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| Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz On the Conservation of Force IntraText - Concordances (Hapax - words occurring once) |
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502 III | gas is suddenly allowed to issue into a perfectly exhausted
503 IV | Part IV - Concluding Remarks~What
504 I | and independently of him, James Prescot Joule, an English
505 I | was first stated by Dr. Julius Robert Mayer, a Schwabian
506 I | moving force, which sets and keeps them in motion, just as
507 II | of two pieces of wood to kindle a fire. With this view,
508 I | Strabo, it was known to King Mithridates of Pontus, who
509 IV | ultimately from the vegetable kingdom, and leads us back to the
510 Int | teaching physiology at Konigsberg, Bonn, and Heidelberg, and
511 I | regularly-ordered whole - a kosmos, an image of the logical
512 III | which has been developed by Kronig, Clausius, and Maxwell,
513 IV | the narrow confines of our laboratories and our manufactories, to
514 Int | harvest of his brilliant and laborious research.~
515 I | sound, and the hand of the lace-maker who works with threads so
516 I | the muscles of which are lamed is incapable of doing any
517 I | culture of peoples of distant lands or of remote times, seizes
518 II | that is to say, in the language of mechanics, of performing
519 I | exertion, and the longer it lasts, the more is the arm tired,
520 III | obtained after introducing the latest improvements in his methods.~
521 Int | It is fortunate for the layman when a scientist and thinker
522 Int | upon it all his wealth of learning and research, while there
523 I | inorganic force which man learnt to use instead of his own
524 II | oscillations provided we may leave out of consideration the
525 Int | The practice of popular lecturing on scientific subjects was
526 II | is cold, it rises in the leg s, and ultimately overflows
527 I | mill-stream to still lower levels, it may be used to work
528 II | bodies rubbed might here liberate latent heat, which would
529 II | in structure, or of the liberation of latent heat. The first
530 II | takes place when the hands lie gently on each other. Uncivilized
531 I | from which, even the ray of light, the quickest of all messengers,
532 I | raised through one inch, the lighter one has fallen through four
533 III | state it is also a gas, the lightest of all, and burns when ignited
534 III | the gas which is used for lighting our streets and rooms; in
535 II | contains a liquid, and the limbs of which communicate with
536 III | separates carbonic acid from lime.~Thus, whenever the capacity
537 III | compounds; thus, when we burn limestone, it separates carbonic acid
538 II | neighbourhood of suitable lines of communication present
539 Int | esthetics, and he had a lively appreciation of painting,
540 II | instance, I discharge a firearm loaded with gunpowder, the greater
541 III | can change its form and locality without its quantity being
542 II | surface of the land. The locomotive transports travellers and
543 II | case with steam ships and locomotives. By means of these machines
544 I | kosmos, an image of the logical thought of our own mind.~
545 II | to our forefathers, who looked upon the mailcoach with
546 I | presses, spinning frames and looms, and so forth. It is the
547 III | but in so doing it becomes loose. The velocity of a moving
548 II | of heat which the former lose can be shown by the thermometer
549 II | degree of heat; thus, a lucifer match, which by rubbing
550 Int | Introductory Note~Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
551 III | when ignited with a feebly luminous blue flame. In this combustion -
552 III | horseshoe magnet, is sometimes magnetised in one and sometimes in
553 II | forefathers, who looked upon the mailcoach with its six passengers
554 III | nor diminished, and which maintains any change which takes place
555 | make
556 | makes
557 III | occupied the place of gold making, and had confused many a
558 II | changes the form of its manifestation.~Let us now pass to other
559 I | nothing to do here with the manifold character of the actions
560 I | represent, every picture of manners, of civic arrangements,
561 IV | our laboratories and our manufactories, to the great operations
562 I | Prescot Joule, an English manufacturer, made a series of important
563 I | universal standard adopted in manufactures for measuring magnitude
564 III | is a style; this makes a mark on a paper band, drawn by
565 Int | biographer, "is discussed by a master, who brings to bear upon
566 Int | papers will perceive, are masterpieces of their kind. "The matter,"
567 II | of heat; thus, a lucifer match, which by rubbing is so
568 II | which would soon reach the maximum of its expansion, is replaced
569 III | by Kronig, Clausius, and Maxwell, very well accounts for
570 I | stated by Dr. Julius Robert Mayer, a Schwabian physician (
571 III | which can produce work - I mean the chemical. We have to-day
572 I | Conservation of Force, a term the meaning of which I must first explain.
573 I | of 400 rises.~Without any measurable expenditure of force, the
574 I | that of the spider. Modern mechanism has the richest choice of
575 III | mechanical actions which meet with extended applications
576 II | and thereby caused them to melt. The latent heat which the
577 III | infusible platinum might even be melted. The hydrogen which has
578 II | had become latent in the melting of the ice and in the vaporisation
579 III | it becomes ignited and melts. On the other hand, electrical
580 I | orders from the brain. That member is then capable of the greatest
581 I | like manner, one or two men, by means of a crane, can
582 II | that of a moving mass - may merge into one another. In the
583 I | light, the quickest of all messengers, needs years to reach our
584 I | history tells us, every mighty passion which art can represent,
585 II | the inside, and its ten miles an hour, as an enormous
586 I | If it can flow from the mill-stream to still lower levels, it
587 II | earth's surface, in deep mines and even on the middle of
588 II | son of the celebrated War Minister of the Revolution, had indeed
589 I | Strabo, it was known to King Mithridates of Pontus, who was also
590 III | atmospheric air, where the oxygen mixed with nitrogen is only one-fifth
591 III | a plentiful current of a mixture of the gases, hydrogen and
592 III | is allowed to expand with moderate velocity becomes cooled.
593 I | levers in all their various modifications is precisely similar. Let "
594 I | machines may be regarded as modified and compound levers; a toothed-wheel,
595 III | middle by a porous plate moistened with water. In both sides
596 III | must be in the most violent molecular motion - that is, in the
597 III | Fig. 103] represents a Morse's telegraph in one-third
598 Int | broad general education. His mother was a descendant from William
599 I | could again be used as a motor, and thus acquire motive
600 I | particular place, and only in mountainous countries is it present
601 II | engines can even be made movable, as is the case with steam
602 I(1) | scientific measure it must be multiplied by the intensity of gravity.~
603 I | the moving force of the muscle must be at work in it, and
604 I | which tries a man just as muscular exertion does. But whatever
605 Int | of painting, poetry, and music.~The practice of popular
606 | myself
607 II | ignites, teaches this fact. Nay, it is enough to rub the
608 I | fatigue sets in, recovery is needed, and this can only be effected
609 III | motion was first finally negatived by the law of the conservation
610 I | Rhine. In the immediate neighborhood of such a wheel, the water
611 II | nature of the ground or the neighbourhood of suitable lines of communication
612 I | and these must obey the nerves, which bring to them orders
613 II | difference between the older and newer views in these respects.
614 III | against each other, the newly-formed particles of carbonic acid
615 I | phenomena it was enunciated by Newton and Daniel Bernoulli; and
616 III | wire be held in the almost non-luminous flame, you see how intensely
617 | none
618 I | great plains of Holland and North Germany to supply the want
619 Int | Introductory Note~Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand
620 I | steam, and to make it the obedient servant of our wants. On
621 I | forces I must answer an objection which may readily suggest
622 III | restricted to the practical objects of human utility, but expresses
623 II | possible and is most easily observed in the case of gases.~If,
624 III | investigations of different observers.~Thus then: a certain quantity
625 I | velocity it drives through all obstacles with the most tremendous
626 I | in question.~On a former occasion I have already discussed
627 III | had thus for a long time occupied the place of gold making,
628 I | conditions under which they occur, we can direct them just
629 I | can predict their future occurrence with the greatest certainty;
630 III | shall afterwards see how it occurs in the life of plants; it
631 I | sawmills, hammers, and oil presses, spinning frames
632 III | mixed with nitrogen is only one-fifth of the whole volume.~If
633 I | has been raised, while the one-pound weight has sunk. But here,
634 I | though to be sure only one-sixth of the exertion, which he
635 III | represents a Morse's telegraph in one-third of the natural size. The
636 II | of the rod regulates the opening and closing of the valve.
637 III | application of electrical currents opens out a large number of relations
638 IV | manufactories, to the great operations at work in the life of the
639 II | communication present a favourable opportunity for the development of industry,
640 I | the tops uppermost; on the opposite side the tops of the buckets
641 II | there, but ascends to b, in opposition to the action of gravity,
642 Int | cover medicine, physiology, optics, acoustics, mathematics,
643 I | nerves, which bring to them orders from the brain. That member
644 III | good also for processes in organic nature, so far as the facts
645 I | same manner and by the same organs, namely, the muscles of
646 III | heat as that from which it originated; in a mechanical point of
647 III | the latter, for example, originates in the combustion of carbon -
648 II | vibration can continue to oscillate for hours if the suspension
649 I | pendulum produces at each oscillation. If the weight is detached
650 Int | inclination to share with the outside world the rich harvest of
651 III | decomposing cell, and uses it for overcoming the chemical force of hydrogen
652 II | the leg s, and ultimately overflows when the globe is heated.
653 III | combustion thereby produced, oxide of zinc, unites further
654 III | using another force, that of oxidising zinc.~Here we have overcome
655 III | infinitely more closely packed. This hypothesis, which
656 Int | a lively appreciation of painting, poetry, and music.~The
657 I | knowledge of Nature; near his palace there was a water wheel.
658 III | this makes a mark on a paper band, drawn by a clock-work,
659 Int | reader of the following papers will perceive, are masterpieces
660 III | until striking another particle, or against the side of
661 III | a perfectly general and particularly characteristic property
662 II | known, especially in the passage of bodies from the solid
663 II | the mailcoach with its six passengers in the inside, and its ten
664 I | history tells us, every mighty passion which art can represent,
665 I | determined both for the past and for future years and
666 III | one another in rectilinear paths in all directions, until
667 I | motion. Now I must beg you to pay special attention to the
668 I | mind, which in the ordinary peaceful course of civilised life
669 I | We shall see that this peculiarity of becoming exhausted by
670 Int | descendant from William Penn, the English Quaker.~Helmholtz
671 II | each other. Uncivilized people use the friction of two
672 Int | the following papers will perceive, are masterpieces of their
673 I | streams which have a scarcely perceptible fall, as, for instance,
674 III | of Regnault by extremely perfect methods. Calculations with
675 III | as perfectly as possible, permanent gases and not vapours were
676 III | appear.~These facts no longer permit us to regard heat as a substance,
677 I | it is man in the various phases of his intellectual activity
678 I | object of philosophical, philological, historical, moral, and
679 I | law, as is the object of philosophical, philological, historical,
680 II | rubbing is so heated that the phosphoric mass ignites, teaches this
681 I | Robert Mayer, a Schwabian physician (now living in Heilbronn),
682 I | fascination which chains the physicist to his subjects. It is an
683 I | art can represent, every picture of manners, of civic arrangements,
684 I | times and the most distant places, is especially fitted to
685 I | which are used in the great plains of Holland and North Germany
686 I | bodies not only of our own planetary system, but also of the
687 II | eternity. The motions of the planets are an instance of this.
688 I | than that of the violin player; and there are in machines
689 I | And it is not only the pleasure at the successful activity
690 III | intensely it is ignited; in a plentiful current of a mixture of
691 Int | appreciation of painting, poetry, and music.~The practice
692 I | and even such increase of political power, that every educated
693 III | and had confused many a pondering brain. That a perpetual
694 I | known to King Mithridates of Pontus, who was also otherwise
695 Int | and music.~The practice of popular lecturing on scientific
696 I | as the same idea is more popularly expressed with reference
697 Int | a succession of academic positions, teaching physiology at
698 II | viva which the wheel had possessed had been simply destroyed
699 I | for all purposes which can possibly be effected by machines.
700 III | just as we can restore the potentiality of a weight by raising it
701 Int | von Helmholtz was born at Potsdam, near Berlin, on August
702 II | part of the mass of the powder is converted into gases
703 I | force would not indeed be practically advantageous in those cases
704 II | bound. But if the vapour be precipitated, and the liquid water restored
705 I | comparison, to form a clear and precise idea of the standard by
706 I | various modifications is precisely similar. Let "a b" be a
707 I | completeness that we can predict their future occurrence
708 I | question can be accurately predicted and determined both for
709 I | independently of him, James Prescot Joule, an English manufacturer,
710 I | distinct features of its presence in the laws of heat.~The
711 I | enjoyment of life, of the preservation of health, of means of industrial
712 I | sawmills, hammers, and oil presses, spinning frames and looms,
713 III | law, which, as far as all previous experience extends, rules
714 II | A a, to which my arm had previously raised it. In b the pendulum
715 III | asserted with any degree of probability in the case of gases. Their
716 III | of gases. Their particles probably cross one another in rectilinear
717 III | discovered for each of these problems.~I have stated how we are
718 I | natural phenomena and natural products exhibit, and in the comparative
719 Int | Berlin.~The titles of his professorships, however, give a very inadequate
720 I | four centuries, have so profoundly, and with such increasing
721 III | being broken by a series of projecting barriers, in which parts
722 I | facilitate the exertion, also prolong it, so that by their help
723 III | solution of this problem promised enormous gains. Such a machine
724 II | with enormous force they propel the bullet, and impart to
725 I | find it confirmed that in proportion as the velocity of the motion
726 II | and air is necessary to prove that part of their velocity
727 III | substances are in closest proximity to each other. In combustion
728 Int | became a surgeon in the Prussian army. He began the publication
729 Int | Prussian army. He began the publication of original contributions
730 I | the clock, cannot obey the pull of gravity without setting
731 I | Every time the rope is pulled down through four feet,
732 II | connecting rod P, on the crank Q of the flywheel X and sets
733 Int | William Penn, the English Quaker.~Helmholtz early showed
734 I | four labourers work for a quarter of an hour or one works
735 I | chests from a ship to the quay. Now, it may be asked, If
736 I | even the ray of light, the quickest of all messengers, needs
737 II | velocity, and no longer remains quietly hanging at M as it did before,
738 III | the handle, the anker R R1, on which is coiled copper-wire,
739 II | unchangeable.~By conduction and radiation, it can indeed pass from
740 IV | down from the hills when rain and snow bring it to them.
741 II | wood is made to revolve rapidly on a base of soft wood.~
742 I | valleys, or wherever there are rapidly-flowing regularly-filled brooks
743 | rather
744 I | stars; from which, even the ray of light, the quickest of
745 II | acquired a certain velocity on reaching the earth; this we know
746 Int | His own lectures, as the reader of the following papers
747 II | are capable; with them has really begun the great development
748 III | in one form, but then it reappears in exactly equivalent quantity
749 | recent
750 I | of buckets, which act as receptacles for the water, and, on the
751 III | examples once more, and recognise in them the law which is
752 I | development have led us to the recognition of a new universal law of
753 I | concerned. When fatigue sets in, recovery is needed, and this can
754 III | probably cross one another in rectilinear paths in all directions,
755 II(2)| square of the velocity. To reduce it to the technical measure
756 I | popularly expressed with reference to its technical application,
757 III | of the vessel, they are reflected in another direction. A
758 I | parts of machines may be regarded as modified and compound
759 I | at least not with such regularity as to be utilised; but she
760 I | there are rapidly-flowing regularly-filled brooks and streams. We find
761 I | enormous wealth of Nature as a regularly-ordered whole - a kosmos, an image
762 I | course of civilised life remain unawakened.~It is not to
763 I | level, the sea, the last remainder of the moving force is used
764 II | assumption he deduced in fact a remarkable law as to the capacity of
765 IV | Part IV - Concluding Remarks~What I have to-day mentioned
766 I | peoples of distant lands or of remote times, seizes and interests
767 I | of all kinds, even of the remotest times and the most distant
768 II | experiment is continuously repeated on the largest scale in
769 II | maximum of its expansion, is replaced by water, which is gradually
770 I | mighty passion which art can represent, every picture of manners,
771 III | of zinc. While we there reproduce chemical affinity which
772 I | there is a possibility of reproduction, although in general other
773 III | advantages of steam without requiring the expenditure of fuel.
774 I | level countries extensive reservoirs are necessary for damming
775 II | the weight to a. Gravity resists this motion, and endeavours
776 II | it now with Heat in this respect?~This question was of decisive
777 II | and newer views in these respects. Hence it is that many physicists
778 I | moving masses.~A bullet resting in the hand is the most
779 III | motion of heat. The same result we must expect from chemical
780 III | in it, and combined in a resultant whole.~But what is the nature
781 III | take no further trouble to retain the carbonic acid; it can
782 II | expand, and can only be retained in the narrow space in which
783 II | body whose motion was not retarded by any resisting force would
784 III | quantity of work can also be retransformed into heat, and, indeed,
785 III | which modern physics has revealed, are so extraordinarily
786 III | work were also found in the reverse process - that is, when
787 III | current. Conversely, by reversing the magnetism in the iron
788 II | celebrated War Minister of the Revolution, had indeed endeavoured
789 II | of hard wood is made to revolve rapidly on a base of soft
790 I | partly hostile, which is the reward of this labour; but there
791 I | as, for instance, on the Rhine. In the immediate neighborhood
792 I | nations such increase of riches, of enjoyment of life, of
793 I | Modern mechanism has the richest choice of means of transferring
794 III | spirals b b. The magnet c c is rigidly fixed in the lever d d,
795 I | frames, the work of which rivals that of the spider. Modern
796 I | necessary for damming the rivers to produce any amount of
797 I | first stated by Dr. Julius Robert Mayer, a Schwabian physician (
798 II | horizontal surface continues to roll until its velocity is destroyed
799 II | substitute.~A bullet which is rolled on a smooth horizontal surface
800 I | first introduced among the Romans in the time of the first
801 III | lighting our streets and rooms; in the free state it is
802 I | distributed in the block over four ropes, so that each of these is
803 III | with sixteen paddles was rotated, the eddies thus produced
804 III | which is coiled copper-wire, rotates in front of the poles of
805 I | velocity; of changing the rotating motion of wheels into the
806 II | minute impacts on its little roughnesses.~A pendulum which as been
807 III | inorganic processes, though in roundabout ways, the explanation of
808 II | lucifer match, which by rubbing is so heated that the phosphoric
809 III | previous experience extends, rules and embraces all natural
810 I | and Daniel Bernoulli; and Rumford and Humphry Davy have recognised
811 I | string so that the weight runs down ten feet, the clock
812 III | carbon and oxygen atoms have rushed against each other, the
813 II | investigated. A French engineer, Sadi Carnot, son of the celebrated
814 II | storms which would drive sailing vessels far away, reach
815 I | action of velocity. The sails are driven by air in motion -
816 I | four feet. But now, for the sake of comparison, let us suppose
817 III | and sulphate of zinc, a saline kind of substance, dissolves
818 III | hydrogen in it is completely saturated with oxygen. The force of
819 I | mills which grind corn, sawmills, hammers, and oil presses,
820 Int | their kind. "The matter," says a biographer, "is discussed
821 I | swift-flowing streams which have a scarcely perceptible fall, as, for
822 I | Julius Robert Mayer, a Schwabian physician (now living in
823 Int | fortunate for the layman when a scientist and thinker of the first
824 III | estimate the importance and the scope of our law when you have
825 I | reached its lowest level, the sea, the last remainder of the
826 II | arm must work for a few seconds; this work is imparted to
827 II | high-pressure engine, and Fig. 98 a section. The boiler in which steam
828 I | in question seizes or is seized by the adjacent pinion.
829 I | definite sequence can but seldom be demonstrated. In Nature
830 III | by it. Heat can directly separate chemical compounds; thus,
831 III | when we burn limestone, it separates carbonic acid from lime.~
832 III | work which is required for separating the combined chemical elements.
833 I | interwoven, that any definite sequence can but seldom be demonstrated.
834 I | to make it the obedient servant of our wants. On this conformity
835 I | pull of gravity without setting the whole clockwork in motion.
836 I | the toothed-wheel, H H, seventy-two teeth, that is, six times
837 Int | skill and the inclination to share with the outside world the
838 II | fire. With this view, a sharp spindle of hard wood is
839 I | and heaviest chests from a ship to the quay. Now, it may
840 II | as is the case with steam ships and locomotives. By means
841 II | concentrates into an extremely short time the entire work which
842 I | that each of these is only shortened by a foot. To raise the
843 II | arrow at the moment it is shot off. Thus the cross-bow
844 Int | Quaker.~Helmholtz early showed mathematical ability, and
845 II | The motion of the pendulum shows us very distinctly how the
846 I | of the piston rod, of the shuttle, of falling hammers and
847 III | moistened with water. In both sides are fitted platinum wires,
848 I | it would in that case be simpler to work the machine by the
849 I | we can do better by the simplest inorganic moving forces
850 I | know best, and which is simplest-gravity. It acts, for example, as
851 I | The weight of 100 pounds sinks, that of 400 rises.~Without
852 II | of this kind was made by Sir Humphry Davy in the commencement
853 III | vertical axle provided with sixteen paddles was rotated, the
854 III | one-third of the natural size. The essential part is a
855 Int | the first order has the skill and the inclination to share
856 II | of numerous and variously skilled workmen in all branches
857 II | cylinder A A, that is the slide valve in the valve-chest
858 I | muscles.~Now, the work of the smith requires a far greater and
859 II | bullet which is rolled on a smooth horizontal surface continues
860 II | longer, the more truly and smoother the axle is made to turn,
861 IV | the hills when rain and snow bring it to them. To furnish
862 II | that they weld to their sockets. A powerful degree of friction
863 II | revolve rapidly on a base of soft wood.~So long as it was
864 III | external driving force. The solution of this problem promised
865 II | of gravity, is only to be sought in its velocity. The velocity
866 I | for the small impulses and sounds which the pendulum produces
867 II | intelligent human force may be spared for better purposes; and,
868 I | have to think of when we speak of the amount of work of
869 I | which we are concerned. In speaking of the work of machines
870 II | land in numbers and with a speed which must have seemed an
871 I | their capacity for work is spent, there is a possibility
872 II | through the centre of the sphere; P the point at which the
873 II | M be such a weight, of a spherical form: A B, a horizontal
874 I | which rivals that of the spider. Modern mechanism has the
875 III | If I bring a glimmering spill near the mouth of the other
876 II | With this view, a sharp spindle of hard wood is made to
877 III | which is brought near a spiral of copper wire, traversed
878 I | motive powers, it flows spontaneously from the inexhaustible stores
879 II | clock, on the contrary, spreads it over one or several days.
880 II | timepieces and in watches, steel springs which are coiled in winding
881 II(2)| product of the weight into the square of the velocity. To reduce
882 I | of falling hammers and stamps; or, conversely, of changing
883 I | weight so that we need not stand the whole day at the clockwork,
884 III | shaped iron core, which stands in the copper spirals b
885 I | far more distant double stars; from which, even the ray
886 II | to such a wheel when we started it, is gradually lost in
887 III | place on it.~You see how, starting from considerations based
888 II | to the liquid and gaseous states, in which heat disappeared -
889 III | burned, we obtain in its stead, and in that of the oxygen,
890 III | already mentioned, lead us a step further. He has measured
891 I | workmen hoist heavy masses of stones to great heights, which
892 | stop
893 II | with each other when the stopcock R is closed. If the liquid
894 I | spontaneously from the inexhaustible stores of Nature; but it is restricted
895 II | successfully resisting storms which would drive sailing
896 I | domestic animals. According to Strabo, it was known to King Mithridates
897 Int | to produce in an unbroken stream. He held a succession of
898 III | is used for lighting our streets and rooms; in the free state
899 II | communicated in the operation of stretching; the clock, on the contrary,
900 III | carbon and oxygen atoms strike against each other and adhere
901 III | force of affinity quite as strong as before. But the action
902 III | other end of which is a style; this makes a mark on a
903 I | powers; and the victorious subjections to the power of our thought
904 III | examples of such relations; in subsequent lectures we shall come across
905 III | same quantity. We shall subsequently see that the same law holds
906 II | simply destroyed without any substitute.~A bullet which is rolled
907 III | mercury in an iron vessel was substituted for water in a brass one,
908 I | only the pleasure at the successful activity of one of our most
909 II | direction of the win, and, successfully resisting storms which would
910 Int | unbroken stream. He held a succession of academic positions, teaching
911 III | place all at once, or by successive stages.~When the carbon
912 III | exactly as much as before the sudden expansion of the gaseous
913 III | the contrary, the gas is suddenly allowed to issue into a
914 III | other pieces of iron, or a suitably placed steel magnet. We
915 II | others. Its most essential superiority over motive powers formerly
916 II | less the pressure it has to support. Yet the vis viva of the
917 I | a b" be a simple lever, supported at "c", the arm"c b" being
918 II | compressed, it might be supposed that some changes in structure
919 I | times the time, though to be sure only one-sixth of the exertion,
920 Int | medicine, and he became a surgeon in the Prussian army. He
921 III | rubbed against another, both surrounded by mercury, gave 426.7 and
922 I | satisfaction, when we are able to survey the enormous wealth of Nature
923 II | constructed by any weight which we suspend to a cord. Let M be such
924 II | imparted such a velocity to the suspended weight by a blow.~From this
925 III | would thus be analogous to a swarm of gnats, consisting, however,
926 I | Such wheels are used in swift-flowing streams which have a scarcely
927 I | there are numerous machines, systems of pulleys, levers and cranes,
928 I | with which we know how to tame the impetuous force of steam,
929 I | execute the most diverse tasks.~Just so it is with machines:
930 II | Motive Force~These examples teach us that the velocity of
931 Int | a man of high culture, a teacher in the gymnasium, whose
932 II | phosphoric mass ignites, teaches this fact. Nay, it is enough
933 Int | succession of academic positions, teaching physiology at Konigsberg,
934 III | Is it possible, then to tear asunder the particles of
935 I | great deed of which history tells us, every mighty passion
936 II | temperature, which have a powerful tendency to expand, and can only
937 II | elastic body in a state of tension without having to exert
938 I | Conservation of Force, a term the meaning of which I must
939 III | forces may be expressed in terms of mechanical work.~If,
940 III | far as the facts have been tested.~It follows thence that
941 | themselves
942 | thence
943 II(2)| The measure of vis viva in theoretical mechanics is half the product
944 II | destroyed its velocity, and therewith apparently also the mechanical
945 III | give us the value of the thermal equivalent from experiments:
946 III | produce heat; I stretch a thin platinum wire between the
947 Int | layman when a scientist and thinker of the first order has the
948 I | hard and intense work of thinking, which tries a man just
949 I | is more especially in the thorough conformity with law which
950 II | swing a weight attached to a thread in a circle, we can even
951 I | lace-maker who works with threads so fine that they are on
952 | throughout
953 IV | into our service, we are thrown back upon the meteorological
954 II | cylinder A A, in which moves a tightly fitting piston C. The parts
955 Int | and for fifty-two years, till his death in 1894, he continued
956 II | drive our clocks, we find in timepieces and in watches, steel springs
957 Int | of physics at Berlin.~The titles of his professorships, however,
958 I | the degree in which the tooth in question seizes or is
959 I | connected with the first toothed wheel of the clock, cannot
960 III | again separated, their atoms torn apart, if new effects are
961 II | branches offers in large towns where wind and water power
962 I | by means of a crane, can transfer the largest and heaviest
963 III | heated gaseous particles is transferred to the piston of the machine,
964 I | richest choice of means of transferring the motion of one set of
965 III | only the carrier which transfers the chemical force of the
966 III | inorganic natural forces, we can transform each of them into an active
967 III | magneto-electrical machine transforms mechanical force into chemical.~
968 II | the land. The locomotive transports travellers and goods over
969 II | The locomotive transports travellers and goods over the land
970 II | progress. Steam engines traverse the ocean independently
971 III | arriving by the telegraph wire, traverses the spirals b b. The magnet
972 Int | giving forth from his own treasury." It is fortunate for the
973 I | obstacles with the most tremendous force.~If I lay the head
974 III | burnt we take no further trouble to retain the carbonic acid;
975 II | and the longer, the more truly and smoother the axle is
976 I | barrel of the winch has twelve teeth, and the toothed-wheel,
977 Int | Heidelberg, and for the last twenty-three years of his life filling
978 I | first, and will therefore do twice as much work as when it
979 II | It is connected with the U-shaped tube, S s, which contains
980 III | across them. They are the ultimate cause of the work which
981 I | which they would be quite unable to do directly; in like
982 I | of civilised life remain unawakened.~It is not to be denied
983 Int | continued to produce in an unbroken stream. He held a succession
984 III | universe remains eternal and unchanged throughout all their changes.
985 II | lie gently on each other. Uncivilized people use the friction
986 II | winding up the clock, and are uncoiled by the working of the clock.
987 III | the surrounding water and undergoes a slow combustion. The product
988 I | Winter 1862-1863~As I have undertaken to deliver here a series
989 I | an external world, partly unfamiliar, and partly hostile, which
990 I | them with thought. For the unfolding of the peculiar forces of
991 I | hand, change movements of uniform into those of varying velocity,
992 I | pulls the rope, at a, is uniformly distributed in the block
993 III | of coal is the chemical union of carbon with the oxygen
994 III | known to physicists as the unit of heat; the heat, that
995 III | carbon and oxygen firmly united; they can no longer produce
996 III | produced, oxide of zinc, unites further with sulphuric acid,
997 III | chemical force of the zinc uniting with oxygen and acid to
998 Int | scientific subjects was almost unknown in Germany when Helmholtz
999 I | motion of wheels into the up-and-down motion of the piston rod,
1000 I | observer, have the tops uppermost; on the opposite side the
1001 I | tops of the buckets are upside-down. The water flows at M into