Book,  Chapter

  1      I,  III  |           by any other.~19. Idea of substance not innate. I confess there
  2      I,  III  |             and that is the idea of substance; which we neither have nor
  3      I,  III  |         signify nothing by the word substance but only an uncertain supposition
  4     II,  I    |             think. But whether that substance perpetually thinks or no,
  5     II,  I    |          defining the soul to be “a substance that always thinks,” and
  6     II,  IV   |           space taken up by a solid substance, we conceive it so to possess
  7     II,  XII  |            operations of a thinking substance, than what it finds in itself
  8     II,  XII  |        supposed or confused idea of substance, such as it is, is always
  9     II,  XII  |          first and chief Thus if to substance be joined the simple idea
 10     II,  XII  |            and reasoning, joined to substance, the ordinary idea of a
 11     II,  XIII |          terms body and spirit.~17. Substance which we know not, no proof
 12     II,  XIII |             space, void of body, be substance or accident, I shall readily
 13     II,  XIII |            a clear distinct idea of substance.~18. Different meanings
 14     II,  XIII |           18. Different meanings of substance. I endeavour as much as
 15     II,  XIII |             of these two syllables, substance, to consider whether applying
 16     II,  XIII |           the same common nature of substance, differ not any otherwise
 17     II,  XIII |      different modification of that substance; as a tree and a pebble,
 18     II,  XIII |            when God is said to be a substance; for another when the soul
 19     II,  XIII |             when the soul is called substance; and for a third when body
 20     II,  XIII |           is called so;—if the name substance stands for three several
 21     II,  XIII |             three distinct ideas of substance, what hinders why another
 22     II,  XIII |          may not make a fourth?~19. Substance and accidents of little
 23     II,  XIII |         forced to find out the word substance to support them. Had the
 24     II,  XIII |            but thought of this word substance, he needed not to have been
 25     II,  XIII |      support his elephant: the word substance would have done it effectually.
 26     II,  XIII |            Indian philosopher,—that substance, without knowing what it
 27     II,  XIII |         European philosophers,—that substance, without knowing what it
 28     II,  XIII |      supports accidents. So that of substance, we have no idea of what
 29     II,  XIII |         there is in the doctrine of substance and accidents, and show
 30     II,  XIII |             from moving outwards be substance or accident, something or
 31     II,  XXI  |          ask, whether the will be a substance, an agent, or at least to
 32     II,  XXI  |             in these instances, the substance that hath motion or thought
 33     II,  XXI  |          the subject. Sometimes the substance or agent puts itself into
 34     II,  XXI  |           Whatsoever modification a substance has, whereby it produces
 35     II,  XXI  |         called action: v.g. a solid substance, by motion, operates on
 36     II,  XXI  |           sensible ideas of another substance, and therefore this modification
 37     II,  XXI  |           this motion in that solid substance is, when rightly considered,
 38     II,  XXI  |            power of motion is in no substance which cannot begin motion
 39     II,  XXI  |             in itself or in another substance when at rest. So likewise
 40     II,  XXI  |           operation of any external substance is called a power of thinking:
 41     II,  XXII |            efficacy whereby the new substance or idea is produced is called,
 42     II,  XXIII|             which therefore we call substance.~2. Our obscure idea of
 43     II,  XXIII|              2. Our obscure idea of substance in general. So that if any
 44     II,  XXIII|       concerning his notion of pure substance in general, he will find
 45     II,  XXIII|            we give the general name substance, being nothing but the supposed,
 46     II,  XXIII|        obscure and relative idea of substance in general being thus made
 47     II,  XXIII|             unknown essence of that substance. Thus we come to have the
 48     II,  XXIII|             we speak of any sort of substance, we say it is a thing having
 49     II,  XXIII|         speaking, intimate that the substance is supposed always something
 50     II,  XXIII|           clear or distinct idea of substance in general. Hence, when
 51     II,  XXIII|       support we denote by the name substance, though it be certain we
 52     II,  XXIII|          clear an idea of spiritual substance as of corporeal substance.
 53     II,  XXIII|           substance as of corporeal substance. The same thing happens
 54     II,  XXIII|           the actions of some other substance, which we call spirit; whereby
 55     II,  XXIII|             subsist; by supposing a substance wherein thinking, knowing,
 56     II,  XXIII|            as clear a notion of the substance of spirit, as we have of
 57     II,  XXIII|          that the idea of corporeal substance in matter is as remote from
 58     II,  XXIII| apprehensions, as that of spiritual substance, or spirit: and therefore,
 59     II,  XXIII|            having any notion of the substance of spirit, we can no more
 60     II,  XXIII|            and distinct idea of the substance of matter, as to say there
 61     II,  XXIII|            and distinct idea of the substance of a spirit.~6. Our ideas
 62     II,  XXIII|           secret abstract nature of substance in general, all the ideas
 63     II,  XXIII|            has no other idea of any substance, v.g. let it be gold, horse,
 64     II,  XXIII|             the complex one of that substance we call a loadstone; and
 65     II,  XXIII|             subjects. Because every substance, being as apt, by the powers
 66     II,  XXIII|          aptness we consider in any substance, to give or receive such
 67     II,  XXIII|      primary qualities, as that the substance so altered should produce
 68     II,  XXIII|             c., co-existing in some substance, we are able to frame the
 69     II,  XXIII|         corporeal motion, joined to substance, of which we have no distinct
 70     II,  XXIII|            being moved, joined with substance, of which likewise we have
 71     II,  XXIII|        being moved. For our idea of substance is equally obscure, or none
 72     II,  XXIII|             16. No idea of abstract substance either in body or spirit.
 73     II,  XXIII|            far from the idea of the substance of body, as if we knew nothing
 74     II,  XXIII|         think, is an extended solid substance, capable of communicating
 75     II,  XXIII|          immaterial spirit, is of a substance that thinks, and has a power
 76     II,  XXIII|         means he knows not what the substance is of that thinking thing:
 77     II,  XXIII|            say I, knows he what the substance is of that solid thing.
 78     II,  XXIII|         minds, and a solid extended substance as hard to be conceived
 79     II,  XXIII|         have belonging to body, the substance of each being equally unknown
 80     II,  XXIII|        difficulty to conceive how a substance we know not should, by thought,
 81     II,  XXIII|             into motion, than how a substance we know not should, by impulse,
 82     II,  XXIII|           of body, stands thus: the substance of spirits is unknown to
 83     II,  XXIII|        unknown to us; and so is the substance of body equally unknown
 84     II,  XXIII|            of an immaterial knowing substance.~32. We know nothing of
 85     II,  XXIV |         simple ideas, united in one substance. And as the mind, by putting
 86     II,  XXV  |          notion superinduced to the substance, or man, and refers only
 87     II,  XXV  |         thing, whether simple idea, substance, mode, or relation, or name
 88     II,  XXV  |             which are really in any substance, but for the most part easy
 89     II,  XXVI |          Thus, finding that in that substance which we call wax, fluidity,
 90     II,  XXVI |           So also, finding that the substance, wood, which is a certain
 91     II,  XXVI |              is turned into another substance, called ashes; i.e., another
 92     II,  XXVI |            of simple ideas, whether substance or mode, which did not before
 93     II,  XXVI |          thing, either simple idea, substance, or mode, begin to be; and
 94     II,  XXVI |            this, when referred to a substance, produced in the ordinary
 95     II,  XXVI |         consider any simple idea or substance, as beginning to exist,
 96     II,  XXVII|           is not therefore unity of substance that comprehends all sorts
 97     II,  XXVII|            one thing to be the same substance, another the same man, and
 98     II,  XXVII|         person, if person, man, and substance, are three names standing
 99     II,  XXVII|            it be the same identical substance. This few would think they
100     II,  XXVII|       thinking thing, i.e. the same substance or no. Which, however reasonable
101     II,  XXVII|            it be the same identical substance, which always thinks in
102     II,  XXVII|            solely to one individual substance, or can be continued in
103     II,  XXVII|      distance of time, or change of substance, no more two persons, than
104     II,  XXVII|      Personal identity in change of substance. That this is so, we have
105     II,  XXVII|            matter. Thus, we see the substance whereof personal self consisted
106     II,  XXVII|            Personality in change of substance. But the question is, Whether
107     II,  XXVII|             is, Whether if the same substance which thinks be changed,
108     II,  XXVII| constitution, void of an immaterial substance. For, whether their supposition
109     II,  XXVII|     something else than identity of substance; as animal identity is preserved
110     II,  XXVII|        identity of life, and not of substance. And therefore those who
111     II,  XXVII|           thinking in an immaterial substance only, before they can come
112     II,  XXVII|       Whether, if the same thinking substance (supposing immaterial substances
113     II,  XXVII|       transferred from one thinking substance to another. I grant were
114     II,  XXVII|           act, why one intellectual substance may not have represented
115     II,  XXVII|       transferred from one thinking substance to another, it will be possible
116     II,  XXVII|        Whether, the same immaterial substance remaining, there can be
117     II,  XXVII|         Whether the same immaterial substance remaining, there may be
118     II,  XXVII|            man; the same immaterial substance, without the same consciousness,
119     II,  XXVII|          though the same immaterial substance or soul does not alone,
120     II,  XXVII|             place that self in what substance you please—than that I who
121     II,  XXVII|             consist of all the same substance, material or immaterial,
122     II,  XXVII|            on consciousness, not on substance. Self is that conscious
123     II,  XXVII|            thinking thing,—whatever substance made up of, (whether spiritual
124     II,  XXVII|            that goes along with the substance, when one part is separate
125     II,  XXVII|       mattering what becomes of any substance, not joined to, or affected
126     II,  XXVII|              not in the identity of substance, but, as I have said, in
127     II,  XXVII|    individual, immaterial, thinking substance; in short, the same numerical
128     II,  XXVII|             person: the identity of substance will not do it; for whatever
129     II,  XXVII|             not do it; for whatever substance there is, however framed,
130     II,  XXVII|              as well as any sort of substance be so, without consciousness.~
131     II,  XXVII|          some individual immaterial substance or no. For, granting that
132     II,  XXVII|          granting that the thinking substance in man must be necessarily
133     II,  XXVII|            identity or diversity of substance, which it cannot be sure
134     II,  XXVII|          consciousness.~24. Not the substance with which the consciousness
135     II,  XXVII|          Indeed it may conceive the substance whereof it is now made up
136     II,  XXVII|         consciousness removed, that substance is no more itself, or makes
137     II,  XXVII|          part of it, than any other substance; as is evident in the instance
138     II,  XXVII|         reference to any immaterial substance, which is void of that consciousness
139     II,  XXVII|          being. For, whatsoever any substance has thought or done, which
140     II,  XXVII|           one individual immaterial substance.~But let men, according
141     II,  XXVII|            self, the same numerical substance is not considered as making
142     II,  XXVII|             have the same numerical substance become a part of two different
143     II,  XXVII|      separation of such a spiritual substance would make no variation
144     II,  XXVII|        particle of matter does. Any substance vitally united to the present
145     II,  XXVII|             a man for an immaterial substance, independent from matter,
146     II,  XXVII|        names. To conclude: Whatever substance begins to exist, it must,
147     II,  XXX  |          were found together in any substance: v.g. a rational creature,
148     II,  XXX  |          collections of ideas as no substance ever showed us united together,
149     II,  XXXI |             the real essence of any substance; for then the properties
150     II,  XXXI |          essence of this particular substance, I have also of the real
151     II,  XXXI |             essence this particular substance comes to be of that species,
152     II,  XXXI |           their complex idea of any substance all the simple ideas they
153     II,  XXXI |      specific ideas of the sorts of substance, for the most part, of a
154     II,  XXXI |          have adequate ideas of any substance made up of a collection
155     II,  XXXI |            a parcel of that sort of substance we denote by the word gold,
156     II,  XXXI |        simple ideas it makes of any substance that exists, it cannot be
157     II,  XXXI |        answers all that are in that substance. Since, not having tried
158     II,  XXXI |           idea of the powers of any substance existing, and its relations;
159     II,  XXXI |          qualities or powers of any substance, we should not yet thereby
160     II,  XXXI |            the real essence of that substance, but depend on it, and flow
161     II,  XXXI |       Besides, a man has no idea of substance in general, nor knows what
162     II,  XXXI |             general, nor knows what substance is in itself.~14. Ideas
163     II,  XXXII|          having joined the ideas of substance, yellow, malleable, most
164    III,  II   |           yellow and a very weighty substance. Another adds to those qualities
165    III,  III  |          the mind proceeds to body, substance, and at last to being, thing,
166    III,  III  |            man was a solid extended substance, having life, sense, spontaneous
167    III,  VI   |             essence of each sort of substance is our abstract idea to
168    III,  VI   |           to them. It is true every substance that exists has its peculiar
169    III,  VI   |             the real essence of any substance that exists, is yet the
170    III,  VI   |             up, the confused one of substance, or of an unknown support
171    III,  VI   |          animals, an extended solid substance of such a certain figure
172    III,  VI   |           no other knowledge of any substance but of the simple ideas
173    III,  VI   |            the complex idea of that substance wherein they are all joined
174    III,  VI   |           Instances of a species of substance named Zahab. Let us now
175    III,  VI   |              lights on a glittering substance which pleases his eye. Home
176    III,  VI   |       complex idea, consisting of a substance having that peculiar bright
177    III,  VI   |        forming his idea of this new substance, he takes the quite contrary
178    III,  VI   |         gold, is a property of that substance itself: in which case it
179    III,  VI   |            stands in the place of a substance, having the real essence
180    III,  VIII |             abstract essence of any substance; but was the abstracted
181    III,  IX   |         different ideas of the same substance, and therefore make the
182    III,  IX   |        together. For, though in the substance of gold one satisfies himself
183    III,  IX   |    signification of the name of any substance? All which together, seldom
184    III,  IX   |             the relation which that substance has to two other bodies,
185    III,  IX   |      several properties in the same substance; and I think I may say nobody
186    III,  X    |            a solid extended figured substance, whereof matter is but a
187    III,  X    |            to me to be used for the substance and solidity of body, without
188    III,  X    |             but the idea of a solid substance, which is everywhere the
189    III,  X    |      constitution or essence of any substance; but, as it were, patterns
190    III,  XI   |       peculiar in their kind to any substance; for which precise ideas
191    III,  XI   |          ideas, than by showing the substance itself. For, he that to
192     IV,  III  |     disposed, a thinking immaterial substance: it being, in respect of
193     IV,  III  |       should superadd to it another substance with a faculty of thinking;
194     IV,  III  |          should be in an immaterial substance, upon the motion of the
195     IV,  III  |         perception and thought to a substance which has the modification
196     IV,  III  |             either as an unextended substance, or as a thinking extended
197     IV,  III  |          For I would fain know what substance exists, that has not something
198     IV,  III  |             our complex idea of any substance: since we neither know the
199     IV,  III  |              clear, distinct one of substance itself, which is the foundation
200     IV,  IV   |            found to co-exist in any substance, these we may with confidence
201     IV,  VI   |           substratum, which we call substance; but what other qualities
202     IV,  VIII |           on such maxims as these: “substance is substance,” and “body
203     IV,  VIII |             as these: “substance is substance,” and “body is body”; “a
204     IV,  VIII |  acceptations annexed to them: v.g. substance, man, animal, form, soul,
205     IV,  X    |             or beginning of any one SUBSTANCE out of nothing being once