-eighth canon
  2  3,14|            attacks of the Persians and Arabs caused later the introduction
  3  4,1 |          because of the attacks of the Arabs. The victorious Byzantine
  4  4,1 |               unofficially.”[23]~ ~The Arabs.~ The reclaimed provinces
  5  4,1 |             not fully appreciated: the Arabs. They opened up a new era
  6  4,1 |            reign Heraclius lost to the Arabs the same provinces which
  7  4,1 |           before the Christian era the Arabs, a people of Semitic origin,
  8  4,1 |          everywhere habitable, and the Arabs, who were a nomadic people,
  9  4,1 |                began to form among the Arabs of Syria. They were strongly
 10  4,1 |                of Muhammed the ancient Arabs lived in tribal organizations.
 11  4,1 |             conceptions of the ancient Arabs were primitive. The tribes
 12  4,1 |          Arabic antiquity, the ancient Arabs in their religious experiences
 13  4,1 |              djinn (demons). Among the Arabs the conception of the higher
 14  4,1 |               fair at Mecca, where the Arabs and foreign merchants carried
 15  4,1 |           Christianity, with which the Arabs had ample opportunity to
 16  4,1 |                The man who unified the Arabs and founded a world religion
 17  4,1 |       Beginning with the year 622, the Arabs and all other Muslim peoples
 18  4,1 |               problems was to lead the Arabs out of their state of barbarism (
 19  4,1 |                military success of the Arabs, who took from the Byzantine
 20  4,1 |             land of Arabia and all the Arabs.[36]~ In Muhammed’s litetime
 21  4,1 |                military success of the Arabs in their combat with Persia
 22  4,1 |               the seventh century. The Arabs are supposed to have rushed
 23  4,1 |            faith. The victories of the Arabs are ordinarily explained
 24  4,1 |               majority of the fighting Arabs consisted of Bedouins who
 25  4,1 |            victorious conquests of the Arabs in the seventh century cannot
 26  4,1 |       irrepressible onward rush of the Arabs were materialistic. Arabia,
 27  4,1 |                poverty and hunger, the Arabs were forced to make a desperate
 28  4,1 |          crushing force with which the Arabs rushed upon the Byzantine
 29  4,1 |                military success of the Arabs in material needs alone.
 30  4,1 |              so easily occupied by the Arabs, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.
 31  4,1 |             and become subjects of the Arabs, who were known for religious
 32  4,1 |        conquered peoples concerned the Arabs little.~ On the other hand,
 33  4,1 |                they then turned to the Arabs, saying, “Your rule and
 34  4,1 | dissatisfaction and the kinship to the Arabs, the Byzantine Empire and
 35  4,1 |             the weak resistance to the Arabs. The main reason must be
 36  4,1 |            terrifying successes of the Arabs,” Maspero said, “but the
 37  4,1 |               conquest of Egypt by the Arabs “no miracle, no example
 38  4,1 |            carried on, not only by the Arabs of the peninsula, but also
 39  4,1 |             peninsula, but also by the Arabs of the Syrian desert adjoining
 40  4,1 |               of Constantinople by the Arabs. Justinian II and the Arabs. —
 41  4,1 |            Arabs. Justinian II and the Arabs. — After the death of Muhammed (
 42  4,1 |      significant conquests made by the Arabs on Byzantine territory fall
 43  4,1 |             order: In the year 634 the Arabs took possession of the Byzantine
 44  4,1 |              from Jerusalem before the Arabs entered the city, and in
 45  4,1 |               the year 641 or 642, the Arabs occupied Alexandria and
 46  4,1 |                further advances of the Arabs toward the western shores
 47  4,1 |             conquests, by bringing the Arabs to the shores of the Mediterranean
 48  4,1 |            were easily accessible. The Arabs recognized the seriousness
 49  4,1 |                 Slavs, Bulgarians, and Arabs. L. Bréhier wrote that “
 50  4,1 |            activity on the part of the Arabs was also halted because
 51  4,1 |              harbor as their base, the Arabs repeatedly though unsuccessfully
 52  4,1 |          during the summer months. The Arabs did not take the capital,
 53  4,1 |           terrific confusion among the Arabs. There were also other methods
 54  4,1 |              also unsuccessful for the Arabs. The aged Muawiya was forced
 55  4,1 |              successful repulse of the Arabs from Constantinople and
 56  4,1 |  Arabo-Byzantine border and caused the Arabs much trouble and anxiety
 57  4,1 |       strengthened the position of the Arabs in the newly conquered provinces
 58  4,1 |                the seventh century the Arabs took Carthage, the capital
 59  4,1 |                About the same time the Arabs, under the leadership of
 60  4,1 |          verses and fairy tales of the Arabs, study the works of Muhammedan
 61  4,1 |         language and literature of the Arabs, read and assiduously study
 62  4,1 |           beauty and more art than the Arabs themselves.[62]~ ~A similar
 63  4,1 |                established between the Arabs and the population of Syria,
 64  4,1 |               Palestine, and Egypt the Arabs did not meet any strong
 65  4,1 |                people. In response the Arabs treated their new subjects
 66  4,1 |               Palestine, and Egypt the Arabs came in contact with Byzantine
 67  4,1 |               in the struggle with the Arabs, during which they deserted
 68  4,1 |            measures for preventing the Arabs from spreading their conquest
 69  4,1 |             the further advance of the Arabs. In any event, in modern
 70  4,1 |              constantly menaced by the Arabs. A plot was formed against
 71  4,2 |               had been occupied by the Arabs. There was still the province
 72  4,2 |                Egypt, conquered by the Arabs in the forties, the Emperor
 73  4,4 |               a protection against the Arabs. The third was to shield
 74  4,4 |                maritime attacks of the Arabs, who were beginning to threaten
 75  4,4 |        speedily lost them again to the Arabs. The Persian danger had
 76  4,4 |             called themes) against the Arabs. Simultaneously the emperors
 77  4,4 |         Germans and in the East by the Arabs. This can be proved at least
 78  4,4 |             far as Constantinople. The Arabs, advancing persistently
 79  5,2 |                    The attitude toward Arabs, Bulgarians, and Slavs.~
 80  5,2 |             Constantinople in 717, the Arabs moved on northward from
 81  5,2 |              were fighting against the Arabs on Thracian territory and
 82  5,2 |            beginning of the siege, the Arabs departed from the capital,
 83  5,2 |              Constantine IV halted the Arabs under Constantinople, Leo
 84  5,2 |             was the last attack of the Arabs upon the “God-guarded” city.
 85  5,2 |    significance. The expedition of the Arabs against Constantinople,
 86  5,2 |     satisfactory to neither Greeks nor Arabs, for the Greeks did not
 87  5,2 |             not gain Jerusalem and the Arabs did not gain Constantinople. “
 88  5,2 |             defeat in the year 718 the Arabs did not undertake any more
 89  5,2 |               in his struggle with the Arabs Leo found two allies: first
 90  5,2 |             and later the Khazars. The Arabs did not remain quiet, however,
 91  5,2 |             succeeded in defeating the Arabs at Acroïnon in Phrygia (
 92  5,2 |                 This defeat forced the Arabs to clear the western part
 93  5,2 |               the Caliph al-Mahdi, the Arabs again initiated a successful
 94  5,2 |               obligation of paying the Arabs a yearly tribute of ninety
 95  5,2 |              in his drive to force the Arabs away from Constantinople.
 96  5,3 |            enemies of the Empire — the Arabs, Slavs, and Bulgarians;
 97  5,8 |           fighting against the eastern Arabs, and he declared that this
 98  5,8 |         activities against the eastern Arabs. His victory in the north
 99  5,8 |             throne was occupied by two Arabs or Semites; by one Greek,
100  5,8 |                the Byzantine Empire.~ ~Arabs and Slavs and the insurrection
101  5,8 |               Byzantine Empire and the Arabs were almost incessant. On
102  5,8 |               the participation of the Arabs in the insurrection of Thomas
103  5,8 |        deposing Michael, for which the Arabs were promised certain Byzantine
104  5,8 |          formidable rival. The eastern Arabs were apparently greatly
105  5,8 |             Byzantine clashes with the Arabs had no serious consequences.
106  5,8 |        caliphate prevented the eastern Arabs from renewing serious campaigns
107  5,8 |             succeeded in defeating the Arabs. In the year 863 Omar, the
108  5,8 |              annual conflicts with the Arabs, the sources suddenly began
109  5,8 |             Struggles with the western Arabs. — At the same time as the
110  5,8 |            struggling with the western Arabs. North Africa, conquered
111  5,8 |               Africa, conquered by the Arabs with so much difficulty
112  5,8 |               seriously menaced by the Arabs during this period. Even
113  5,8 |              Nicephorus I, the African Arabs aided the Peloponnesian
114  5,8 |             Crete. The leader of these Arabs founded a new city on this
115  5,8 |        appealed for aid to the African Arabs. The latter arrived in Sicily;
116  5,8 |              by the evidence.[146] The Arabs became established in Panormos (
117  5,8 |              most natural step for the Arabs was to advance into the
118  5,8 |            heavy defeat. Meanwhile the Arabs occupied the important fortified
119  5,8 |           passed into the hands of the Arabs, although by the middle
120  5,8 |               of the struggle with the Arabs along the eastern border
121  5,8 |              operations of the eastern Arabs and preserve, on the whole,
122  5,8 |    administrators, victorious over the Arabs and Bulgarians, and some
123  5,8 |           decoration borrowed from the Arabs, who in their turn had borrowed
124  6   |              and in the north with the Arabs, Bulgarians, and Russians,
125  6,2 |           Byzantine relations with the Arabs and Armenia. — The main
126  6,2 |                among the North African Arabs, and the difficult position
127  6,2 |                the eastern and western Arabs. But although the Empire
128  6,2 |              Empire fought against the Arabs almost without interruption
129  6,2 |               to face with the eastern Arabs. After several vigorously
130  6,2 |           sometimes on the side of the Arabs, but in the end the Byzantine
131  6,2 |             relations with the western Arabs, who at that time possessed
132  6,2 |           attempt to drive the western Arabs out of Italy and Sicily.
133  6,2 |              officials.~ Meanwhile the Arabs occupied the strategically
134  6,2 |             city was imprisoned by the Arabs in Palermo. He related that
135  6,2 |                a general attack on the Arabs were not to be realized.
136  6,2 |           western alliance against the Arabs, Basil attempted another
137  6,2 |               of defeating the eastern Arabs. But at the time of the
138  6,2 |     unsuccessful campaigns against the Arabs, Basil increased somewhat
139  6,2 |               neighbors, excepting the Arabs, were broken under his successor,
140  6,2 |              The campaigns against the Arabs were generally ineffective
141  6,2 |                the eastern borders the Arabs were at times as victorious
142  6,2 |         completely in the hands of the Arabs. In 902 they conquered Tauromenium
143  6,2 |           entirely in the hands of the Arabs, for the smaller cities
144  6,2 |            relations with the Sicilian Arabs.~ The beginning of the tenth
145  6,2 |                 These sea raids of the Arabs became still more dangerous
146  6,2 |                most famous deed of the Arabs in this period. The city
147  6,2 |                naval operations of the Arabs forced the Byzantine rulers
148  6,2 |             brilliant victory over the Arabs in the Aegean. But in 911
149  6,2 |              allied eastern and Cretan Arabs, also headed by Himerius,
150  6,2 |            Byzantine struggle with the Arabs was highly unsuccessful
151  6,2 |              on the eastern border the Arabs were slowly but persistently
152  6,2 |         religious animosity toward the Arabs and the military clashes
153  6,2 |          struggle effectively with the Arabs until the end of the third
154  6,2 |         confident aggression.”[13] The Arabs, too, had an efficient chief
155  6,2 |         struggle was the defeat of the Arabs in northern Mesopotamia
156  6,2 |           organized against the Cretan Arabs in 949 resulted in complete
157  6,2 |           succeeded in taking from the Arabs the important island of
158  6,2 |            collisions with the eastern Arabs. Meanwhile, Aleppo freed
159  6,2 |               In the west the Sicilian Arabs continued their raids on
160  6,2 |             defeat at the hands of the Arabs. By the end of his reign
161  6,2 |              the defeat of Persia, the Arabs occupied Armenia. Armenian,
162  6,2 |            turned the attention of the Arabs away from Armenian problems,
163  6,2 |        devastations on the part of the Arabs. N. Marr said that at the
164  6,2 |               completely ruined by the Arabs; “the feudal lords were
165  6,2 |          cleared to some extent of the Arabs, with the help of the Byzantine
166  6,3 |              struggle with the eastern Arabs in the heart of Asia Minor
167  6,3 |              alliance with the African Arabs for a joint siege of the
168  6,3 |              his negotiations with the Arabs. He later began to organize
169  6,6 |                movement of the western Arabs and the Adriatic Slavs were
170  6,6 |          Nicephorus Phocas against the Arabs in southern Italy raised
171  6,6 |         Byzantine campaign against the Arabs. Disregarding the recent
172  6,6 |           entirely in the hands of the Arabs. As a result of the success
173  6,6 |        organize a campaign against the Arabs. In one of the battles he
174  6,6 |          reconquest of Sicily from the Arabs. This expedition was led
175  6,7 |         repeated maritime raids of the Arabs, during which many monks
176  6,7 |         exarchate was conquered by the Arabs in the middle of the seventh
177  6,8 |            century. It also deals with Arabs, Armenians, Bulgarians,
178  6,8 |         peoples of western Europe] and Arabs; and they have resorted
179  6,8 |               788 fighting against the Arabs. Many elements of the poem
180  6,8 |             ornament borrowed from the Arabs and therefore closely related
181  7,1 |               the seventh century, the Arabs, with extraordinary rapidity,
182  7,1 |                the eighth century, the Arabs had twice besieged Constantinople,
183  7,1 |               III Isaurian. In 732 the Arabs who had invaded Gaul from
184  7,1 |            astounding offensive of the Arabs, as H. Pirenne said, “changed
185  7,1 |              the conquered regions the Arabs had, for the most part,
186  7,1 |             Tzimisces over the eastern Arabs made Aleppo and Antioch
187  7,1 |              the pagan Saracens” (i.e. Arabs), hiding themselves in the
188  7,1 |            whom they can attack.”~ The Arabs’ tolerance toward the Christians
189  7,1 |                city of Toledo from the Arabs, they were surprised to
190  7,1 |            sometimes maltreated by the Arabs many years before the Seljuq
191  7,1 |         statement that “as long as the Arabs held Jerusalem, the Christian
192  7,1 |               and Basil II against the Arabs in Syria when the Emperors
193  7,1 |              known fighter against the Arabs in Spain, a talented leader
194  8,10|            lived the Greeks, later the Arabs, and then the Normans; he
195  8,10|               of the eastern scholars, Arabs and Jews, large numbers
196  8,17|              After the conquest by the Arabs of Palestine and Egypt where
197  8,17|              in Asia Minor against the Arabs caused the so-called akritai
198  8,17|           strife against the Saracens (Arabs) in the East developed a
199  9,19|         devastated by the Persians and Arabs. In the eighth century a
200  9,19|            then being conquered by the Arabs, inundated southern Italy.