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The Shundai Zatsuwa

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  • JAPANESE PHILOSOPHER.   BY GEORGE WM. KNOX, D.D.   [Read January 20, 1892.]   INTRODUCTION.
  1: "The Ko-ji-ki," translated by B. H. Chamberlain, Vol. X. Appendix; "The Revival of Pure Shin-tau,[...]
  2: "Things Japanese," by B. H. Chamberlain, p. 71, 2nd Ed.
  3: James Troup's translations of the Shin teaching, Vols. XIV, XVII of these Transactions.
  4: "The International Journal of Ethics," Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 307.
  5: "Things Japanese," 2nd Edition, p. 92.
  6: See "The Religions of China," Lecture I; and Faber's "A Systematical Digest of the Doctrines of C[...]
  7: "The Religions of China," p. 180.
  8: "The China Review" Vol. VIII, No. 1, p. 59.
  9: Dr. Edkins ("The Phœnix" Vol. III, pp. 47-49) divides the intellectual development of China into [...]
  10: The Middle Kingdom, Vol. II, p. 165.
  11: The Middle Kingdom, Vol. II, p. 166.
  12: The Chinese philosophy is sometimes called "agnostic," so "a friendly German critic" in "Things J[...]
  13: The Middle Kingdom, Vol. II, p.174.
  14: Mayers's "Manual," p. 34.
  15: Shushi's name is variously written by writers in China, Chu-hsi, Choo He, Chu He, Chu Hi and Ku H[...]
  16: "Between heaven and earth there is nothing so important, so almighty and omnipresent as this brea[...]
  17: "Feng-shui," pp. 5-9., See "Ki, Ri and Ten" below. Also my "Comment" below for a further expositi[...]
  18: "The Revival of Pure Shin-tau," pp. 13-14, 21-34.
  19: ### b. 1140 A.D. "In opposition to the critical philosophical erudition of Chu-hsi, Lu desires re[...]
  20: Mayers's "Manual," p. 246. This brief paragraph is all I have been able to find in English. A lec[...]
  21: Pneuma "is the totality of all existence; out of it the whole, visible universe proceeds, hereaft[...]
  22: For an example of the process of this "reification of the concept" see p. 47 below.
  23: This method professes to rest upon a phrase of Confucius. "the distinction of things." See p. 43 [...]
  24: P. 72 below.
  25: Oyomei's system may be studied in the ###, Den-shu-roku, the Zen-sho and Zen-shu, ###.
  26: Pp. 28 f. below.
  27: Okina mondo. Vol. II p. 3.
  28: Okina Mondo, Vol. V. p. 35.
  29: Okina Mondo, Vol. I. p. 3.
  28a: Okina Mondo, Vol. I. pp. 3-7. The Okina Mondo is a posthumous work of Nakai Toju printed in 1650 [...]
  29a: Prof. T. Inoue.
  30: The Rev. M. Uemura.
  31: Okina Mondo, Vol. II., p. 34.
  32: Okina Mondo, Vol. III., pp. 10-12.
  33: Okina Mondo, Vol. III., pp. 12-14. Compare pp. 61 below.
  34: Okina Mondo, Vol. IV., pp. 1-13.
  35: During a time of scarcity Oshio's wrath was excited by the heartless conduct of an official in Os[...]
  36: Jinsu and Sorai were not orthodox. See Mr. Haga's "Note" below.
  37: The Ancient Learning School "Kogaku" also rested upon the modern Chinese School.—Faber's Doctrine[...]
  38: Similar instances are found, of course, in Chinese history.
  39: Pp. 41, 42 below.
  40: Numerous translations of the sermons of this school have been printed, among the earliest in A. B[...]
  41: P. 50 below.
  42: The Okina Mondo, Vol. V. pp. 17-18.
  43: P. 55 below.
  44: P. 55 below.
  45: The Okina Mondo, Vol. II., p. 31.
  46: P. 60 below. Compare a certain phase of Christian mysticism:—"Oh to be nothing, nothing;" "A bro[...]
  47: The Okina Mondo, Vol. V p. 26.
  48: P. 40 below.
  49: The worship of ancestors remains an inconsistency difficult of explanation in Shushi's philosophy[...]
  50: The ### is the authority for these statements. His burial place is in the section of the city now[...]
  51: Such collections are among the most valuable of the writings of the Chinese also, Confucius and S[...]



  • SHUNDAI ZATSUWA. BOOK ONE.—BENEVOLENCE.
  1: The five books are named after the five cardinal virtues, but without especial significance.
  2: At fourteen or fifteen years of age his hair was tied in a queue. He lived with the samurai. And h[...]
  3: To Edo, by the Shogun.
  4: The expressions of humility are conventional. Kyuso had the highest influence and honours given b[...]
  5: The So, pp. 4-5 above. The philosophy of Tei-Shu, p. 5 above.
  6: A teaching that governs one's own life.
  6a: So Confucius "at forty had no doubts." Analects, II; IV, 3. At "fifteen he had his mind bent on l[...]
  7: The mythical Sage kings of China. Gyo according to the ordinary untrustworthy chronology began to [...]
  8: Okina, the old man, is a title of respect.
  9: The Gen (Yuen) dynasty was Mongol, A.D. 1280-1368, and was succeeded by the Min (Mings), 1368-1644[...]
  10: The text here has a list of Chinese scholars whose names are omitted in the translation in accord[...]
  11: Oyomei,
  12: The Zen sect of Buddhism, the contemplative sect which professes to use no book.
  13: The bo is a fabulous bird of monstrous size. For "natural philosophy," see "Ki Ri and Ten" below.[...]
  14: Kantaishi was one of the eight most celebrated literary men of China. He was of the time of the To[...]
  15: The Doctrine of the Mean, XVI. The word for "Gods" here is ki-shin.
  16: The Buddhist prayer, Namu Amida-butsu.
  17: The custom was only abolished finally in A.D. 1664; Lay's "Japanese Funeral Rites," Vol. XIX., Pt[...]
  18: The commentary on The Spring and Autumn, Book V., Year XV. p. 165 of the Chinese Classics, Legge's[...]
  19: This refers to the Buddhist hoben, pious devices to lead the ignorant to virtue.
  20: See Vol. III, Appendix, of the Transactions, The "Revival of Pure Shin-tau" pp. 20-31 for the Shi[...]
  21: Musashibo Benkei. The priest and robber samurai who became the most trusted retainer of Minamoto Y[...]
  22: If by a Sage the author means Confucius then the Great Learning is not by a Sage, but is accepted [...]
  23: For the Ancient Learning School, see Mr. Haga's "Note" and my "Comment" below. The "Illustrations[...]
  24: Mencius, Book III: Pt. II., Chapter IX. The quotation is not verbal.
  25: So from the beginning, because of the stress laid on rites.
  26: Sotoba ### was one of the most famous of the Chinese literary men. He was of the time of the So ([...]
  27: Jun and So ### Taoist writers. Jun was distinguished as a scholar and statesman. He committed suic[...]
  28: Writers notorious for the meretricious ornamentation of their style.
  29: ### This reference to the punishment of "vain words" was not an empty threat. The Tokugawa govern[...]
  30: The Historical Records. ###
  31: The Shih King, Lessons from the States. Book VI. Ode 1 "On seeing the desolation of the old capit[...]
  32: Res-shi ### A Chinese metaphysician of the age preceeding Confucius. Mayers p. 126. His writings w[...]
  33: Said Laotz: "He who dies but perishes not enjoys longevity." "Tau Teh King" p. 26, Chalmers' tran[...]
  34: Kaku-butsu-gaku I translate "science." It is thus explained: p. 44 ### "Distinction of things is [...]
  35: These quotations are from the "Book of Rites."
  36: Book VII., Part I., Chap. XV., 1. "The ability possessed by men without being acquired by learnin[...]
  37: ### (law, spirit, body, activity).
  38: Analects, Book XVII; Chap. II.
  39: Book VI, Part I Chap. VI.
  40: Book II, Part I Chap. II, 9-16. Dr. Legge translates "ki" ### "passion nature" and remarks.—"On #[...]
  41: See the Chinese Repository, Vol. XIII, pp. 552, 609 et seq. for a translation of Shushi's exposit[...]
  42: This quotation is not found in the Tao Teh King.
  43: Analects, Book XVII, Chap., XIX, 3.
  44: Book of Changes, Appendix IV, Section II, 6.
  45: The Doctrine of the Mean, Chap. I. 4-5. Shishi was Grandson of Confucius.
  46: Book I, Part I, Chapter I, 3 amplified by the author.
  47: Henjaku (Pien Ts'iao) was the title given to a physician who lived in the State of Chao about the [...]
  48: Analects VII; 20.
  49: Appendix I: Sec. I: Hex. XX: 3.
  50: XVI: 1
  51: The oldest commentary on The Spring and Autumn. Book III., Year XXIII, Part II., Dr. Legge transl[...]
  52: Riro could distinguish a single hair at the distance of an hundred paces. Mayers, p. 119. Shiko h[...]
  53: XVI; 1. 3 Legge translates in the plural: "We look for them" the text of course having no distinc[...]
  54: Saigyo was a celebrated retainer of Yoritomo who became a priest. He died A.D. 1198.
  55: The Doctrine of the Mean, XVI:3; Legge translates, "Like overflowing water they seem to be over t[...]
  56: Analects XV; 4.
  57: Book of Changes, Appendix 1 Sec., I, I, 5. Doctrine of the Mean, Chap. XXXI.
  58: Mencius, Book VII., Pt. I Chap. XIII, 3. "Wherever the superior man passes through transformation[...]
  59: Book of Changes, Appendix III: Sec. I: Chap. VIII, 42.
  60: ### Zoku-Bun-Sho-Ki-Han-Ken-no-San. Ho-Tan-Bun-16-Mai.
  61: Mencius, Book II, Pt. II, Chap. IX., 4. Analects, Book XIX Chap. XXI.
  62: The so-called male and female principles of Chinese cosmogony. See Mr. Haga's "Note."
  63: There is an ideal nature which is good. It is the same with the "ri," the "law," but when it is i[...]
  64: Above note 14.
  65: Analects VII; 20.
  66: Dr. Legge translates,—"When men are full of fear their breath as it were blazes up and brings suc[...]
  67: A collection of common stories of the dynasties To and So.
  68: The Tokugawa castle at Suruga.
  69: A famous retainer of Ieyasu, Hidetada and Iemitsu.
  70: ### A scholar of the Min dynasty.
  71: The Book of Changes, Appendix, IV. Sec. I. Chap. VI: 34.
  72: ### A famous poet and philosopher of the So danasty.
  73: Thought and act are of the ki, the true self is of the ri, see "Ki, Ri and Ten" below.



  • BOOK II.—RIGHTEOUSNESS.
  1: In the war between Hideyoshi and Ieyasu, Rein p. 280.
  2: The Yi King, Appendix III, Sec. I. Chap. V, 29.
  3: The Yi King, Appendix III, Sec. II, Chap. I, 10.
  4: Mencius, Book II, Pt. I, Chap. II, 15.
  5: Analects, III; 13.
  6: Book of Poetry, Part II, Book IV, Ode VIII; 3 "A lamentation over the miseries of the kingdom." T[...]
  7: Of Gan-kai Confucius said, "Unfortunately his appointed time was short," Analects, (VI: II); and,[...]
  8: Analects, Book VII; XV.
  9: See p. 21 preceding.
  10: In Suiko's reign, A.D. 593-628, Buddhism was openly adopted by the court in Japan. In the reign o[...]
  11: Man's true nature is "law," the eternal "reason" within him. And as "law" is the ideal benevolenc[...]
  12: Matsunaga. an unknown author.
  13: Hakkyoi. A famous poet of the To (Tang) dynasty.
  14: Analects IV, VIII.
  15: Mencius, Book IV. Pt. I, Chap. VIII; 2-3.
  16: Our word benevolence by no means precisely represents the Chinese word "jin." Faber translates "h[...]
  17: Book of Changes, Appendix V, Chap. II; 4.
  18: Book of Changes, Appendix I; 1.
  19: Analects XV; 17.
  20: Book of Changes. Appendix IV, Sec. II, Chap. II; 6.
  21: Analects XII; 20.
  22: Analects XII; 1.
  23: The Great Learning, 4-5.
  24: Appendix III: Sec. I: Chap. VII. 36.
  25: Mencius, Book II, Pt. I, Chap. II; 11-16.
  26: The writings of Kantaishi, p. 31 above, note.
  27: The Shin (Ts'in) dynasty reigned B.C. 255-209 and was followed by the Kan (Han) dynasty.
  28: A celebrated scholar of the "Han dynasty" who introduced various reforms. Mayers, p. 78.
  29: Bun and Kei were emperors of the Han dynasty and reigned in succession, B.C. 179-140.
  30: All good was in its perfection in the days of the Sage kings Gyo and Shun. But unfortunately, we [...]
  31: The starving.
  32: Book of Changes. Appendix II., Hex. XXIII.
  33: A councillor of Han Wen Ti, B.C. 179.
  34: Suin of Wei accused of stealing two eggs when a boy. Retained "since no one is perfect," Chinese [...]
  35: D. 122 B.C. He had been a swineherd and became a minister. Mayers, p. 90. He used all of his own [...]
  36: Ieyasu is always referred to by his posthumous title, To-sho-gu, but I have retained his well kno[...]
  37: The beginning of the Kamakura times was toward the end of the twelfth century, when it was founded[...]



  • BOOK III. PROPRIETY.
  1: Book of Poetry—"The sacrificial Odes of Kau," Ode IV.
  2: From the Rikuto of the Shichisho. ###
  3: Chu Yuen-chang, a plebeian by birth who overthrew the Mongols, A.D. 1368, and set up the Ming dyn[...]
  4: So said the celebrated general Baen (Ma Yuan) of his emperor Kwang Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, who [...]
  5: Nobunaga, when at the height of his power, was treacherously killed, A.D. 1582. Hideyoshi then sei[...]
  6: See Rein's Japan, p. 280. The comparative merits of Hideyoshi and Ieyasu are still stoutly debated[...]
  7: The decisive victory by which Ieyasu won the empire, A.D. 1600.
  8: At Kyoto. It was destroyed by an earthqaake, 1598. Quite a different view of the conduct of Ieyas[...]
  9: The direct bestowal of a gift by the hand of the daimyo was regarded as the greatest of rewards. [...]
  10: Through adoption.
  11: Rein, p. 270 and p. 276
  12: Ishida Mitsunari was the chief opponent of Ieyasu, in the struggles following the death of Hideyo[...]
  13: For a somewhat similar incident see Rein, p. 279. In the war of the restoration in 1868 some samur[...]
  14: Rein pp. 239-240. The great popularity of Yoshitsune brought upon him the fatal jealousy of his br[...]
  15: Tsurugaoka, a temple near Kamakura.
  16: Ieyasu was the Daimyo of Mikawa before he became Shogun.
  17: A koku of rice is 5.13 bushels.
  18: Gamo Ujisato was one of Hideyoshi's famous generals. He was made daimyo of Aidzu and aided in the [...]



  • BOOK IV. WISDOM.
  1: Book IV, Part I, Chapter XI.
  2: A Buddhist priest said to be of India (?).
  3: The Eastern Tsin, A.D. 317-419.
  4: Rein's Japan, pp. 269-270.
  5: In his reputed conversation with Confucius. Chinese Classics Vol. I: Prolegomena, p. 65.
  6: Shishan (Kung-sun K'iao) was chief minister of Cheng when lawlessness and disorder prevailed. When[...]
  7: Kenko was an official who became a priest on the death of his Imperial master. Kenko died A.D. 135[...]
  8: The Genji Monogatari was written in the year A.D. 1004, "Things Japanese," p. 269. It quite deser[...]
  9: Shigehira was a Taira Kuge. Honen was the instructor of the founder of the Hon-gwan-ji sect Shinra[...]
  10: Amakusa,—the war againt the Christians. Rein. p. 308.
  11: The Hojo family succeeded Yoritomo as the real rulers of Japan. They were the Regents of Kamakura[...]
  12: Kikoshi was troubled by the many thieves in his dominions. Analects XII: XVIII.



  • VOLUME V. SINCERITY.
  1: Rihaku, a famous poet of the To dynasty in China.
  2: Kushi, the author of the couplet, (Ku Yuan) was a minister who committed suicide, about B.C. 314. [...]
  3: "The Chrysanthemum," Vol. II., No. 5, pp. 198-200.
  4: Oyoshu; Ou-Yang Siu, celebrated among the formost scholars and statesmen of the Sung dynasty. d. [...]



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