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| Pius XII The proofs for the existence of God in the light of modern natural science IntraText - Concordances (Hapax - words occurring once) |
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502 16 | philosophy, whose sorry memory is linked up, among others, with the
503 13 | its three phases of steam, liquid, and ice. We are aware also
504 55 | spare to the men of today a long tempestuous night. ~
505 20 | comes to compensate the loss involved in the radiation
506 31 | quantities of atomic nuclei lost utilizable energy and, so
507 50 | Immotus in te permanens, -- Lucis diurnae tempora successibus
508 56 | entrusted to Our care: Largire lumen vespere,-Quo vita nusquam
509 43 | to that primordial "Fiat lux" uttered at the moment when,
510 50 | knees before His sovereign majesty, begin to invoke His name:
511 50 | conscious of its exalted Maker, realize that it belongs
512 | makes
513 9 | to anticipate for modern man the joy which the poet imagined
514 13 | strictly so called, the manifold chemico-physical changes
515 53 | the loving Redeemer of mankind, and bow to the loving inspirations
516 15 | combining in most diversified manners, but they appeared to be
517 54 | assure basic progress for the march of civilization. ~
518 7 | modern science has, in a marvelous degree, fathomed, verified
519 38 | double stars and starry masses: ~
520 39 | in a concrete and almost mathematical expression, while from them
521 39 | Although these figures may seem astounding, nevertheless,
522 9 | holds scattered through its maze" (Alighieri Dante, Paradiso,
523 3 | philosophical." This does not mean that they are a prioristic,
524 2 | In fact, according to the measure of its progress, and contrary
525 4 | work. Though in different measures, they all make use of both
526 42 | trained in philosophical meditation penetrates more deeply into
527 1 | 1. This meeting of the Pontifical Academy
528 11 | totality which modern physics meets in the inanimate cosmos.
529 47 | scientist, Sir Edmund Whittaker, member of the Pontifical Academy
530 1 | and of yourselves, the members of the Pontifical Academy,
531 16 | philosophy, whose sorry memory is linked up, among others,
532 21 | uranium. In this connection mention must also be made of the
533 40 | problem which has already been mentioned and which is certainly more
534 8 | to surpass the value of a mere confirmation and acquires
535 51 | Creator whom science has met along its path unveil His
536 44 | are the proofs drawn from metaphysics and Revelation in what concerns
537 38 | 38. The preceding method adopted to determine the
538 4 | means of activities and methods which are analogous and
539 | might
540 16 | small as ten-millionths of a millimeter, is a theater of continuous
541 8 | persuasive and welcome to many minds. ~
542 8 | provided an inexhaustible mine of experiments, revealing
543 11 | be lending an ear to a miniature concert of the immense universe,
544 46 | Ultramontane Weltanschauung und Moderne Lebenskunde, 1907, pag.
545 19 | 19. The first very modest attempt to break down the
546 6 | principles, ruled out or modified certain ancient ideas, whose
547 16 | their science a fantastic monastic philosophy, whose sorry
548 50 | motion's source/Who from the morn till evening's ray/Through
549 36 | by Edwin W. Hubble at the Mount Wilson Observatory, has
550 36 | systems of galaxies tend to move away from one another with
551 11 | sing "the glory of Him who moveth all that is." (Dante, Paradiso,
552 8 | Thus physics has provided a multiplicity of empirical facts which
553 19 | transformation, and hence are mutable. ~
554 22 | in no smaller degree, the mutation, a law which is analogous
555 16 | a theater of continuous mutations, no less than the macrocosm
556 4 | which are analogous and mutually compatible, carry on their
557 3 | are accused of being by a narrow-minded and incoherent positivism.
558 53 | they would be saved, the nations must adore the Son, the
559 33 | 33. This naturally brings to mind two questions: ~
560 12 | the world around us, both near and far away, particularly
561 | neither
562 21 | tremendous energy or with neutrons, successful efforts are
563 55 | today a long tempestuous night. ~
564 | nine
565 19 | break down the nucleus (of nitrogen) goes back to hardly more
566 | nor
567 8 | ways of St. Thomas, is most notable. To the first way, physics
568 45 | notwithstanding, it is worthy of note that modern scholars in
569 7 | degrees of comprehension, are noted with equal evidence by both
570 13 | in the world are equally noticeable, as, for example, the change
571 10 | disposed that just as the notion of God, which is so essential
572 [Title]| Pontifical Academy of Sciences, November 22, 1951]~
573 19 | in the field of practical nuclear physics no more than a preliminary
574 12 | brings to light an immense number of transformations in the
575 19 | forces, to produce very numerous processes involving the
576 56 | lumen vespere,-Quo vita nusquam decidat, (Hymn for None)-
577 50 | English translation is: "O God, creation's secret force/
578 2 | discoveries or make them the object of their own considerations.
579 2 | response to difficulties and objections. ~
580 6 | limitations of time will oblige Us to restrict Our attention
581 18 | of the new century, the observation of radioactive processes,
582 6 | for the question which now occupies us. The question, then,
583 3 | Angelic Doctor, St. Thomas, offers as a speedy and safe road
584 31 | that the world is growing old. In the course of billions
585 37 | that the average age of the oldest minerals is at the most
586 43 | recognizes the work of creative omnipotence, whose power, set in motion
587 | once
588 2 | waiting behind every door opened by science. We would even
589 39 | one they learned in the opening words of Genesis: "In the
590 46 | Arhenius declared that "the opinion that something can come
591 1 | it affords Us the welcome opportunity to spend some time in the
592 17 | level of the electronic orbits. In the exterior parts of
593 19 | nuclei are indeed, by many orders of magnitude, more firm
594 19 | more firm and stable than ordinary chemical compositions, but
595 15 | in fact, that, unlike the organic world, inorganic matter
596 47 | according to which every organism existing on the earth had
597 7 | things, including their origin and their end; and (2) the
598 39 | 39. The oscillations of gravitation between these
599 | others
600 | Ourselves
601 51 | along its path unveil His outlines and point out His features. ~
602 16 | last century, even this over-simplified conception of the chemical
603 5 | the universe (S. Th., 1 p., q. 2, art. 3); that is
604 12 | Everything is in flux": panta rhei. As is known, our own
605 8 | argument which is in great part new, and more acceptable,
606 12 | both near and far away, particularly the local movements of bodies. ~
607 31 | shadow of death will have passed. ~In the past: ~
608 43 | with which it examines and passes judgment on facts, it perceives
609 56 | invoked as Vigor, Immotus, and Pater, a fervent prayer for all
610 51 | science has met along its path unveil His outlines and
611 19 | contributes to the cause of peace, is certainly to be inscribed
612 50 | human race, which is the peak and the rational expression
613 42 | philosophical meditation penetrates more deeply into this problem. ~
614 43 | passes judgment on facts, it perceives and recognizes the work
615 39 | their stability within a period of from five to ten billion
616 50 | tenax vigor,-Immotus in te permanens, -- Lucis diurnae tempora
617 18 | still remained one further perplexing fact, since the atom was
618 1 | illustrious diplomats, outstanding personages, and of yourselves, the
619 54 | 55. This persuasion, taking its remote inspiration
620 8 | new, and more acceptable, persuasive and welcome to many minds. ~
621 44 | of creation in time. The pertinent facts of the natural sciences,
622 13 | state of water in its three phases of steam, liquid, and ice.
623 7 | equal evidence by both the philosopher and the human mind in general,
624 2 | himself when he reflects as a philosopher-and how can he escape such reflection?-
625 2 | considerations. Genuine philosophers profit from these discoveries
626 46 | as 1911, the celebrated physicist Svante Arhenius declared
627 [Title]| Address of Pope Pius XII to the Pontifical Academy
628 46 | we find the statement of Plato: "Matter exists. Nothing
629 19 | possible, by bringing into play tremendous forces, to produce
630 9 | modern man the joy which the poet imagined in the empyrean
631 49 | leading, so also has it pointed to their beginning in time
632 11 | to the fact of changes, pointing out principally their amplitude
633 11 | in Our treatment of these points, we shall, so to speak,
634 [Title]| Address of Pope Pius XII to the Pontifical
635 33 | questions: ~Is science in a position to state when this mighty
636 17 | seat of its mass and of the positive electric charge which determine
637 3 | narrow-minded and incoherent positivism. Even though they draw their
638 19 | century-represents in the field of practical nuclear physics no more
639 38 | of meteorites has led to practically the same figure of five
640 56 | Immotus, and Pater, a fervent prayer for all His children entrusted
641 13 | knowledge of which goes back to pre-historic times, and of the weathering
642 1 | toward their own welfare, you preach at the same time, in the
643 38 | 38. The preceding method adopted to determine
644 8 | these same transformations, precisely in view of the certainty
645 19 | nuclear physics no more than a preliminary step, nevertheless, it provides
646 3 | well known to you in the presentation of the "five ways" which
647 36 | significant conclusion, presented with all due reservations,
648 41 | mass but also the density, pressure, and temperature of matter
649 16 | 16. The same idea prevailed regarding the material energy
650 8 | recesses of nature, where previously no human mind could ever
651 11 | only a rapid summary of the priceless services rendered by modern
652 43 | bearing witness to that primordial "Fiat lux" uttered at the
653 11 | of changes, pointing out principally their amplitude and vastness
654 19 | notwithstanding, they are also, in principle, subject to similar laws
655 6 | has formulated new basic principles, ruled out or modified certain
656 47 | or ten billion years ago, prior to which the cosmos, if
657 3 | not mean that they are a prioristic, as they are accused of
658 15 | appeared to be endowed with a privilege of eternal stability and
659 34 | but extremely interesting problems. ~
660 6 | of the existence of God proceeds and draws its force. ~
661 36 | the time required for this process of the "expanding universe,"
662 19 | play tremendous forces, to produce very numerous processes
663 13 | far-reaching chemical effects produced by the use of fire, the
664 2 | considerations. Genuine philosophers profit from these discoveries in
665 5 | and in what degree, a very profound knowledge of the structure
666 2 | even say that from this progressive discovery of God, which
667 43 | motion by the mighty "Fiat" pronounced billions of years ago by
668 44 | themselves, are outside the proper sphere of the natural sciences. ~
669 41 | reached absolutely enormous proportions as can be seen from the
670 10 | 10. Nevertheless, Providence has disposed that just as
671 31 | present cosmos, today so pulsating with rhythm and life is,
672 5 | universe (S. Th., 1 p., q. 2, art. 3); that is to
673 31 | apparently inexhaustible quantities of atomic nuclei lost utilizable
674 33 | naturally brings to mind two questions: ~Is science in a position
675 44 | 45. It is quite true that the facts established
676 56 | Largire lumen vespere,-Quo vita nusquam decidat, (Hymn
677 35 | 35. First of all, to quote some figures-which aim at
678 39 | time. The figures We have quoted clothe these words in a
679 50 | to make the entire human race, which is the peak and the
680 16 | corpuscular radiations of radio active elements, along with
681 37 | into an isotope of lead (RaG), or of an isotope of uranium
682 56 | this moment inspires Us to raise toward Him Whom we have
683 11 | Wishing to give here only a rapid summary of the priceless
684 32 | virture of which, at first rapidly and then with increasing
685 50 | the morn till evening's ray/Through every change dost
686 51 | instruments of truth, like rays of the same sun, science,
687 5 | Hence it seems helpful to re-examine on the basis of new scientific
688 17 | stability, since they did not reach the very nucleus of the
689 18 | the fact of instability reaching down into the deepest depths
690 3 | nevertheless based on concrete realities established by the senses
691 50 | conscious of its exalted Maker, realize that it belongs to Him in
692 2 | discovery of God, which is realized in the increase of knowledge,
693 8 | assistance to philosophical reasoning. We say "assistance," because
694 8 | mutability in the deepest recesses of nature, where previously
695 35 | point them out briefly: ~(1) recession of the spiral nebulae or
696 52 | in his inner soul when he recites unhesitatingly the concise
697 53 | adore the Son, the loving Redeemer of mankind, and bow to the
698 47 | last limit of science. We refer to it perhaps not improperly
699 44 | sciences, to which We have referred, are awaiting still further
700 2 | scientist himself when he reflects as a philosopher-and how
701 17 | transformations provided one last refuge for stability, since they
702 45 | scholars in these fields regard the idea of the creation
703 15 | elementary particles were still regarded as simple, indivisible,
704 16 | The same idea prevailed regarding the material energy and
705 45 | any such "hypothesis" was rejected as entirely irreconcilable
706 36 | nebulae was compressed into a relatively restricted space, at the
707 53 | because they were centuries of religion, the need is not so much
708 18 | known nature, there still remained one further perplexing fact,
709 11 | of the priceless services rendered by modern science to the
710 47 | discovery of our times, since it represents a fundamental change in
711 39 | useful "for teaching, for reproving, for correcting, for instructing" (
712 36 | into the past at the time required for this process of the "
713 50 | begin to invoke His name: Rerum, Deus, tenax vigor,-Immotus
714 36 | presented with all due reservations, that these distant systems
715 32 | vast abundance of energy reserves, in virture of which, at
716 2 | an ever more satisfying response to difficulties and objections. ~
717 6 | of time will oblige Us to restrict Our attention to only some
718 48 | foundation on which this argument rests, and from which it concludes
719 38 | billion years. This is a result which acquires special importance
720 19 | of nuclei. Although this result-which, insofar as it contributes
721 39 | systems, as also the attrition resulting from tides, again limit
722 18 | efforts to hasten or to retard its natural radioactive
723 20 | takes place a chain-reaction returning upon itself, in which four
724 53 | the need is not so much to reveal God for the first time as
725 8 | inexhaustible mine of experiments, revealing the fact of mutability in
726 53 | recognize Him as a Father, reverence Him as a lawgiver, and fear
727 6 | question, then, is not one of revising the philosophical proofs,
728 12 | Everything is in flux": panta rhei. As is known, our own everyday
729 31 | today so pulsating with rhythm and life is, as we have
730 9 | 9. With similar richness other sciences, especially
731 15 | inanimate nature, there still rises the enigma of the unexplored
732 3 | offers as a speedy and safe road to lead the mind to God.
733 13 | and of the weathering or rocks and the corruption of vegetable
734 54 | being ever more deeply rooted in the consciousness of
735 6 | formulated new basic principles, ruled out or modified certain
736 3 | offers as a speedy and safe road to lead the mind to
737 53 | the Spirit, the fruitful Sanctifier of souls. ~
738 2 | establishing an ever more satisfying response to difficulties
739 53 | Judge. If they would be saved, the nations must adore
740 9 | that the universe holds scattered through its maze" (Alighieri
741 31 | becomes like an extinct and scoriform volcano. And the thought
742 39 | for that divinely inspired Scripture which is always useful "
743 48 | the existence of an Ens a se, immutable by His very nature. ~
744 43 | burst forth from nothing a sea of light and radiation,
745 17 | of the atom, which is the seat of its mass and of the positive
746 33 | cosmos took place? And, secondly, what was the initial or
747 50 | translation is: "O God, creation's secret force/Thyself unmoved, yet
748 1 | research, your unveiling of the secrets of nature, and your teaching
749 42 | before it. In vain would we seek an answer in natural science,
750 1 | time in the company of a select group of eminent Cardinals,
751 43 | matter, whether uncreated or self-created, and to ascend to a creating
752 15 | matter was in a certain sense immutable. Its tiniest parts,
753 3 | realities established by the senses and by science. ~
754 1 | Sciences brings Us an hour of serene happiness, for which We
755 37 | helium thereby formed can serve as a means of control. This
756 11 | summary of the priceless services rendered by modern science
757 41 | According to the theories serving as their basis, the relative
758 43 | omnipotence, whose power, set in motion by the mighty "
759 31 | which, in its own way, the shadow of death will have passed. ~
760 2 | in the midst of possible shadows and more convincing assistance
761 51 | God as sole Creator, now shared by many modern scientists,
762 16 | of the chemical atom was shattered by modern science. The growing
763 34 | astrophysicists, have attempted to shed light on these two difficult
764 12 | 12. At first sight it is rightly a source of
765 11 | shall then dwell on the significance of their direction, which
766 36 | Observatory, has led to the significant conclusion, presented with
767 39 | nevertheless, even to the simplest of the faithful, they bring
768 11 | a voice strong enough to sing "the glory of Him who moveth
769 47 | outstanding modern scientist, Sir Edmund Whittaker, member
770 32 | and then with increasing slowness, it evolved into its present
771 22 | the macrocosm and in no smaller degree, the mutation, a
772 14 | to all the bodies of our solar system and of the great
773 51 | The knowledge of God as sole Creator, now shared by many
774 1 | are indeed worthy of the solemnity of this gathering. For,
775 36 | beginning. ~(2) The age of the solid crust of the earth: ~
776 | something
777 53 | the nations must adore the Son, the loving Redeemer of
778 16 | monastic philosophy, whose sorry memory is linked up, among
779 52 | scientist is aware in his inner soul when he recites unhesitatingly
780 53 | the fruitful Sanctifier of souls. ~
781 50 | on its knees before His sovereign majesty, begin to invoke
782 55 | illuminates the mind, will spare to the men of today a long
783 47 | Academy of Science, when he speaks of the above-mentioned inquiries
784 14 | telescope, and still more the spectroscope, have demonstrated to be
785 2 | basis for their rational speculations, their conclusions thereby
786 3 | St. Thomas, offers as a speedy and safe road to lead the
787 1 | the welcome opportunity to spend some time in the company
788 43 | particles of chemical elements split and formed into millions
789 43 | by the Creating Spirit, spread out over the universe, calling
790 39 | expression, while from them there springs forth a new source of consolation
791 7 | teleological order which stands out in every corner of the
792 38 | systems of double stars and starry masses: ~
793 46 | this same vein we find the statement of Plato: "Matter exists.
794 13 | water in its three phases of steam, liquid, and ice. We are
795 3 | 3. Thus stimulated and guided, the human intellect
796 5 | microcosm contributes toward strengthening these philosophical arguments. ~
797 13 | all, these local movements strictly so called, the manifold
798 5 | visible world in ever more striking and clearer light. Hence
799 11 | nevertheless has a voice strong enough to sing "the glory
800 38 | celestial bodies which can be studied in scientific laboratories. ~(
801 9 | knowledge and, so to speak, so stupefying a vision of the conceptual
802 21 | liberating entire swarms of sub-atomic particles. ~
803 19 | are also, in principle, subject to similar laws of transformation,
804 43 | millions of centuries, has succeeded in bearing witness to that
805 21 | energy or with neutrons, successful efforts are being made to
806 50 | Lucis diurnae tempora successibus determinans (Hymn for None). ~(
807 5 | provide human reason with sufficient arguments to demonstrate
808 47 | provides a unifying background, suggested by geological evidence,
809 11 | to give here only a rapid summary of the priceless services
810 17 | however, it was possible to suppose that these chemico-physical
811 6 | all of which concepts are supremely important for the question
812 44 | before they can provide a sure foundation for arguments
813 8 | physics, seems to Us to surpass the value of a mere confirmation
814 6 | reason to be fearful of surprises. Not even science itself
815 8 | human mind could ever even suspect its existence and vastness.
816 46 | the celebrated physicist Svante Arhenius declared that "
817 21 | infrequently liberating entire swarms of sub-atomic particles. ~
818 43 | present-day science, with one sweeping step back across millions
819 37 | very approximate data are taken from the transformation
820 14 | natural sciences, which have taught people to understand these
821 50 | tenax vigor,-Immotus in te permanens, -- Lucis diurnae
822 7 | and their end; and (2) the teleological order which stands out in
823 9 | animating the cosmos, and of the teleology directing its movements,
824 14 | great universe, which the telescope, and still more the spectroscope,
825 55 | the men of today a long tempestuous night. ~
826 50 | permanens, -- Lucis diurnae tempora successibus determinans (
827 16 | with dimensions as small as ten-millionths of a millimeter, is a theater
828 50 | invoke His name: Rerum, Deus, tenax vigor,-Immotus in te permanens, --
829 36 | distant systems of galaxies tend to move away from one another
830 49 | to get a glimpse of the term toward which these developments
831 52 | unhesitatingly the concise terms of the ancient Apostles'
832 5 | order of the universe (S. Th., 1 p., q. 2, art. 3); that
833 37 | thorium 232 into thorium D (ThD). The mass of helium thereby
834 12 | confirming with new proofs the theory of Heraclitus: "Everything
835 | throughout
836 50 | creation's secret force/Thyself unmoved, yet motion's source/
837 39 | attrition resulting from tides, again limit their stability
838 50 | source/Who from the morn till evening's ray/Through every
839 39 | correcting, for instructing" (2 Tim., 3, 16). ~
840 | too
841 11 | and, so to speak, their totality which modern physics meets
842 47 | existed, existed in a form totally different from anything
843 42 | certain that the human mind trained in philosophical meditation
844 50 | None). ~(A free English translation is: "O God, creation's secret
845 11 | by science. Thus, in Our treatment of these points, we shall,
846 54 | consciousness of the people, will truly be able to assure basic
847 32 | 32. Let us now turn our attention to the past.
848 40 | research and verification, turned their daring genius to the
849 31 | 31. If the scientist turns his attention from the present
850 20 | which goes as high as some twenty million degrees, there takes
851 46 | the creation of matter." (Ultramontane Weltanschauung und Moderne
852 18 | the atom was apparently unattackable, at least by human forces,
853 15 | indestructibility, since they emerged unchanged from every chemical synthesis
854 43 | autochthonous matter, whether uncreated or self-created, and to
855 | under
856 15 | rises the enigma of the unexplored microcosm. It seemed, in
857 52 | inner soul when he recites unhesitatingly the concise terms of the
858 47 | creation. It provides a unifying background, suggested by
859 50 | creation's secret force/Thyself unmoved, yet motion's source/Who
860 41 | from the recent work of A. Unsold, director of the Observatory
861 51 | science has met along its path unveil His outlines and point out
862 1 | by your research, your unveiling of the secrets of nature,
863 | upon
864 39 | Scripture which is always useful "for teaching, for reproving,
865 43 | that primordial "Fiat lux" uttered at the moment when, along
866 42 | what went before it. In vain would we seek an answer
867 46 | come from nothing is at variance with the present-day state
868 13 | rocks and the corruption of vegetable and animal life. ~
869 46 | pag. 362). In this same vein we find the statement of
870 36 | from one another with such velocity that, in the space of 1,
871 40 | liberty of research and verification, turned their daring genius
872 56 | Our care: Largire lumen vespere,-Quo vita nusquam decidat, (
873 5 | of human experiments, the vestiges of the Eternal One are discernible
874 8 | transformations, precisely in view of the certainty afforded
875 32 | abundance of energy reserves, in virture of which, at first rapidly
876 5 | One are discernible in the visible world in ever more striking
877 47 | reflection of limitless visions is the language of an outstanding
878 56 | Largire lumen vespere,-Quo vita nusquam decidat, (Hymn for
879 52 | so to speak, immediate, vitalizing, and loving, like that presence
880 31 | an extinct and scoriform volcano. And the thought comes spontaneously
881 9 | beheld in God ~"Into one volume bound by love, the same
882 46 | immutable." (Die Vorstellung vom Weltgebaude im Wandel der
883 46 | matter is immutable." (Die Vorstellung vom Weltgebaude im Wandel
884 36 | as carried out by Edwin W. Hubble at the Mount Wilson
885 2 | degree-as though God were waiting behind every door opened
886 46 | Vorstellung vom Weltgebaude im Wandel der Zeiten, 1911, pag. 362).
887 42 | experience, and it also wants to know what went before
888 13 | in the physical state of water in its three phases of steam,
889 6 | degree these proofs have been weakened, as is not infrequently
890 13 | pre-historic times, and of the weathering or rocks and the corruption
891 43 | modern scientific knowledge weighs this problem calmly, it
892 1 | nature toward their own welfare, you preach at the same
893 49 | the universe and also the well-founded deduction as to the epoch
894 46 | of matter." (Ultramontane Weltanschauung und Moderne Lebenskunde,
895 46 | immutable." (Die Vorstellung vom Weltgebaude im Wandel der Zeiten, 1911,
896 | whence
897 | whether
898 47 | modern scientist, Sir Edmund Whittaker, member of the Pontifical
899 | whole
900 36 | Edwin W. Hubble at the Mount Wilson Observatory, has led to
901 10 | creation is foolishness (Wis., 13, 1-2)-so also this
902 3 | existence of God which Christian wisdom recognizes in those philosophical
903 11 | 11. Wishing to give here only a rapid
904 | within
905 43 | has succeeded in bearing witness to that primordial "Fiat
906 12 | it is rightly a source of wonderment to recognize how the knowledge
907 10 | from a simple look at the world-in such a way that not to understand
908 [Title]| Address of Pope Pius XII to the Pontifical Academy
909 6 | that world which today, as yesterday, presents itself through
910 | yet
911 | yourselves
912 46 | Weltgebaude im Wandel der Zeiten, 1911, pag. 362). In this
913 41 | Kernphysik und Kosmologie, in the Zeitschrift fur Astrophysik, 24, B.