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Confessions
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  • Introduction.
  1: He had no models before him, for such earlier writings as the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius and [...]


  • Introduction.
    • CHAPTER of Genesis, verse by verse, until he is able to relate the whole round of creation to the point where we can view the drama of God’s enterprise in human history on the vast stage of the cosmos itself. The Creator is the Redeemer! Man’s end and the beginning meet at a single point!
  2: Gen. 1:1.
  3: Gen. 2:2.
  4: Notice the echo here of Acts 9:1.
  5: Ps. 100:3.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER I
  6: Cf. Ps. 145:3 and Ps. 147:5.
  7: Rom. 10:14.
  8: Ps. 22:26.
  9: Matt. 7:7.
  10: A reference to Bishop Ambrose of Milan; see Bk. V, Ch. XIII; Bk. VIII, Ch. 11, 3.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER II
  11: Ps. 139:8.
  12: Jer. 23:24.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER IV
  13: Cf. Ps. 18:31.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER V
  14: Ps. 35:3.
  15: Cf. Ps. 19:12, 13.
  16: Ps. 116:10.
  17: Cf. Ps. 32:5.
  18: Cf. Job 9:2.
  19: Ps. 130:3.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER VI
  20: Ps. 102:27.
  21: Ps. 102:27.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER VII
  22: Cf. Ps. 92:1.
  23: Cf. Ps. 51:5.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER XI
  24: In baptism which, Augustine believed, established the effigiem Christi in the human soul.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER XIII
  25: Cf. Ps. 78:39.
  26: Cf. Ps. 72:27.
  27: Aeneid, VI, 457
  28: Cf. Aeneid, II.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER XVI
  29: Lignum is a common metaphor for the cross; and it was often joined to the figure of Noah's ark, a[...]
  30: This apostrophe to "the torrent of human custom" now switches its focus to the poets who celebrat[...]
  31: Probably a contemporary disciple of Cicero (or the Academics) whom Augustine had heard levy a rat[...]
  32: Terence, Eunuch., 584-591; quoted again in De civ. Dei, II, vii.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER XVII
  33: Aeneid, I, 38.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER XVIII
  34: Cf. Ps. 103:8 and Ps. 86:15.
  35: Ps. 27:8.
  36: An interesting mixed reminiscence of Enneads, I, 5:8 and Luke 15:13-24.
  37: Ps. 123:1.
  38: Matt. 19:14.


  • BOOK ONE
    • CHAPTER XIX
  39: Another Plotinian echo; cf. Enneads, III, 8:10.


  • BOOK TWO
    • CHAPTER I
  40: Yet another Plotinian phrase; cf. Enneads, I, 6, 9:1-2.


  • BOOK TWO
    • CHAPTER II
  41: Cf. Gen. 3:18 and De bono conjugali, 8-9, 39-35 (N-PNF, III, 396-413).
  42: 1 Cor. 7:28.
  43: 1 Cor. 7:1.
  44: 1 Cor. 7:32, 33.
  45: Cf. Matt. 19:12.


  • BOOK TWO
    • CHAPTER III
  46: Twenty miles from Tagaste, famed as the birthplace of Apuleius, the only notable classical author [...]
  47: Another echo of the De profundis (Ps. 130:1) - and the most explicit statement we have from Augus[...]
  48: Cf. 1 Cor. 3:9.
  49: Ps. 116:16.
  50: Cf. Jer. 51:6; 50:8.
  51: Cf. Ps. 73:7.


  • BOOK TWO
    • CHAPTER V
  52: Cicero, De Catiline, 16.


  • BOOK TWO
    • CHAPTER VI
  53: Deus summum bonum et bonum verum meum.
  54: Avertitur, the opposite of convertitur: the evil will turns the soul away from God; this is sin. [...]


  • BOOK TWO
    • CHAPTER VII
  55: Ps. 116:12.


  • BOOK TWO
    • CHAPTER IX
  56: Ps. 19:12.


  • BOOK TWO
    • CHAPTER X
  57: Cf. Matt. 25:21.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER I
  58: Cf. Job 2:7, 8.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER II
  59: 2 Cor. 2:16.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER III
  60: Eversores, "overturners," from overtere, to overthrow or ruin. This was the nickname of a gang of[...]


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER IV
  61: A minor essay now lost. We know of its existence from other writers, but the only fragments that r[...]
  62: Note this merely parenthetical reference to his father's death and contrast it with the account o[...]
  63: Col. 2:8, 9.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER V
  64: I.e., Marcus Tullius Cicero.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER VI
  65: These were the Manicheans, a pseudo-Christian sect founded by a Persian religious teacher, Mani ([...]
  66: James 1:17.
  67: Cf. Plotinus, Enneads, V, 3:14.
  68: Cf. Luke 15:16.
  69: Cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, VII, 219-224.
  70: For the details of the Manichean cosmogony, see Burkitt, op. cit., ch. 4.
  71: Prov. 9:18.
  72: Cf. Prov. 9:17; see also Prov. 9:13 (Vulgate text).


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER VII
  73: Cf. Enchiridion, IV.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER VIII
  74: Cf. Matt. 22:37-39.
  75: Cf. 1 John 2:16. And see also Bk. X, Chs. XXX-XLI, for an elaborate analysis of them.
  76: Cf. Ex. 20:3-8; Ps. 144:9. In Augustine's Sermon IX, he points out that in the Decalogue three c[...]
  77: Acts 9:5.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER IX
  78: An example of this which Augustine doubtless had in mind is God's command to Abraham to offer up [...]


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER X
  79: Electi sancti. Another Manichean term for the perfecti, the elite and "perfect" among them.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER XI
  80: Ps. 144:7.


  • BOOK THREE
    • CHAPTER XII
  81: Dedocere me mala ac docere bona; a typical Augustinian wordplay.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER I
  82: Ps. 50:14.
  83: Cf. John 6:27.
  84: Ps. 74:21.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER II
  85: Cf. Ps. 4:2.
  86: The rites of the soothsayers, in which animals were killed, for auguries and propitiation of the [...]
  87: Cf. Hos. 12:1.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER III
  88: Ps. 41:4.
  89: John 5:14.
  90: Ps. 51:17.
  91: Vindicianus; see below, Bk. VII, Ch. VI, 8.
  92: James 4:6; 1 Peter 5:5.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER IV
  93: Rom. 5:5.
  94: Cf. Ps. 106:2.
  95: Cf. Ps. 42:5; 43:5.
  96: Ibid.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER VI
  97: Cf. Ovid, Tristia, IV, 4:74.
  98: Cf. Horace, Ode I, 3:8, where he speaks of Virgil, et serves animae dimidium meae. Augustine's me[...]


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER VIII
  99: 2 Tim. 4:3.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER IX
  100: Ps. 119:142.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER X
  101: Ps. 80:3.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER XI
  102: That is, our physical universe.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER XII
  103: Ps. 19:5.
  104: John 1:10.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER XIII
  105: De pulchro et apto; a lost essay with no other record save echoes in the rest of Augustine's aest[...]


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER XIV
  106: Eph. 4:14.


  • BOOK FOUR
    • CHAPTER XV
  107: Ps. 72:18.
  108: Ps. 18:28.
  109: John 1:16.
  110: John 1:9.
  111: Cf. James 1:17.
  112: Cf. James 4:6; 1 Peter 5:5.
  113: Ps. 78:39.
  114: Cf. Jer. 25:10; 33:11; John 3:29; Rev. 18:23.
  115: Cf. Ps. 51:8.
  116: The first section of the Organon, which analyzes the problem of predication and develops "the ten[...]
  117: Cf. Gen. 3:18.
  118: Again, the Prodigal Son theme; cf. Luke 15:13.
  119: Cf. Ps. 17:8.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER I
  120: Ps. 35:10.
  121: Cf. Ps. 19:6.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER II
  122: Cf. Rev. 21:4.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER III
  123: Cf. Ps. 138:6.
  124: Ps. 8:7.
  125: Heb. 12:29.
  126: An echo of the opening sentence, Bk. I, Ch. I, 1.
  127: Cf. 1 Cor. 1:30.
  128: Cf. Matt. 22:21.
  129: Cf. Rom. 1:21ff.
  130: Cf. Rom. 1:23.
  131: Cf. Rom. 1:25.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER IV
  132: Wis. 11:20.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER V
  133: Cf. Job 28:28.
  134: Eph. 4:13, 14.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER VII
  135: Ps. 36:23 (Vulgate).


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER VIII
  136: Ps. 142:5.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER IX
  137: Cf. Eph. 2:15.
  138: Bk. I, Ch. XI, 17.
  139: Cf. Ps. 51:17.
  140: A constant theme in The Psalms and elsewhere; cf. Ps. 136.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER X
  141: Cf. Ps. 41:4.
  142: Cf. Ps 141:3f.
  143: Followers of the skeptical tradition established in the Platonic Academy by Arcesilaus and Carnea[...]
  144: The Manicheans were under an official ban in Rome.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER XII
  145: Ps. 139:22.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER XIII
  146: A mixed figure here, put together from Ps. 4:7; 45:7; 104:15; the phrase sobriam vini ebrietatem [...]
  147: Ps. 119:155.


  • BOOK FIVE
    • CHAPTER XIV
  148: Cf. 2 Cor. 3:6. The discovery of the allegorical method of interpretation opened new horizons for [...]


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER I
  149: Cf. Ps. 71:5.
  150: Cf. Ps. 10:1.
  151: Cf. Luke 7:11-17.
  152: Cf. John 4:14.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER II
  153: Rom. 12:11.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER III
  154: 2 Tim. 2:15.
  155: Cf. Gen. 1:26f.
  156: The Church.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER IV
  157: 2 Cor. 3:6.
  158: Another reference to the Academic doctrine of suspendium (epoch); cf. Bk. V, Ch. X, 19, and also [...]


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER V
  159: Nisi crederentur, omnino in hac vita nihil ageremus, which should be set alongside the more famou[...]
  160: Cf. Heb. 11:6.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER VII
  161: Cf. Plato, Politicus, 273 D.
  162: Alypius was more than Augustine's close friend; he became bishop of Tagaste and was prominent in [...]
  163: Prov. 9:8.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER X
  164: Luke 16:10.
  165: Luke 16:11, 12.
  166: Cf. Ps. 145:15.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XI
  167: Here begins a long soliloquy which sums up his turmoil over the past decade and his present plight[...]
  168: Cf. Wis. 8:21 (LXX).


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XII
  169: Isa. 28:15.
  170: Ecclus. 3:26.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XIII
  171: The normal minimum legal age for marriage was twelve! Cf. Justinian, Institutiones, I, 10:22.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XIV
  172: Cf. Ps. 33:11.
  173: Cf. Ps. 145:15, 16.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XVI
  174: A variation on "restless is our heart until it comes to find rest in Thee," Bk. I, Ch. I, 1.
  175: Isa. 46:4.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER I
  176: Thirty years old; although the term "youth" (juventus) normally included the years twenty to fort[...]
  177: Phantasmata, mental constructs, which may be internally coherent but correspond to no reality out[...]
  178: Echoes here of Plato's Timaeus and Plotinus' Enneads, although with no effort to recall the sourc[...]


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER IV
  179: Cf. the famous "definition" of God in Anselm's ontological argument: "that being than whom no gre[...]


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER V
  180: This simile is Augustine's apparently original improvement on Plotinus' similar figure of the net[...]


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER VI
  181: Gen. 25:21 to 33:20.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER VII
  182: Cf. Job 15:26 (Old Latin version).


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER VIII
  183: Cf. Ps. 103:9-14.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER IX
  184: James 4:6.
  185: Cf. John 1:14.
  186: It is not altogether clear as to which "books" and which "Platonists" are here referred to. The s[...]
  187: Cf. this mixed quotation of John 1:1-10 with the Fifth Ennead and note Augustine's identification[...]
  188: John 1:11, 12
  189: John 1:13.
  190: John 1:14.
  191: Phil. 2:6.
  192: Phil. 2:7-11.
  193: Rom. 5:6; 8:32.
  194: Luke 10:21.
  195: Cf. Matt. 11:28, 29.
  196: Cf. Ps. 25:9, 18.
  197: Matt. 11:29.
  198: Rom. 1:21, 22.
  199: Rom. 1:23.
  200: An echo of Porphyry's De abstinentia ab esu animalium.
  201: The allegorical interpretation of the Israelites' despoiling the Egyptians (Ex. 12:35, 36) made i[...]
  202: Cf. Acts 17:28.
  203: Cf. Rom. 1:25.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER X
  204: Cf. Ps. 39:11.
  205: Some MSS. add "immo vero" ("yea, verily"), but not the best ones; cf. De Labriolle, op. cit., I, [...]
  206: Rom. 1:20.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XII
  207: A locus classicus of the doctrine of the privative character of evil and the positive character o[...]


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XIII
  208: Ps. 148:7-12.
  209: Ps. 148:1-5.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XVI
  210: "The evil which overtakes us has its source in self-will, in the entry into the sphere of process[...]


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XVII
  211: "We have gone weighed down from beneath; the vision is frustrated" (Enneads, VI, 9:4).
  212: Rom. 1:20.
  213: The Plotinian Nous.
  214: This is an astonishingly candid and plain account of a Plotinian ecstasy, the pilgrimage of the s[...]


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XVIII
  215: 1 Tim. 2:5.
  216: Rom. 9:5.
  217: John 14:6.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XIX
  218: An interesting reminder that the Apollinarian heresy was condemned but not extinct.
  219: It is worth remembering that both Augustine and Alypius were catechumens and had presumably been [...]
  220: Cf. Augustine's The Christian Combat as an example of "the refutation of heretics."
  221: Cf. 1 Cor. 11:19.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XX
  222: Non peritus, sed periturus essem.
  223: Cf. 1 Cor. 3:11f.


  • BOOK SIX
    • CHAPTER XXI
  224: Rom. 7:22, 23.
  225: Rom. 7:24, 25.
  226: Cf. Prov. 8:22 and Col. 1:15. Augustine is here identifying the figure of Wisdom in Proverbs with [...]
  227: Cf. Ps. 62:1, 2, 5, 6.
  228: Cf. Ps. 91:13.
  229: A figure that compares the dangers of the solitary traveler in a bandit­-infested land and the saf[...]
  230: Cf. 1 Cor. 15:9.


  • BOOK EIGHT
    • CHAPTER I
  231: Ps. 35:10.
  232: Cf. Ps. 116:16, 17.
  233: Cf. Ps. 8:1.
  234: 1 Cor. 13:12.
  235: Matt. 19:12.
  236: Rom. 1:21.
  237: Job 28:28.
  238: Prov. 3:7.
  239: Rom. 1:22.


  • BOOK EIGHT
    • CHAPTER II
  240: Col. 2:8.
  241: Virgil, Aeneid, VIII, 698.
  242: Ps. 144:5.


  • BOOK EIGHT
    • CHAPTER III
  243: Luke 15:4.
  244: Cf. Luke, ch. 15.


  • BOOK EIGHT
    • CHAPTER IV
  245: 1 Cor. 1:27.
  246: A garbled reference to the story of the conversion of Sergius Paulus, pro­consul of Cyprus, in Act[...]
  247: 2 Tim. 2:21.


  • BOOK EIGHT
    • CHAPTER V
  248: Gal. 5:17.
  249: The text here is a typical example of Augustine's love of wordplay and assonance, as a conscious [...]
  250: Eph. 5:14.
  251: Rom. 7:22-25.


  • BOOK EIGHT
    • CHAPTER VI
  252: The last obstacles that remained. His intellectual difficulties had been cleared away and the int[...]
  253: Trèves, an important imperial town on the Moselle; the emperor referred to here was probably Grat[...]
  254: Agentes in rebus, government agents whose duties ranged from postal inspection and tax collection [...]
  255: The inner circle of imperial advisers; usually rather informally appointed and usually with preca[...]
  256: Cf. Luke 14:28-33.


  • BOOK EIGHT
    • CHAPTER X
  257: Eph. 5:8.
  258: Cf. Ps. 34:5.


  • BOOK EIGHT
    • CHAPTER XII
  259: Cf. Ps. 6:3; 79:8.
  260: This is the famous Tolle, lege; tolle, lege.
  261: Doubtless from Ponticianus, in their earlier conversation.
  262: Matt. 19:21.
  263: Rom. 13:13.
  264: Note the parallels here to the conversion of Anthony and the agentes in rebus.
  265: Rom. 14:1.
  266: Eph. 3:20.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER I
  267: Ps. 116:16, 17.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER II
  268: An imperial holiday season, from late August to the middle of October.
  269: Cf. Ps. 46:10.
  270: His subsequent baptism; see below, Ch. VI.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER III
  271: Luke 14:14.
  272: Ps. 125:3.
  273: The heresy of Docetism, one of the earliest and most persistent of all Christological errors.
  274: Cf. Ps. 27:8.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER IV
  275: The group included Monica, Adeodatus (Augustine's fifteen-year-old son), Navigius (Augustine's br[...]
  276: A somewhat oblique acknowledgment of the fact that none of the Cassiciacum dialogues has any dist[...]
  277: The dialogues written during this stay at Cassiciacum: Contra Academicos, De beata vita, De ordin[...]
  278: Cf. Epistles II and III.
  279: A symbolic reference to the "cedars of Lebanon"; cf. Isa. 2:12-14; Ps. 29:5.
  280: There is perhaps a remote connection here with Luke 10:18-20.
  281: Ever since the time of Ignatius of Antioch who referred to the Eucharist as "the medicine of immo[...]
  282: Here follows (8-11) a brief devotional commentary on Ps. 4.
  283: John 7:39.
  284: Idipsum - the oneness and immutability of God.
  285: Cf. v. 9.
  286: 1 Cor. 15:54.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER VI
  287: Concerning the Teacher; cf. Vol. VI of this series, pp. 64-101.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER VII
  288: This was apparently the first introduction into the West of antiphonal chanting, which was already[...]
  289: Cf. S. of Sol. 1:3, 4.
  290: Cf. Isa. 40:6; 1 Peter 1:24: "All flesh is grass." See Bk. XI, Ch. II, 3.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER VIII
  291: Ecclus. 19:1.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER IX
  292: 1 Tim. 5:9.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER X
  293: Phil. 3:13.
  294: Cf. 1 Cor. 2:9.
  295: Ps. 36:9.
  296: Idipsum.
  297: Cf. this report of a "Christian ecstasy" with the Plotinian ecstasy recounted in Bk. VII, Ch. XVI[...]
  298: Cf. Wis. 7:21-30; see especially v. 27: "And being but one, she [Wisdom] can do all things: and re[...]
  299: Matt. 25:21.
  300: 1 Cor. 15:51.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER XI
  301: Navigius, who had joined them in Milan, but about whom Augustine is curiously silent save for the [...]
  302: A.D. 387.


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER XII
  303: Nec omnino moriebatur. Is this an echo of Horace's famous memorial ode, Exegi monumentum aere per[...]
  304: 1 Tim. 1:5.
  305: Cf. this passage, as Augustine doubtless intended, with the story of his morbid and immoderate gri[...]
  306: Ps. 101:1.
  307: Ps. 68:5.
  308: Sir Tobie Matthew (adapted). For Augustine's own analysis of the scan­sion and structure of this [...]


  • BOOK NINE
    • CHAPTER XIII
  309: 1 Cor. 15:22.
  310: Matt. 5:22.
  311: 2 Cor. 10:17.
  312: Rom. 8:34.
  313: Cf. Matt. 6:12.
  314: Ps. 143:2.
  315: Matt. 5:7.
  316: Cf. Rom. 9:15.
  317: Ps. 119:108.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER I
  318: Cf. 1 Cor. 13:12.
  319: Eph. 5:27.
  320: Ps. 51:6.
  321: John 3:21.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER III
  322: 1 Cor. 2:11.
  323: 1 Cor. 13:7.
  324: Ps. 32:1.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER IV
  325: Ps. 144:7, 8.
  326: Cf. Rev. 8:3-5. "And the smoke of the incense with the prayers of the saints went up before God o[...]


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER V
  327: 1 Cor. 2:11.
  328: 1 Cor. 13:12.
  329: Isa. 58:10.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER VI
  330: Rom. 1:20.
  331: Cf. Rom. 9:15.
  332: One of the pre-Socratic "physiologers" who taught that aiqhr was the primary element in h fusigz.[...]
  333: An important text for Augustine's conception of sensation and the relation of body and mind. Cf. O[...]
  334: Rom. 1:20.
  335: Reading videnti (with De Labriolle) instead of vident (as in Skutella).


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER VII
  336: Ps. 32:9.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER VIII
  337: The notion of the soul's immediate self-knowledge is a basic conception in Augustine's psychology [...]


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XIV
  338: Again, the mind-body dualism typical of the Augustinian tradition. Cf. E. Gilson, The Spirit of M[...]


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XVIII
  339: Luke 15:8.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XX
  340: Cf. Isa. 55:3.
  341: Cf. the early dialogue "On the Happy Life" in Vol. I of The Fathers of the Church (New York, 1948[...]


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXIII
  342: Gal. 5:17.
  343: Ps. 42:11.
  344: Cf. Enchiridion, VI, 19ff.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXVI
  345: When he is known at all, God is known as the Self-evident. This is, of course, not a doctrine of [...]


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXIX
  346: Cf. Wis. 8:21.
  347: Cf. Enneads, VI, 9:4.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXX
  348: 1 John 2:16.
  349: Eph. 3:20.
  350: 1 Cor. 15:54.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXXI
  351: Cf. Matt. 6:34.
  352: 1 Cor. 9:27.
  353: Cf. Luke 21:34.
  354: Cf. Wis. 8:21.
  355: Ecclus. 18:30.
  356: 1 Cor. 8:8.
  357: Phil. 4:11-13.
  358: Ps. 103:14.
  359: Cf. Gen. 3:19.
  360: Luke 15:24.
  361: Ecclus. 23:6.
  362: Titus 1:15.
  363: Rom. 14:20.
  364: 1 Tim. 4:4.
  365: 1 Cor. 8:8.
  366: Cf. Col. 2:16.
  367: Rom. 14:3.
  368: Luke 5:8.
  369: John 16:33.
  370: Cf. Ps. 139:16.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXXIII
  371: Cf. the evidence for Augustine's interest and proficiency in music in his essay De musica, writte[...]


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXXIV
  372: Cf. 2 Cor. 5:2.
  373: Cf. Tobit, chs. 2 to 4.
  374: Gen. 27:1; cf. Augustine's Sermon IV, 20:21f.
  375: Cf. Gen., ch. 48.
  376: Again, Ambrose, Deus, creator omnium, an obvious favorite of Augustine's. See above, Bk. IX, Ch. [...]
  377: Ps. 25:15.
  378: Ps. 121:4.
  379: Ps. 26:3.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXXV
  380: 1 John 2:16.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXXVI
  381: Cf. Ps. 103:3-5.
  382: Cf. Matt. 11:30.
  383: 1 Peter 5:5.
  384: Cf. Ps. 18:7, 13.
  385: Cf. Isa. 14:12-14.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXXVII
  386: Cf. Prov. 27:21.
  387: Cf. Ps. 19:12.
  388: Cf. Ps. 141:5.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XXXVIII
  389: Ps. 109:22.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XLI
  390: Ps. 31:22.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XLII
  391: Cf. the parable of the Pharisee and the Publican, Luke 18:9-14.
  392: Cf. Eph. 2:2.
  393: 2 Cor. 11:14.
  394: Rom. 6:23.


  • BOOK TEN
    • CHAPTER XLIII
  395: 1 Tim. 2:5.
  396: Cf. Rom. 8:32.
  397: Phil. 2:6-8.
  398: Cf. Ps. 88:5; see Ps. 87:6 (Vulgate).
  399: Ps. 103:3.
  400: Cf. Rom. 8:34.
  401: John 1:14.
  402: 2 Cor. 5:15.
  403: Ps. 119:18.
  404: Col. 2:3.
  405: Cf. Ps. 21:27 (Vulgate).


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER I
  406: In the very first sentence of Confessions, Bk. I, Ch. I. Here we have a basic and recurrent motif[...]
  407: Matt. 6:8.
  408: The "virtues" of the Beatitudes, the reward for which is blessedness; cf. Matt. 5:1-11.
  409: Ps. 118:1; cf. Ps. 136.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER II
  410: An interesting symbol of time's ceaseless passage; the reference is to a water clock (clepsydra). [...]
  411: Cf. Ps. 130:1, De profundis.
  412: Ps. 74:16.
  413: This metaphor is probably from Ps. 29:9.
  414: A repetition of the metaphor above, Bk. IX, Ch. VII, 16.
  415: Ps. 26:7.
  416: Ps. 119:18.
  417: Cf. Matt. 6:33.
  418: Col. 2:3.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER III
  419: Augustine was profoundly stirred, in mind and heart, by the great mystery of creation and the Scr[...]
  420: The final test of truth, for Augustine, is self-evidence and the final source of truth is the ind[...]


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER V
  421: Cf. the notion of creation in Plato's Timaeus (29D-30C; 48E-50C), in which the Demiurgos (craftsm[...]
  422: Cf. Ps. 33:9.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER VI
  423: Matt. 3:17.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER VIII
  424: Cf. the Vulgate of John 8:25.
  425: Cf. Augustine's emphasis on Christ as true Teacher in De Magistro.
  426: Cf. John 3:29.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER IX
  427: Cf. Ps. 103:4, 5 (mixed text).
  428: Ps. 104:24.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER X
  429: Pleni vetustatis suae. In Sermon CCLXVII, 2 (PL 38, c. 1230), Augustine has a similar usage. Spea[...]
  430: The notion of the eternity of this world was widely held in Greek philosophy, in different versio[...]


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XI
  431: The unstable "heart" of those who confuse time and eternity.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XIII
  432: Cf. Ps. 102:27.
  433: Ps. 2:7.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XV
  434: Spatium, which means extension either in space or time.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XVIII
  435: The breaking light and the image of the rising sun.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XIX
  436: Cf. Ps. 139:6.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XX
  437: Memoria, contuitus, and expectatio: a pattern that corresponds vaguely to the movement of Augusti[...]


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XXII
  438: Cf. Ps. 116:10.
  439: Cf. Matt. 25:21, 23.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XXIII
  440: Communes notitias, the universal principles of "common sense." This idea became a basic category [...]
  441: Gen. 1:14.
  442: Cf. Josh. 10:12-14.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XXV
  443: Cf. Ps. 18:28.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XXVI
  444: Cubitum, literally the distance between the elbow and the tip of the middle finger; in the imperi[...]
  445: Distentionem, "spread-out-ness"; cf. Descartes' notion of res extensae, and its relation to time.[...]


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XXVII
  446: Ps. 100:3.
  447: Here Augustine begins to summarize his own answers to the questions he has raised in his analysis [...]
  448: The same hymn of Ambrose quoted above, Bk. IX, Ch. XII, 39, and analyzed again in De musica, VI, [...]
  449: This theory of time is worth comparing with its most notable restatement in modern poetry, in T.S.[...]


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XXIX
  450: Ps. 63:3.
  451: Cf. Phil. 3:12-14.
  452: Cf. Ps. 31:10.


  • BOOK ELEVEN
    • CHAPTER XXXI
  453: Note here the preparation for the transition from this analysis of time in Bk. XI to the explorat[...]
  454: Celsitudo, an honorific title, somewhat like "Your Highness."


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER I
  455: Rom. 8:31.
  456: Matt. 7:7, 8.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER II
  457: Vulgate, Ps. 113:16 (cf. Ps. 115:16, K.J.; see also Ps. 148:4, both Vulgate and K.J.): Caelum cae[...]
  458: Earth and sky.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER III
  459: It is interesting that Augustine should have preferred the invisibilis et incomposita of the Old [...]
  460: Abyssus, literally, the unplumbed depths of the sea, and as a constant meaning here, "the depths [...]
  461: Gen. 1:2.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER VI
  462: Augustine may not have known the Platonic doctrine of nonbeing (cf. Sophist, 236C-237B), but he c[...]
  463: Dictare: was Augustine dictating his Confessions? It is very probable.
  464: Visibiles et compositas, the opposite of "invisible and unformed."


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER VII
  465: Isa. 6:3; Rev. 4:8.
  466: De nihilo.
  467: Trina unitas.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER VIII
  468: Cf. Gen. 1:6.
  469: Constat et non constat, the created earth really exists but never is self-sufficient.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER IX
  470: Moses.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XI
  471: Ps. 42:3, 10.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XIII
  472: Cor. 13:12.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XV
  473: Cf. Ecclus. 1:4.
  474: 2 Cor. 5:21.
  475: Cf. Gal. 4:26.
  476: 2 Cor. 5:1.
  477: Cf. Ps. 26:8.
  478: Ps. 119:176.
  479: To "the house of God."


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XVI
  480: Cf. Ps. 28:1.
  481: Cubile, i.e., the heart.
  482: Cf. Rom. 8:26.
  483: The heavenly Jerusalem of Gal. 4:26, which had become a favorite Christian symbol of the peace and[...]


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XVIII
  484: Cf. 2 Tim. 2:14.
  485: 1 Tim. 1:5.
  486: This is the basis of Augustine's defense of allegory as both legitimate and profitable in the int[...]


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XIX
  487: In this chapter, Augustine summarizes what he takes to be the Christian consensus on the question[...]
  488: Cf. 1 Cor. 8:6.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XX
  489: Mole mundi.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XXII
  490: Cf. Col. 1:16.
  491: Gen. 1:9.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XXIV
  492: Note how this reiterates a constant theme in the Confessions as a whole; a further indication tha[...]


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XXV
  493: Cf. De libero arbitrio, II, 8:20, 10:28.
  494: Cf. John 8:44.
  495: The essential thesis of the De Magistro; it has important implications both for Augustine's epist[...]
  496: 1 Cor. 4:6.
  497: Cf. Deut. 6:5; Lev. 19:18; see also Matt. 22:37, 39.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XXVI
  498: Cf. Rom. 9:21.
  499: Cf. Ps. 8:4.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XXVII
  500: "In the beginning God created," etc.
  501: An echo of Job 39:13-16.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XXVIII
  502: The thicket denizens mentioned above.


  • BOOK TWELVE
    • CHAPTER XXXII
  503: Cf. Ps. 143:10.
  504: Something of an understatement! It is interesting to note that Augustine devotes more time and sp[...]
  505: Transition, in preparation for the concluding book (XIII), which undertakes a constructive resolu[...]


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER I
  506: This is a compound - and untranslatable - Latin pun: neque ut sic te colam quasi terram, ut sis u[...]


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER II
  507: Cf. Enneads, I, 2:4: "What the soul now sees, it certainly always possessed, but as lying in the [...]
  508: Cf. 2 Cor. 5:21.
  509: Cf. Ps. 36:6 and see also Augustine's Exposition on the Psalms, XXXVI, 8, where he says that "the[...]


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER IV
  510: Cf. Timaeus, 29D-30A, "He [the Demiurge-Creator] was good: and in the good no jealousy . . . can [...]
  511: Cf. Gen. 1:2.
  512: Cf. Ps. 36:9.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER V
  513: In this passage in Genesis on the creation.
  514: Cf. Gen. 1:6.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER VII
  515: Rom. 5:5.
  516: 1 Cor. 12:1.
  517: Cf. Eph. 3:14, 19.
  518: Cf. the Old Latin version of Ps. 123:5.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER VIII
  519: Cf. Eph. 5:8.
  520: Cf. Ps. 31:20.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER IX
  521: Cf. Ps. 9:13.
  522: The Holy Spirit.
  523: Canticum graduum. Psalms 119 to 133 as numbered in the Vulgate were regarded as a single series o[...]
  524: Tongues of fire, symbol of the descent of the Holy Spirit; cf. Acts 2:3, 4.
  525: Cf. Ps. 122:6.
  526: Ps. 122:1.
  527: Cf. Ps. 23:6.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER X
  528: Gen. 1:3.
  529: John 1:9.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XI
  530: Cf. the detailed analogy from self to Trinity in De Trinitate, IX-XII.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XII
  531: I.e., the Church.
  532: Cf. Ps. 39:11.
  533: Ps. 36:6.
  534: Gen. 1:3 and Matt. 4:17; 3:2.
  535: Cf. Ps. 42:5, 6.
  536: Cf. Eph. 5:8.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XIII
  537: Ps. 42:7.
  538: Cf. 1 Cor. 3:1.
  539: Cf. Phil. 3:13.
  540: Cf. Ps. 42:1.
  541: Ps. 42:2.
  542: Cf. 2 Cor. 5:1-4.
  543: Rom. 12:2.
  544: 1 Cor. 14:20.
  545: Gal. 3:1.
  546: Eph. 4:8, 9.
  547: Cf. Ps. 46:4.
  548: Cf. John 3:29.
  549: Cf. Rom. 8:23.
  550: I.e., the Body of Christ.
  551: 1 John 3:2.
  552: Ps. 42:3.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XIV
  553: Cf. Ps. 42:4.
  554: Ps. 43:5.
  555: Cf. Ps. 119:105.
  556: Cf. Rom. 8:10.
  557: Cf. S. of Sol. 2:17.
  558: Cf. Ps. 5:3.
  559: Ps. 43:5.
  560: Cf. Rom. 8:11.
  561: 1 Thess. 5:5.
  562: Cf. Gen. 1:5.
  563: Cf. Rom. 9:21.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XV
  564: Isa. 34:4.
  565: Cf. Gen. 3:21.
  566: Ps. 8:3.
  567: "The heavens," i.e. the Scriptures.
  568: Cf. Ps. 8:2.
  569: Legunt, eligunt, diligunt.
  570: Ps. 36:5.
  571: Cf. Matt. 24:35.
  572: Cf. Isa. 40:6-8.
  573: Cf. 1 John 3:2.
  574: Retia, literally "a net"; such as those used by retiarii, the gladiators who used nets to entangl[...]
  575: Cf. S. of Sol. 1:3, 4.
  576: 1 John 3:2.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XVI
  577: Cf. Ps. 63:1.
  578: Ps. 36:9.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XVII
  579: Amaricantes, a figure which Augustine develops both in the Exposition of the Psalms and The City [...]
  580: Cf. Ps. 95:5.
  581: Cf. Gen. 1:10f.
  582: In this way, Augustine sees an analogy between the good earth bearing its fruits and the ethical [...]


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XVIII
  583: Cf. Ps. 85:11.
  584: Cf. Gen. 1:14.
  585: Cf. Isa. 58:7.
  586: Cf. Phil. 2:15.
  587: Cf. Gen. 1:19.
  588: Cf. 2 Cor. 5:17.
  589: Cf. Rom. 13:11, 12.
  590: Ps. 65:11.
  591: For this whole passage, cf. the parallel developed here with 1 Cor. 12:7-11.
  592: In principio diei, an obvious echo to the Vulgate ut praesset diei of Gen. 1:16. Cf. Gibb and Mon[...]
  593: Sacramenta; but cf. Augustine's discussion of sacramenta in the Old Testament in the Exposition o[...]
  594: Cf. 1 Cor. 3:1; 2:6.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XIX
  595: Isa. 1:16.
  596: Isa. 1:17.
  597: Isa. 1:18.
  598: Cf. for this syntaxis, Matt. 19:16-22 and Ex. 20:13-16.
  599: Cf. Matt. 6:21.
  600: I.e., the rich young ruler.
  601: Cf. Matt. 13:7.
  602: Cf. Matt. 97 Reading here, with Knöll and the Sessorianus, in firmamento mundi.
  603: Cf. Isa. 52:7.
  604: Perfectorum. Is this a conscious use, in a Christian context, of the distinction he had known so [...]
  605: Ps. 19:2.
  606: Cf. Acts 2:2, 3.
  607: Cf. Matt. 5:14, 15.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XX
  608: Cf. Gen. 1:20.
  609: Cf. Jer. 15:19.
  610: Ps. 19:4.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXI
  611: That is, the Church.
  612: An allegorical ideal type of the perfecti in the Church.
  613: 1 Cor. 14:22.
  614: The fish was an early Christian rebus for "Jesus Christ." The Greek word for fish, icquz, was arra[...]
  615: Cf. Ps. 69:32.
  616: Cf. Rom. 12:2.
  617: Cf. 1 Tim. 6:20.
  618: Gal. 4:12.
  619: Cf. Ecclus. 3:19.
  620: Rom. 1:20.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXII
  621: Rom. 12:2.
  622: Gen. 1:26.
  623: Rom. 12:2 (mixed text).
  624: Cf. 1 Cor. 2:15.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXIII
  625: 1 Cor. 2:14.
  626: Cf. Ps. 49:20.
  627: Cf. James 4:11.
  628: See above, Ch. XXI, 30.
  629: I.e., the Church.
  630: Cf. 1 Cor. 14:16.
  631: Another reminder that, ideally, knowledge is immediate and direct.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXIV
  632: Here, again, as in a coda, Augustine restates his central theme and motif in the whole of his "co[...]
  633: That is, from basic and essentially simple ideas, they proliferate multiple - and valid - implicat[...]


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXV
  634: Cf. Rom. 3:4.
  635: Cf. Gen. 1:29, 30.
  636: Cf. 2 Tim. 1:16.
  637: 2 Tim. 4:16.
  638: Cf. Ps. 19:4.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXVI
  639: Phil. 4:10 (mixed text).
  640: Phil. 4:11-13.
  641: Phil. 4:14.
  642: Phil. 4:15-17.
  643: Phil. 4:17.,
  644: Cf. Matt. 10:41, 42.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXVII
  645: Idiotae: there is some evidence that this term was used to designate pagans who had a nominal con[...]


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXVIII
  646: Gen. 1:31.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXX
  647: A reference to the Manichean cosmogony and similar dualistic doctrines of "creation."


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXXI
  648: 1 Cor. 2:11, 12.
  649: Rom. 5:5.
  650: Sed quod est, est. Note the variant text in Skutella, op. cit.: sed est, est. This is obviously a[...]


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXXII
  651: Augustine himself had misgivings about this passage. In the Retractations, he says that this stat[...]


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXXIV
  652: See above, amaricantes, Ch. XVII, 20.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXXV
  653: Cf. this requiescamus in te with the requiescat in te in Bk. I, Ch. I.


  • BOOK THIRTEEN
    • CHAPTER XXXVIII
  654: Cf. The City of God, XI, 10, on Augustine's notion that the world exists as a thought in the mind [...]
  655: Another conscious connection between Bk. XIII and Bks. I-X.
  656: This final ending is an antiphon to Bk. XII, Ch. I, 1 above.


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