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| Alphabetical [« »] reading 11 reads 4 ready 41 real 402 realities 2 reality 40 really 120 | Frequency [« »] 404 upon 403 part 402 distinct 402 real 401 had 400 whether 396 substances | John Locke An essay concerning human understanding IntraText - Concordances real |
Book, Chapter
1 I, III | reason, so much we possess of real and true knowledge. The 2 II, VII | as one thing, whether a real being or idea, suggests 3 II, VIII | considered there to be a real positive idea in the understanding, 4 II, VIII | though they are as much real qualities in the subject 5 II, VIII | therefore they may be called real qualities, because they 6 II, VIII | again. Can any one think any real alterations are made in 7 II, VIII | taste into an oily one. What real alteration can the beating 8 II, VIII | distinguish the primary and real qualities of bodies, which 9 II, VIII | think may be properly called real, original, or primary qualities; 10 II, VIII | senses, are looked upon as real qualities in the things 11 II, VIII | sun, are commonly thought real qualities existing in the 12 II, VIII | are ordinarily taken for real qualities, and not for bare 13 II, VIII | are ordinarily taken for real qualities, and the other 14 II, IX | and studious promoter of real knowledge, the learned and 15 II, XI | and the circumstances of real existence, as time, place, 16 II, XI | as the standards to rank real existences into sorts, as 17 II, XII | accompany them in their real existence: this is called 18 II, XIII | ways of separation, whether real or mental, is, as I think, 19 II, XIII | accidents, as a sort of real beings that needed something 20 II, XIII | not necessary to prove the real existence of a vacuum, but 21 II, XIV | neither delay nor hasten.~10. Real succession in swift motions 22 II, XIV | evident that there is a real succession. Let a cannon-bullet 23 II, XIV | depending not at all on the real co-existence of that thing 24 II, XV | supposed void of some other real existence. And if the names 25 II, XV | denote the position of finite real beings, in respect one to 26 II, XV | and measured out by this real existence, and periodical 27 II, XV | or to have an idea of any real being, with a perfect negation 28 II, XV | to have the idea of any real existence with a perfect 29 II, XVII | know whether there were any real being, whose duration has 30 II, XVII | and so to consider the real existence of that Being 31 II, XVII | infinite space requires the real existence of matter to support 32 II, XVII | eternity, but there is no real matter co-extended with 33 II, XXI | understand.~6. Faculties, not real beings. These powers of 34 II, XXI | been) to stand for some real beings in the soul that 35 II, XXI | mistake not imaginary for real happiness, is the necessary 36 II, XXI | be inconsistent with, our real happiness: and therefore, 37 II, XXI | their main end, and make a real part of that which is their 38 II, XXI | determines to the pursuit of real bliss, the same necessity, 39 II, XXI | they seem: the apparent and real good are, in this case, 40 II, XXI | contributes to this mistake is the real or supposed unpleasantness 41 II, XXI | desire makes a part of our real happiness, or be consistent 42 II, XXI | consist, and not in any other, real or imaginary.~74. Active 43 II, XXII | characteristical marks of any real beings that have a steady 44 II, XXII | considering whether they had any real being: though I do not deny 45 II, XXII | offered to his mind by the real existence of things. Thus 46 II, XXIII | of bodies, on which their real constitutions and differences 47 II, XXIII | particles of bodies, and the real constitution on which their 48 II, XXIII | here). For my soul, being a real being as well as my body, 49 II, XXIII | not know, not knowing the real essence of a pebble, or 50 II, XXIII | though they depend on those real and primary qualities of 51 II, XXV | be not contained in the real existence of things, but 52 II, XXVII | distinguish certainly what is real, what counterfeit: and so 53 II, XXVII | little time may become a real part of another person. 54 II, XXX | Chapter XXX~Of Real and Fantastical Ideas ~1. 55 II, XXX | and are:—~First, either real or fantastical;~Secondly, 56 II, XXX | true or false.~First, by real ideas, I mean such as have 57 II, XXX | have a conformity with the real being and existence of things, 58 II, XXX | 2. Simple ideas are all real appearances of things. First, 59 II, XXX | Our simple ideas are all real, all agree to the reality 60 II, XXX | such sensations; they are real ideas in us, whereby we 61 II, XXX | that purpose, and are as real distinguishing characters, 62 II, XXX | distinct constitutions of real beings. But whether they 63 II, XXX | our simple ideas are all real and true, because they answer 64 II, XXX | is requisite to make them real, and not fictions at pleasure. 65 II, XXX | then is, Which of these are real, and which barely imaginary 66 II, XXX | of consistent ideas, are real. Secondly, Mixed modes and 67 II, XXX | kind of ideas to make them real, but that they be so framed, 68 II, XXX | possible to be; and so is as real an idea as the other. Though 69 II, XXX | ideas of substances are real, when they agree with the 70 II, XXX | really are, are no further real than as they are such combinations 71 II, XXXI | their archetypes. Of our real ideas, some are adequate, 72 II, XXXI | the idea so produced is a real idea, (and not a fiction 73 II, XXXI | but as if those ideas were real beings in them. For, though 74 II, XXXI | to look on those as the real modifications of matter, 75 II, XXXI | without reference to any real archetypes, or standing 76 II, XXXI | substances, as referred to real essences, not adequate. 77 II, XXXI | are referred to a supposed real essence of each species 78 II, XXXI | supposed to have certain real essences, whereby they are 79 II, XXXI | refer their ideas to such real essences, as to their archetypes. 80 II, XXXI | distinguished by such specific real essences. Who is there almost, 81 II, XXXI | meaning than as having the real essence of a man? And yet 82 II, XXXI | if you demand what those real essences are, it is plain 83 II, XXXI | minds, being referred to real essences, as to archetypes 84 II, XXXI | complex idea cannot be the real essence of any substance; 85 II, XXXI | we know nothing of these real essences, there is nothing 86 II, XXXI | most men supposed to have a real essence, whereby it is gold; 87 II, XXXI | being nothing but body, its real essence or internal constitution, 88 II, XXXI | any one will say, that the real essence and internal constitution, 89 II, XXXI | from having any idea of its real essence than I was before. 90 II, XXXI | enough from an idea of its real essence or constitution. 91 II, XXXI | ignorance as I have of the real essence of this particular 92 II, XXXI | substance, I have also of the real essence of all other natural 93 II, XXXI | Because men know not the real essences of substances. 94 II, XXXI | species of bodies, having a real internal essence; by having 95 II, XXXI | containing in them that real essence which the mind intends 96 II, XXXI | useless supposition of unknown real essences, whereby they are 97 II, XXXI | imagine they know not what real specific essences: yet they 98 II, XXXI | that lump to depend on its real essence, or internal constitution. 99 II, XXXI | power, that simple idea is real and adequate; the sensation 100 II, XXXI | observable by us are not the real essence of that substance, 101 II, XXXI | qualities cannot be the real essence of that thing. Whereby 102 II, XXXI | after the pattern of any real existence, to which the 103 II, XXXII | following:~5. Other men’s ideas; real existence; and supposed 104 II, XXXII | existence; and supposed real essences, are what men usually 105 II, XXXII | to be conformable to some real existence. Thus the two 106 II, XXXII | supposed to be the ideas of real substances, are the one 107 II, XXXII | any of its ideas to that real constitution and essence 108 II, XXXII | names.~13. As referred to real existence, none of our ideas 109 II, XXXII | ideas, in reference to the real existence of things. When 110 II, XXXII | blue, whether it be that real colour, or only a peculiar 111 II, XXXII | them be false in respect of real existence. From what has 112 II, XXXII | simple ideas, which in the real existence of things have 113 II, XXXII | When judged to agree to real existence, when they do 114 II, XXXII | judged to represent the real essence. (4) The mistake 115 II, XXXII | idea contains in it the real essence of any body existing; 116 II, XXXII | properties which flow from its real essence and constitution. 117 II, XXXII | is in substances; their real essences lie in a little 118 II, XXXII | imagine it to represent some real being without me, or to 119 II, XXXIII| of what they embrace for real truth. That which thus captivates 120 III, III | understanding, and belong not to the real existence of things. To 121 III, III | universal belong not to the real existence of things; but 122 III, III | And therefore the supposed real essences of substances, 123 III, III | himself herein by supposed real essences, he will, I suppose, 124 III, III | significations of the word essence.~Real essences. First, Essence 125 III, III | what it is. And thus the real internal, but generally ( 126 III, III | signification: and, instead of the real constitution of things, 127 III, III | is ordinarily supposed a real constitution of the sorts 128 III, III | doubt there must be some real constitution, on which any 129 III, III | unfitly be termed, the one the real, the other nominal essence.~ 130 III, III | are distinguished by their real essences, useless. Concerning 131 III, III | useless. Concerning the real essences of corporeal substances ( 132 III, III | natural things to have a real, but unknown, constitution 133 III, III | partaking exactly of the same real essence should have different 134 III, III | figures partaking of the same real essence of a circle should 135 III, III | distinct general names.~18. Real and nominal essence the 136 III, III | distinguished into nominal and real, we may further observe, 137 III, III | between three lines, is the real as well as nominal essence 138 III, III | different. For, it is the real constitution of its insensible 139 III, III | Which cannot be true of the real constitutions of things, 140 III, III | changes, it is evident their real essence—i.e. that constitution 141 III, IV | and of substances intimate real existence. First, the names 142 III, IV | signify, intimate also some real existence, from which was 143 III, IV | modes signify always both real and nominal essences. Secondly, 144 III, IV | modes signify always the real as well as nominal essence 145 III, IV | supposed, but an unknown, real essence, with properties 146 III, V | are presented to it by the real existence of things operating 147 III, V | patterns, or reference to any real existence. Wherein they 148 III, V | the supposition of some real being, from which they are 149 III, V | substances, examine them by the real existence of things; or 150 III, V | have but too frequently a real existence? Whereby it is 151 III, V | subservient to all the ends of real truth and knowledge, as 152 III, V | the ideas it makes to the real existence of things, but 153 III, V | made by nature, and had a real existence in things; when 154 III, V | essences and species as real established things in nature.~ 155 III, V | modes stand always for their real essences, which are the 156 III, V | determined signification) the real essences of their species. 157 III, V | and not referred to the real existence of things, there 158 III, V | flow: and so in these the real and nominal essence is the 159 III, V | being such ideas as have a real existence and union in nature, 160 III, VI | have made, and not on the real nature of things; since 161 III, VI | distinguish it from the real constitution of substances, 162 III, VI | said, may be called the real essence: v.g. the nominal 163 III, VI | fusible, and fixed. But the real essence is the constitution 164 III, VI | discover.~3. The nominal and real essence different. For, 165 III, VI | that complex idea is the real essence and source of all 166 III, VI | those ideas.~6. Even the real essences of individual substances 167 III, VI | I have often mentioned a real essence, distinct in substances 168 III, VI | nominal essence. By this real essence I mean, that real 169 III, VI | real essence I mean, that real constitution of anything, 170 III, VI | species. For, being that real constitution on which the 171 III, VI | malleability and fusibility, the real essence is that constitution 172 III, VI | from it. Indeed, as to the real essences of substances, 173 III, VI | according to precise, distinct, real essences in them, is plain 174 III, VI | qualities, depending on their real constitutions, as far different 175 III, VI | species, according to their real essences, it would be as 176 III, VI | denominations?~9. Not the real essence, or texture of parts, 177 III, VI | denominate them, by their real essences; because we know 178 III, VI | that texture of parts, that real essence, that makes lead 179 III, VI | contrivances and inconceivable real essences of plants or animals, 180 III, VI | classes under names, by their real essences, that are so far 181 III, VI | sheep and goats by their real essences, that are unknown 182 III, VI | querechinchio; and by their internal real essences determine the boundaries 183 III, VI | mind makes, and not in the real essences to be found in 184 III, VI | infinitely more remote, in the real excellency of his nature, 185 III, VI | suppose it to be done by their real internal constitutions, 186 III, VI | nature into species, by real essences, according as we 187 III, VI | supposition of a certain number of real essences. To distinguish 188 III, VI | Men can have no ideas of real essences. Fourthly, The 189 III, VI | essences. Fourthly, The real essences of those things 190 III, VI | four points, the supposed real essences of things stand 191 III, VI | properties that flow from their real essences. Fifthly, The only 192 III, VI | flowing from their different real essences, we should thereby 193 III, VI | For, being ignorant of the real essence itself, it is impossible 194 III, VI | properties depending on the real essence of gold, any one 195 III, VI | one of which failing, the real essence of gold, and consequently 196 III, VI | there, unless we knew the real essence of gold itself, 197 III, VI | Hence names independent of real essences. By all which it 198 III, VI | at all founded on their real essences; nor can we pretend 199 III, VI | though we know not the real essences of things; all 200 III, VI | Which, though it be not the real essence of any substance 201 III, VI | concerning the supposed real essence; and whether the 202 III, VI | But what difference in the real internal constitution makes 203 III, VI | sign to us of different real constitutions and species 204 III, VI | fixedly established by the real frame and secret constitutions 205 III, VI | seeds, keeps the supposed real species distinct and entire. 206 III, VI | conceived by drills; and what real species, by that measure, 207 III, VI | and be at a loss about the real essence, which he thinks 208 III, VI | substances; and that their real internal structures are 209 III, VI | not any insight into the real essences, nor trouble themselves 210 III, VI | But supposing that the real essences of substances were 211 III, VI | regulated by those internal real constitutions, or anything 212 III, VI | nominal and not by their real essences, the next thing 213 III, VI | by her amongst men. The real essence of that or any other 214 III, VI | the complex ideas of any real substances; unless he has 215 III, VI | c., are distinguished by real essences made by nature, 216 III, VI | be very liberal of these real essences, making one for 217 III, VI | without any consideration of real essences, or substantial 218 III, VI | name, I know no more of the real essence or constitution 219 III, VI | constitution: but it is not this real essence that distinguishes 220 III, VI | certain each of these hath a real difference from the rest; 221 III, VI | internal constitution, or real essence, that is, by something 222 III, VI | would speak of the supposed real essences and species of 223 III, VI | their nominal species, a real essense is supposed. To 224 III, VI | therefore, they have supposed a real essence belonging to every 225 III, VI | having any idea of that real essence in substances, and 226 III, VI | of the thing having that real essence, without knowing 227 III, VI | without knowing what the real essence is, and this is 228 III, VI | nature, and distinguished by real essences.~50. Which supposition 229 III, VI | a substance, having the real essence of a species of 230 III, VI | affirmation of something real; yet it is a truth will 231 III, VI | application, and so is of no real use or certainty. For let 232 III, VI | gold, i.e. all that has the real essence of gold, is fixed, 233 III, VI | For if we know not the real essence of gold, it is impossible 234 III, VIII | they have no ideas of the real essences of substances, 235 III, VIII | should pretend to signify the real essences of those substances 236 III, IX | signification of the word and the real essence of the thing are 237 III, IX | uncertain, because there be no real standards existing in nature 238 III, IX | suit our complex ideas to real existences, and regulate 239 III, IX | substances referred, to real essences that cannot be 240 III, IX | supposed to agree to, the real constitution of things, 241 III, IX | they all centre. But this real constitution, or (as it 242 III, IX | those words are put for real essences that we have no 243 III, IX | signification of words than a real difference in the conception 244 III, IX | properties, depending on its real constitution, and nothing 245 III, IX | ideas that are neither the real essences, nor exact representations 246 III, IX | to penetrate into their real constitutions, it may probably 247 III, X | language less useful than the real defects of it had made it; 248 III, X | perfectly correspond with their real existence. Who is there 249 III, X | species, &c., are something real? These words men have learned 250 III, X | they should stand for the real essence of a certain sort 251 III, X | gold, i.e. what has the real essence of gold, is malleable; 252 III, X | is inseparable from the real essence of gold. But a man, 253 III, X | not knowing wherein that real essence consists, the connexion 254 III, X | this case to stand for the real essence of a species, and 255 III, X | animal” better described that real essence than “a two-legged 256 III, X | V.g. Putting them for the real essences of substances. 257 III, X | much more certain, were the real essences of substances the 258 III, X | it is for want of those real essences that our words 259 III, X | for a thing having that real essence, as if thereby it 260 III, X | stand for a thing having the real essence on which these properties 261 III, X | signified by that name is the real as well as nominal essence; 262 III, X | suppose it annexed to a real immutable essence of a thing 263 III, X | this tacit reference to the real essence of that species 264 III, X | substitute their names for the real essences of species, is 265 III, X | giving exactly the same real internal constitution to 266 III, X | representatives of those real essences; though indeed 267 III, X | whether it has in it the real essence of a species of 268 III, X | species. That everything has a real constitution, whereby it 269 III, X | this or that thing have the real essence of the species man, 270 III, X | we use them as signs of real beings, which yet never 271 III, X | correspondence with the real nature of things, to which 272 III, X | advancing thereby one jot in real and true knowledge.~31. 273 III, X | substances disagreeing with the real existence of things, so 274 III, X | centaur stands for some real being, imposes on himself, 275 III, X | the mind, much less any real being ever be denominated 276 III, X | world than dry truth and real knowledge, figurative speeches 277 III, XI | stand. And then it is a real inquiry concerning the nature 278 III, XI | or, which is all one, the real essence of each species 279 III, XI | mathematics: since the precise real essence of the things moral 280 III, XI | rational creature: what the real essence or other qualities 281 IV, I | necessary connexion. IV. Real existence.~4. Of identity, 282 IV, I | by the word gold,~7. Of real existence agreeing to any 283 IV, I | last sort is that of actual real existence agreeing to any 284 IV, I | other idea; or that it has a real existence without the mind. 285 IV, I | co-existence. “God is,” is of real existence. Though identity 286 IV, II | distinguish every the least real difference, the only help 287 IV, III | co-existence, relation, and real existence. I shall examine 288 IV, III | since we neither know the real constitution of the minute 289 IV, III | extinguish.~21. Of the three real existences of which we have 290 IV, III | our knowledge, viz. of the real actual existence of things, 291 IV, III | brought into the stock of real knowledge has been very 292 IV, III | shall speak of general and real knowledge, this may here 293 IV, IV | knowledge, therefore is real only so far as there is 294 IV, IV | produce it there, has all the real conformity it can or ought 295 IV, IV | things, is sufficient for real knowledge.~5. All complex 296 IV, IV | conformity necessary to real knowledge. For that which 297 IV, IV | concerning these ideas is real, and reaches things themselves. 298 IV, IV | is not only certain, but real knowledge; and not the bare 299 IV, IV | true and certain, even of real things existing: because 300 IV, IV | things existing: because real things are no further concerned, 301 IV, IV | concerning such ideas is real knowledge: because, intending 302 IV, IV | them also when they have a real existence in matter: his 303 IV, IV | knowledge is as capable of real certainty as mathematics. 304 IV, IV | find in them will produce real knowledge, as well as in 305 IV, IV | make abstract knowledge real. For the attaining of knowledge 306 IV, IV | and, to make our knowledge real, it is requisite that the 307 IV, IV | as it may seem) to the real existence of things: since 308 IV, IV | equally on in the discovery of real truth and certainty, whatever 309 IV, IV | may come short of being real. Such are our ideas of substances, 310 IV, IV | concerning substances is real. I say, then, that to have 311 IV, IV | to things, may afford us real knowledge, it is not enough, 312 IV, IV | or perjury, &c., were as real and true ideas before, as 313 IV, IV | our thoughts, without any real pattern they were taken 314 IV, IV | because we, knowing not what real constitution it is of substances 315 IV, IV | are yet the subjects of real (as far as we have any) 316 IV, IV | it does, it will still be real knowledge. Whatever ideas 317 IV, IV | knowledge. But to make it real concerning substances, the 318 IV, IV | ideas must be taken from the real existence of things. Whatever 319 IV, IV | distinct species so set out by real essences, that there can 320 IV, IV | things, there is certain real knowledge. Of which agreement 321 IV, IV | wherein it is that certainty, real certainty, consists. Which, 322 IV, V | making the name stand for the real essence, of which we have 323 IV, V | mental propositions contain real truth, and when verbal. 324 IV, V | speak of, (chap. viii.,) or real and instructive; which is 325 IV, V | which is the object of that real knowledge which we have 326 IV, V | as well as the ideas of real beings, and so have as true 327 IV, V | truth to us?~8. Answered, “Real truth is about ideas agreeing 328 IV, V | foregoing chapter to distinguish real from imaginary knowledge 329 IV, V | this doubt, to distinguish real truth from chimerical, or ( 330 IV, V | distinction of verbal and real; that being only verbal 331 IV, V | then it is they contain real truth, when these signs 332 IV, V | so far only is the truth real. The knowledge of this truth 333 IV, V | wherein the certainty of real truths contained in propositions 334 IV, V | of being certain of their real truth or falsehood.~I shall 335 IV, V | which is nothing but the real existence of things, conformable 336 IV, VI | known to be true, where the real essence of each species 337 IV, VI | to do. For in these the real and nominal essence being 338 IV, VI | in substances, wherein a real essence, distinct from the 339 IV, VI | because, not knowing this real essence, we cannot know 340 IV, VI | constituted by a precise and real essence which nature regularly 341 IV, VI | of things constituted by real essences, different from 342 IV, VI | supposed to be constituted by real essences which we know not, 343 IV, VI | be called gold; i.e. that real essence of gold whereof 344 IV, VI | certainly know where a real essence, which we know not, 345 IV, VI | what parcels of matter the real essence of gold is, yet 346 IV, VI | necessary connexion with a real essence of which we have 347 IV, VI | whatever species that supposed real essence may be imagined 348 IV, VI | Because we know not the real constitutions of substances, 349 IV, VI | set out by nature, by a real essence belonging to it, 350 IV, VI | the intervention of the real constitution of its insensible 351 IV, VI | being ignorant both of that real constitution in which they 352 IV, VI | remote from that internal real constitution on which their 353 IV, VI | concerning substances of whose real truth we can be certainly 354 IV, VI | propositions of undoubted real certainty. But yet so far 355 IV, VI | in this respect; and the real truth of this proposition, 356 IV, VI | substances as to know what real constitutions produce those 357 IV, VI | specific ideas of their real essences in our own minds, 358 IV, VI | substances, and that the real essences, on which depend 359 IV, VI | having the ideas of their real essences; which whilst we 360 IV, VI | propositions capable of real certainty.~13. Judgment 361 IV, VI | contain not ideas of their real constitutions, we can make 362 IV, VI | not comprehending their real constitutions, can afford 363 IV, VI | Because, not knowing the real constitution on which sensation, 364 IV, VI | of man contains not that real constitution which is the 365 IV, VI | as we want ideas of those real constitutions of different 366 IV, VII | relation, coexistence, and real existence; which will discover 367 IV, VII | axioms.~7. IV. Concerning real existence, we have none. 368 IV, VII | have none. Fourthly, as to real existence, since that has 369 IV, VII | in that, concerning the real existence of all other beings, 370 IV, VII | to all its parts”: what real truth, I beseech you, does 371 IV, VIII | chapter be of that use to real knowledge as is generally 372 IV, VIII | it contains any clear and real idea, it shows us nothing 373 IV, VIII | me add, also, without any real knowledge.~3. Examples. 374 IV, VIII | that sign.~8. But adds no real knowledge. We can know then 375 IV, VIII | name triangle, this is a real truth, and conveys with 376 IV, VIII | conveys with it instructive real knowledge.~9. General propositions 377 IV, VIII | those which depend on their real constitutions, the general 378 IV, VIII | have no knowledge of their real truth, how much soever constant 379 IV, VIII | those that convey the most real truths: and all this without 380 IV, VIII | and are able to attain no real truth or falsehood. This, 381 IV, VIII | wandering in the search of real and true knowledge. ~ 382 IV, IX | gives us no knowledge of real existence at all. Where, 383 IV, X | can no more produce any real being, than it can be equal 384 IV, X | therefore, we know there is some real being, and that nonentity 385 IV, X | nonentity cannot produce any real being, it is an evident 386 IV, X | should ever produce any real existence.~It being, then, 387 IV, XI | no necessary connexion of real existence with any idea 388 IV, XI | our fancies, without the real existence of things affecting 389 IV, XII | advancement and certainty of real knowledge which men arrived 390 IV, XII | other ideas that are the real as well as nominal essences 391 IV, XII | conversant about, being all real essences, and such as I 392 IV, XII | be possessed of certain, real, and general truths; and 393 IV, XII | where our abstract ideas are real as well as nominal essences,) 394 IV, XII | the want of ideas of their real essences sends us from our 395 IV, XII | these, but on that unknown real essence on which these also 396 IV, XII | still, it not containing the real essence of any species of 397 IV, XII | the internal fabric and real essences of bodies; but 398 IV, XII | from a discovery of their real essences, grasp at a time 399 IV, XII | inquiries of rational men after real improvements; how little, 400 IV, XVII | capable of representing more real beings than one, or no. 401 IV, XVII | it comes far short of the real extent of even corporeal 402 IV, XX | sort, who, even where the real probabilities appear, and