The Civil War: Index of footnotes

BOOK I The Crossing of the Rubicon
1 `The great Emathian conqueror' (Milton's sonnet). Emathia was part of Macedonia, but the word is used loosely for T[...]
2 Crassus had been defeated and slain by the Parthians in B.C. 53, four years before this period.
3 Mr. Froude in his essay entitled "Divus Caesar" hints that these famous lines may have been written in mockery. Prob[...]
4 See a similar passage in the final scene of Ben Jonson's "Catiline". The cutting of the Isthmus of Corinth was prop[...]
5 Compare: "Two stars keep not their motion in one sphere; Nor can one England brook a double reign Of [...]
6 This had taken place in B.C.54, about five years before the action of the poem opens.
7 This famous line was quoted by Lamartine when addressing the French Assembly in 1848. He was advocating, against th[...]
8 `Plausuque sui gaudere theatri.' Quoted by Mr. Pitt, in his speech on the address in 1783, on the occasion of peace[...]
9 Cicero wrote thus of Caesar: 1Have you ever read or heard of a man more vigorous in action or more moderate in the us[...]
10 Marlowe has it: "...And swords With ugly teeth of black rust foully scarred."
11 In the Senate, Curio had proposed and carried a resolution that Pompeius and Caesar should lay their arms down simult[...]
12 Marcus Marcellus, Consul in B.C. 51.
13 Plutarch, "Pomp.", 49. The harbours and places of trade were placed under his control in order that he might find a[...]
14 Milo was brought to trial for the murder of Clodius in B.C.52, about three years before this. Pompeius, then sole Co[...]
15 See Book II., 630.
16 The north-west wind. Circius was a violent wind from about the same quarter, but peculiar to the district.
17 This idea that the sun found fuel in the clouds appears again in Book VII., line 7; Book IX., line 379; and Book X., [...]
18 This Diana was worshipped by the Tauri, a people who dwelt in the Crimea; and, according to legend, was propitiated b[...]
19 The horror of the Druidical groves is again alluded to in Book III., lines 462-489. Dean Merivale remarks (chapter [...]
20 Plutarch says the Consuls fled without making the sacrifices usual before wars. ("Pomp." 61.)
21 Compare Ben Jonson's "Catiline," I. 1: -- Lecca: The day goes back, Or els[...]
22 When the Theban brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, were being burned on the same pyre, the flame shot up in two separa[...]
23 "Shook the old snow from off their trembling laps." (Marlowe.) The Latin word is "jugis".
24 Book VI., 420.
25 Sulla was buried in the Campus Martius. (Plutarch, "Sulla,".) The corpse of Marius was dragged from his tomb by Su[...]
26 Such a ceremonial took place in A.D. 56 under Nero, after the temples of Jupiter and Minerva had been struck by light[...]
27 See Book IX., 1178.
28 The confusion between the site of the battle of Philippi and that of the battle of Pharsalia is common among the Roma[...]

BOOK II The Flight of Pompeius
1 When dragged from his hiding place in the marsh, Marius was sent by the magistrates of Minturnae to the house of a wo[...]
2 The Governor of Libya sent an officer to Marius, who had landed in the neighbourhood of Carthage. The officer delive[...]
3 In the "gathering of fresh fury on Libyan soil", there appears to be an allusion to the story of Antruns, in Book IV.
4 See Ben Jonson's "Catiline", Act i., scene 1, speaking of the Sullan massacre. Cethegus: Not infants in the [...]
5 Whenever he did not salute a man, or return his salute, this was a signal for massacre. (Plutarch, "Marius", 49.)
6 The Marian massacre was in B.C. 87-86; the Sullan in 82-81.
7 The head of Antonius was struck off and brought to Marius at supper. He was the grandfather of the triumvir.
8 Scaevola, it would appear, was put to death after Marius the elder died, by the younger Marius. He was Pontifex Maxi[...]
9 B.C. 86, Marius and Cinna were Consuls. Marius died seventeen days afterwards, in the seventieth year of his age.
10 The Battle of Sacriportus was fought between Marius the younger and the Sullan army in B.C. 82. Marius was defeated [...]
11 Diomedes was said to feed his horses on human flesh. (For Antaeus see Book IV., 660.) Enomaus was king of Pisa in E[...]
12 The brother of the Consul.
13 So Cicero: "Our Cnaeus is wonderfully anxious for such a royalty as Sulla's. I who tell you know it." ("Ep. ad Att.[...]
14 Marcia was first married to Cato, and bore him three sons; he then yielded her to Hortensius. On his death she retur[...]
15 The bride was carried over the threshold of her new home, for to stumble on it would be of evil omen. Plutarch ("Ro[...]
16 The bride was dressed in a long white robe, bound round the waist with a girdle. She had a veil of bright yellow co[...]
17 Capua, supposed to be founded by Capys, the Trojan hero. (Virgil, "Aeneid", x., 145.)
18 Phaethon's sisters, who yoked the horses of the Sun to the chariot for their brother, were turned into poplars. Phaet[...]
19 See the note to Book I., 164. In reality Caesar found little resistance, and did not ravage the country.
20 Thermus. to whom Iguvium had been entrusted by the Senate, was compelled to quit it owing to the disaffection of the [...]
21 After Caesar's campaign with the Nervii, Pompeius had lent him a legion. When the Parthian war broke out and the Sen[...]
22 See Book VII., 695.
23 See Book I., 368.
24 That is to say, by the breaking of the bridge, the river would become a serious obstacle to Caesar.
25 See line 497.
26 This family is also alluded to by Horace ("Ars Poetica,") as having worn a garment of ancient fashion leaving their a[...]
27 In B.C. 77, after the death of Sulla, Carbo had been defeated by Pompeius in 81 B.C., in which occasion Pompeius had,[...]
28 See Book I., line 369.
29 In B.C. 67, Pompeius swept the pirates off the seas. The whole campaign did not last three months.
30 From B.C. 66 to B.C. 63, Pompeius conquered Mithridates, Syria and the East, except Parthia.
31 Being (as was supposed) exactly under the Equator. Syene (the modern Assouan) is the town mentioned by the priest of[...]
32 Baetis is the Guadalquivir.
33 Theseus, on returning from his successful exploit in Crete, hoisted by mistake black sails instead of white, thus spr[...]
34 It seems that the Euripus was bridged over. (Mr. Haskins' note.)
35 The "Argo".

BOOK III Massilia
1 Reading adscenso, as Francken (Leyden, 1896).
2 So: "The rugged Charon fainted, And asked a navy, rather than a boat, To ferry over the sad world th[...]
3 I take "tepido busto" as the dative case; and, as referring to Pompeius, doomed, like Cornelia's former husband, to [...]
4 It may be remarked that, in B.C. 46, Caesar, after the battle of Thapsus, celebrated four triumphs: for his victories[...]
5 Near Aricia. (See Book VI., 92.)
6 He held no office at the time.
7 The tribune Ateius met Crassus as he was setting out from Rome and denounced him with mysterious and ancient curses. [...]
8 That is, the liberty remaining to the people is destroyed by speaking freely to the tyrant.
9 That is, the gold offered by Pyrrhus, and refused by Fabricius, which, after the final defeat of Pyrrhus, came into t[...]
10 See Plutarch, "Cato", 34, 39.
11 It was generally believed that the river Alpheus of the Peloponnesus passed under the sea and reappeared in the fount[...]
12 As a serpent. XXXXX is the Greek word for serpent.
13 Conf. Book VI., 473.
14 The Centaurs.
15 Probably the flute thrown away by Pallas, which Marsyas picked up and then challenged Apollo to a musical contest. Fo[...]
16 That is, the Little Bear, by which the Phoenicians steered, while the Greeks steered by the Great Bear. (See Sir G. [...]
17 He did not in fact reach the Ganges, as is well known.
18 Perhaps in allusion to the embassy from India to Augustus in B.C. 19, when Zarmanochanus, an Indian sage, declaring t[...]
19 That is to say, looking towards the west; meaning that they came from the other side of the equator. (See Book IX., 630.)
20 See Book I., 117.
21 A race called Heniochi, said to be descended from the charioteer of Castor and Pollux.
22 "Effusis telis". I have so taken this difficult expression. Herodotus (7, 60) says the men were numbered in ten tho[...]
23 Agamemnon.
24 Massilia (Marseilles) was founded from Phocaea in Asia Minor about 600 B.C. Lucan (line 393) appears to think that [...]
25 A difficult passage, of which this seems to be the meaning least free from objection.
26 Murviedro of the present day. Its gallant defence against Hannibal has been compared to that of Saragossa against t[...]
27 See note to Book I., 506.
28 Three islands off the coast near Toulon, now called the Isles d'Hyeres.
29 This was Decimus Brutus, an able and trusted lieutenant of Caesar, who made him one of his heirs in the second degree[...]
30 According to some these were the lines which Lucan recited while bleeding to death; according to others, those at Boo[...]
31 It was regarded as the greatest of misfortunes if a child died before his parent.
32 It was Brutus who gained the naval victory over the Veneti some seven years before; the first naval fight, that we kn[...]

BOOK IV Caesar in Spain. War in the Adriatic Sea. Death of Curio.
1 Both of these generals were able and distinguished officers. Afranius was slain by Caesar's soldiers after the battl[...]
2 These are the names of Spanish tribes. The Celtiberi dwelt on the Ebro.
3 Lerida, on the river Segre, above its junction with the Ebro. Cinga is the modern Cinca, which falls into the Segre[...]
4 Phrixus and Helle, the children of Nephele, were to be sacrificed to Zeus: but Nephele rescued them, and they rode aw[...]
5 See Book I., 463.
6 See Mr. Heitland's introduction, upon the meaning of the word "cardo". The word "belt" seems fairly to answer to th[...]
7 The idea is that the cold of the poles tempers the heat of the equator.
8 Fuso: either spacious, outspread; or, poured into the land (referring to the estuaries) as Mr. Haskins prefers; or, p[...]
9 Compare Book I., 519.
10 Compare the passage in Tacitus, "Histories", ii., 45, in which the historian describes how the troops of Otho and Vit[...]
11 "Saecula nostra" may refer either to Lucan's own time or to the moment arrived at in the poem; or it may, as Francken[...]
12 "Petenda est"? -- "is it fit that you should beg for the lives of your leaders?" Mr. Haskins says, "shall you have [...]
13 The scene is the Dalmatian coast of the Adriatic. Here was Diocletian's palace. (Described in the 13th chapter of Gibbon.)
14 That is, night was at its shortest.
15 On the following passage see Dean Merivale's remarks, "History of the Roman Empire", chapter xvi.
16 That is, Sicilian.
17 For Phlegra, the scene of the battle between the giants and the gods, see Book VII., 170, and Book IX., 774. Ben Jon[...]
18 Juno.
19 That is, extols ancient deeds.
20 Referring to the battle of Zama.
21 See line 82.
22 Curio was tribune in B.C. 50. His earlier years are stated to have been stained with vice.
23 See Book II., 537.
24 Preferring the reading "praeripe", with Francken.
25 Bewick ("Quadrupeds," p. 238) tells the following anecdote of a tame ichneumon which had never seen a serpent, and to[...]
26 Reading "arce", not "arte". The word "signifer" seems to favour the reading I have preferred; and Dean Merivale and[...]
27 For the character and career of Curio, see Merivale's "History of the Roman Empire", chapter xvi. He was of proflig[...]

BOOK V The Oracle. The Mutiny. The Storm.
1 The Pleiades, said to be daughters of Atlas.
2 These were the Consuls for the expiring year, B.C. 49 -- Caius Marcellus and L. Lentulus Crus.
3 That is to say, Caesar's Senate at Rome could boast of those Senators only whom it had, before Pompeius' flight, decl[...]
4 Dean Merivale says that probably Caesar's Senate was not less numerous than his rival's. Duruy says there were sena[...]
5 By the will of Ptolemy Auletes, Cleopatra had been appointed joint sovereign of Egypt with her young brother. Lucan [...]
6 Appius was Proconsul, and in command of Achaia, for the Senate.
7 See Book IV., 82.
8 Themis, the goddess of law, was in possession of the Delphic oracle, previous to Apollo. (Aesch., "Eumenides", line 2.)
9 The modern isle of Ischia, off the Bay of Naples.
10 The Tyrians consulted the oracle in consequence of the earthquakes which vexed their country (Book III., line 225), a[...]
11 See Herodotus, Book VII., 140-143. The reference is to the answer given by the oracle to the Athenians that their w[...]
12 Cicero, on the contrary, suggests that the reason why the oracles ceased was this, that men became less credulous. ("[...]
13 This name is one of those given to the Cumaean Sibyl mentioned at line 210. She was said to have been the daughter [...]
14 Probably by the Gauls under Brennus, B.C. 279.
15 These lines form the Latin motto prefixed to Shelley's poem, "The Demon of the World".
16 Referring to the visit of Aeneas to the Sibyl. (Virgil, "Aeneid", vi., 70, &c.)
17 Appius was seized with fever as soon as he reached the spot; and there he died and was buried, thus fulfilling the or[...]
19 Reading "galeam", with Francken; not "glebam".
20 Labienus left Caesar's ranks after the Rubicon was crossed, and joined his rival. In his mouth Lucan puts the speec[...]
21 That is, civilians; no longer soldiers. This one contemptuous expression is said to have shocked and abashed the ar[...]
22 Reading "tenet", with Hosius and Francken; not "timet", as Haskins. The prospect of inflicting punishment attracted[...]
23 Caesar was named Dictator while at Massilia. Entering Rome, he held the office for eleven days only, but was elected[...]
24 In the time of the Empire, the degraded Consulship, preserved only as a name, was frequently transferred monthly, or [...]
25 Caesar performed the solemn rites of the great Latin festival on the Alban Mount during his Dictatorship. (Compare Bo[...]
26 Dyrrhachium was founded by the Corcyreams, with whom the Homeric Phaeacians have been identified.
27 Apparently making the Danube discharge into the Sea of Azov. See Mr. Heitland's Introduction, p. 53.
28 At the foot of the Acroceraunian range.
29 Caesar himself says nothing of this adventure. But it is mentioned by Dion, Appian and Plutarch ("Caesar", 38). De[...]
30 See Book I., 463.
31 The ocean current, which, according to Hecataeus, surrounded the world. But Herodotus of this theory says, "For my p[...]
32 Comp. VI., 615.
33 Sason is a small island just off the Ceraunian rocks, the point of which is now called Cape Linguetta, and is nearly [...]
34 Compare "Paradise Lost", VII., 425.
35 Reading "Teque tuus decepit amor", as preferred by Hosius.

BOOK VI The Flight Near Dyrrhachium. Scaeva's Exploits. The Witch of Thessalia.
1 Dyrrhachium (or Epidamnus) was a Corcyraean colony, but its founder was of Corinth, the metropolis of Corcyra. It st[...]
2 C. del Faro, the N.E. point of Sicily.
3 The shores of Kent.
4 Aricia was situated on the Via Appia, about sixteen miles from Rome. There was a temple of Diana close to it, among[...]
5 An island in the Bay of Puteoli.
6 Typhon, the hundred-headed giant, was buried under Mount Etna.
7 This was Scaeva's name.
8 The vinewood staff was the badge of the centurion's office.
9 This giant, like Typhon, was buried under Mount Etna.
10 Juba and Petreius killed each other after the battle of Thepsus to avoid falling into Caesar's hands. See Book IV.,[...]
11 So Cicero: "Shall I, who have been called saviour of the city and father of my country, bring into it an army of Geta[...]
12 See Book VIII., line 3.
13 Protesilaus, from this place, first landed at Troy.
14 Thamyris challenged the Muses to a musical contest, and being vanquished, was by them deprived of sight.
15 The arrows given to Philoctetes by Hercules as a reward for kindling his funeral pyre.
16 This is the Pelasgic, not the historical, Argos.
17 Book I., line 632; Book VII., line 904. Agave was a daughter of Cadmus, and mother of Pentheus, king of the Boeotia[...]
18 Aeas was a river flowing from the boundary of Thessaly through Epirus to the Ionian Sea. The sire of Isis, or Io, wa[...]
19 A river rising in Mount Pindus and flowing into the Ionian Sea nearly opposite to Ithaca. At its mouth the sea has b[...]
20 The god of this river fought with Hercules for the hand of Deianira. After Hercules had been married to Deianira, an[...]
21 Admetus was King of Pherae in Thessaly, and sued for Alcestis, the daughter of Pelias, who promised her to him if he [...]
22 Anaurus was a small river passing into the Pagasaean Gulf past Iolcos. In this river Jason is said to have lost one [...]
23 The River Peneus flowed into the sea through the pass of Tempe, cloven by Hercules between Olympus and Ossa (see line[...]
24 See on line 429.
25 Chiron, the aged Centaur, instructor of Peleus, Achilles, and others. He was killed by one of the poisoned arrows of[...]
26 The teeth of the dragon slain by Cadmus; though this took place in Boeotia.
27 Poseidon and Athena disputed as to which of them should name the capital of Attica. The gods gave the reward to that[...]
28 The Argo. Conf. Book III., 223.
29 See Book VII., 1022.
30 Son of Pelasgus. From him was derived the ancient name of Thessaly, Haemonia.
31 Medea.
32 It was supposed that there was on the forehead of the new-born foal an excrescence, which was bitten off and eaten by[...]
33 "When the boisterous sea, Without a breath of wind, hath knocked the sky." -- Ben Jonson, "Masque[...]
34 The sky was supposed to move round, but to be restrained in its course by the planets. (See Book X., line 244.)
35 "Coatus audire silentum." To be present at the meetings of the dead and hear their voices. So, in the sixth Aeneid,[...]
36 "As if that piece were sweeter which the wolf had bitten." Note to "The Masque of Queens", in which the first hag say[...]
37 Confusing Pharsalia with Philippi. (See line 684.)
38 One of the miraculous stories to be found in Pliny's "Natural History". See Lecky's "Augustus to Charlemagne", vol.[...]
39 The mysterious goddess Hecate was identified with Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Proserpine in the lower regions[...]
40 That is, for the second life of her victim.
41 See Book II., 609.
42 The Gracchi, the younger of whom aimed at being a perpetual tribune, and was in some sort a forerunner of the Emperors.
43 That is, the Caesars, who will be in Tartarus.
44 Referring probably to an episode intended to be introduced in a later book, in which the shade of Pompeius was to for[...]
45 Cnaeus was killed in Spain after the battle of Munda; Sextus at Miletus; Pompeius himself, of course, in Egypt.

BOOK VII The Battle
1 "It is, methinks, a morning full of fate! It riseth slowly, as her sullen car Had al[...]
2 See Book VI., 577.
3 As to the sun finding fuel in the clouds, see Book I., line 471.
4 Pompeius triumphed first in 81 B.C. for his victories in Sicily and Africa, at the age of twenty-four. Sulla at firs[...]
5 These two lines are taken from Ben Jonson's "Catiline", act v., scene 6.
6 The volcanic district of Campania, scene of the fabled battle of the giants. (See Book IV., 666.)
7 Henceforth to be the standards of the Emperor.
8 A lake at the foot of Mount Ossa. Pindus, Ossa, Olympus, and, above all, Haemus (the Balkans) were at a long distanc[...]
9 Gades (Cadiz) is stated to have been founded by the Phoenicians about 1000 B.C.
10 This alludes to the story told by Plutarch ("Caesar", 47) that, at Patavium, Caius Cornelius, a man reputed for skill[...]
11 The Fontes Aponi were warm springs near Padua. An altar, inscribed to Apollo Aponus, was found at Ribchester, and is[...]
12 See Book I., 411, and following lines.
13 For the contempt here expressed for the Greek gymnastic schools, see also Tacitus, "Annals", 14, 21. It is well kno[...]
14 Thus paraphrased by Dean Stanley: "I tremble not with terror, but with hope, As the great day reveals its c[...]
15 That such were Caesar's orders is also attested by Appian.
16 See Book V., 463.
17 That is, marked out the new colony with a plough-share. This was regarded as a religious ceremony, and therefore per[...]
18 "Hath Jove no thunder?" -- Ben Jonson, "Catiline", iii., 2.
19 Compare Book I., line 600.
20 This act of Crastinus is recorded by Plutarch ("Pompeius", 71), and by Caesar, "Civil War", Book III., 91. Caesar ca[...]
21 See on line 203.
22 That is, lashes on his team terrified by the Gorgon shield in the ranks of the enemy.
23 Plutarch states that Brutus after the battle escaped and made his way to Larissa, whence he wrote to Caesar. Caesar[...]
24 "He perished, after a career of furious partisanship, disgraced with cruelty and treachery, on the field of Pharsalia[...]
25 This appears to be the only possible meaning of the text. But in truth, although Cornelia was not by her husband's si[...]
26 See Book VI., 420.
27 The whole of this passage is foreign to Caesar's character, and unfounded in fact. Pompeians perished on the field, a[...]
28 Alluding to the general conflagration in which (by the Stoic doctrines) all the universe would one day perish.
29 Wrongly supposed by Lucan to feed on carrion.
30 Alluding to the naval war waged by Sextus Pompeius after Caesar's death. He took possession of Sicily, and had comman[...]

BOOK VIII Death of Pompeius
1 Comp. Book VI., line 407.
2 Comp. Book III., line 256.
3 Canopus is a star in Argo, invisible in Italy. (Haskins.)
4 Sextus.
5 Tetrarch of Galatia. He was always friendly to Rome, and in the civil war sided with Pompeius. He was at Pharsalia.
6 A Scythian people.
7 Pompeius seems to have induced the Roman public to believe that he had led his armies to such extreme distances, but [...]
8 Juba was of supposed collateral descent from Hannibal. (Haskins, quoting "The Scholiast.")
9 Confusing the Red Sea with the Persian Gulf.
10 Balkh of modern times. Bactria was one of the kingdoms established by the successors of Alexander the Great. It was[...]
11 Dion could not believe it possible that Pompeius ever contemplated taking refuge in Parthia, but Plutarch states it a[...]
12 Probably Lucius Lentulus Crus, who had been Consul, for B.C. 49, along with Caius Marcellus. (See Book V., 9.) He w[...]
13 That is, be as easily defended.
14 Thus rendered by Sir Thomas May, of the Long Parliament: "Men used to sceptres are ashamed of nought: [...]
15 That is, he reached the most eastern mouth of the Nile instead of the western.
16 At Memphis was the well in which the rise and fall of the water acted as a Nilometer (Mr. Haskins's note).
17 Comp. Herodotus, Book iii. 27. Apis was a god who appeared at intervals in the shape of a calf with a white mark on [...]
18 That is, by Achoreus, who had just spoken.
19 Compare Ben Jonson's "Sejanus", Act ii., Scene 2: -- The prince who shames a tyrant's name to bear Shall ne[...]
20 He was drowned in attempting to escape in the battle on the Nile in the following autumn.
21 Dionysus. But this god, though brought up by the nymphs of Mount Nysa, was not supposed to have been buried there.
22 See Book VII., line 20.
23 This warning of the Sibyl is also alluded to by Cicero in a letter to P. Lentulus, Proconsul of Cilicia. (Mr. Haskins[...]
24 That is, by their weeping for Iris departure they treated him as a mortal and not as a god. Osiris was the soul of [...]
25 It may be noted that the Emperor Hadrian raised a monument on the spot to the memory of Pompeius some sixty years aft[...]
26 There was a temple to Jupiter on "Mount Casius old".
27 The legend that Jove was buried in Crete is also mentioned by Cicero: "De Natura Deorum", iii., 21.

BOOK IX Cato
1 This was the Stoic theory. The perfect of men passed after death into a region between our atmosphere and the heaven[...]
2 A promontory in Africa was so called, as well as that in Italy.
3 Meaning that her husband gave her this commission in order to prevent her from committing suicide.
4 See Book VIII., line 547.
5 See line 709.
6 This passage is described by Lord Macaulay as "a pure gem of rhetoric without one flaw, and, in my opinion, not very [...]
8 That is, liberty, which by the murder of Pompeius they had obtained.
9 Reading "saepit", Hosius. The passage seems to be corrupt.
10 "Scaly Triton's winding shell", (Comus, 878). He was Neptune's son and trumpeter. That Pallas sprang armed from the [...]
11 Cnaeus.
12 Compare Herodotus, ii., 16: "For they all say that the earth is divided into three parts, Europe, Asia and Libya." (A[...]
13 Citron tables were in much request at Rome. (Comp. "Paradise Regained", Book iv., 115; and see Book X., line 177.)
14 Alluding to the shield of Mars which fell from heaven on Numa at sacrifice. Eleven others were made to match it ("D[...]
15 I.e. Where the equinoctial circle cuts the zodiac in its centre. -- Haskins.
16 Compare Book III., 288.
17 See Book V., 400.
18 1st. For his victories in Sicily and Africa, B.C. 81; 2nd. For the conquest of Sertorius, B.C. 71; 3rd. For his Eas[...]
19 Over whom Marius triumphed.
20 Phoreus and Ceto were the parents of the Gorgons -- Stheno, Euryale. and Medusa, of whom the latter alone was mortal,[...]
21 The scimitar lent by Hermes (or Mercury) to Perseus for the purpose; with which had been slain Argus the guardian of [...]
22 The idea seems to be that the earth, bulging at the equator, casts its shadow highest on the sky: and that the moon b[...]
23 This catalogue of snakes is alluded to in Dante's "Inferno", 24. "I saw a crowd within Of serpents terrible,[...]
24 The Egyptian Thebes.
25 "... All my being Like him whom the Numidian Seps did thaw Into a dew with poison, is dissol[...]
26 The glance of the eye of the basilisk or cockatrice, was supposed to be deadly. (See "King Richard III", Act i., Scen[...]
27 See Book III., 706.
28 According to one story Orion, for his assault on Diana, was killed by the Scorpion, who received his reward by being [...]
29 A sort of venomous ant.
30 No other author gives any details of this march; and those given by Lucan are unreliable. The temple of Hammon is fa[...]
31 See Line 444.
32 See Book IV., 65.
33 The "Palladium" or image of Pallas, preserved in the temple of Vesta. (See Book I., 659.)

BOOK X Caesar in Egypt
1 The body of Alexander was embalmed, and the mummy placed in a glass case. The sarcophagus which enclosed them is st[...]
2 See Book III., 268.
3 The kettledrum used in the worship of Isis. (See Book VIII, line 974.)
4 At the Battle of Actium. The island of Leucas, close to the promontory of Actium, is always named by Lucan when he r[...]
5 Between Cleopatra and her brother.
6 See Book IX., 507.
7 Yet the Mareot grape was greatly celebrated. (See Professor Rawlinson's note to Herodotus. ii., 18.)
8 The calendar introduced by Caesar, in B.C. 45, was founded on the Egyptian or solar year. (See Herodotus, ii., 4.) [...]
9 Herodotus was less fortunate. For he says "Concerning the nature of the river I was not able to gain any information[...]
10 It was supposed that the Sun and Moon and the planets (Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, and Venus) were points which r[...]
11 Mercury. (See Book IX., 777.)
12 That is, at the autumnal equinox. The priest states that the planet Mercury causes the rise of the Nile. The passag[...]
13 So also Herodotus, Book ii., 22. Yet modern discoveries have proved the snows.
14 So, too, Herodotus, Book ii., 20, who attributes the theory to Greeks who wish to get a reputation for cleverness.
15 See on Book V., 709. Herodotus mentions this theory also, to dismiss it.
16 The historians state that Alexander made an expedition to the temple of Jupiter Hammon and consulted the oracle. Jupi[...]
17 Sesostris, the great king, does not appear to have pushed his conquests to the west of Europe.
18 See Herodotus, iii., 17. These Ethiopian races were supposed to live to the age of 120 years, drinking milk, and eat[...]
19 The Seres are, of course, the Chinese. The ancients seem to have thought that the Nile came from the east. But it i[...]
20 A passage of difficulty. I understand it to mean that at this spot the summer sun (in Leo) strikes the earth with di[...]
21 Reading "ibi fas ubi proxima merees", with Hosius.
22 See Book VIII., 253.
23 Medea, who fled from Colchis with her brother, Absyrtus. Pursued by her father Aeetes, she killed her brother and str[...]
24 It was in this conflagration that a large part of the library of the Ptolemies was destroyed. 400,000 volumes are s[...]
25 The island of Pharos, which lay over against the port of Alexandria, had been connected with the mainland in the midd[...]
26 Younger sister of Cleopatra. [End of Lucan's "Pharsalia"]