10-prove | provi-yours
Chap., N.
1 II | 10. In this connection, the
2 II | 11. How can anyone fail to
3 II | 12. In the first place it must
4 II | 13. As for the patient, he
5 II | 14. The patient, then, has
6 II | 15. Moreover, in exercising
7 II | 16. Here is another example.
8 II | 17. We speak this way because
9 II | 18. Up to now We have spoken
10 II | 19. What We say here must be
11 III| 20. For the moral justification
12 III| 21. There is no doubting the
13 III| 22. Nevertheless, for the third
14 III| 23. To forestall an objection,
15 III| 24. In regard to these questions
16 III| 25. The great postwar trials
17 III| 26. At this point is the interest
18 III| 27. One would have to shut
19 III| 28. In the above mentioned
20 III| 29. The community is the great
21 III| 30. In the moral community
22 III| 31. What results as far as
23 III| 32. Now medical experiments-the
24 III| 33. Even when it is a question
25 III| 34. We cannot refrain from
26 III| 35. We respect the principle
27 III| 36. Our plan was to draw your
28 III| 37. In the domain of your science
29 III| 38. Without doubt, before giving
30 III| 39. People will perhaps object
31 Int| 4. We would like to set forth
32 III| 40. May Almighty God in His
33 Int| 5. In order to justify the
34 Int| 6. We ask whether these three
35 I | 7. Scientific knowledge has
36 I | 8. But this does not mean
37 I | 9. Although one must recognize
38 III| being frightened by such an aberration of the human mind and heart.
39 III| his individual and social abilities. Considered as a whole,
40 III| itself but, in order to be able to apply it correctly, one
41 II | the same time permanent abolition or considerable and durable
42 | about
43 | above
44 III| where it applies, does it absorb the part completely or still
45 III| any finality. It is wholly absorbed by the totality of the organism
46 III| its essence constitutes an abuse of the power of authority. ~
47 III| question We have asked and to accept the practical consequences
48 I | truth are in themselves in accordance with the moral order. ~
49 III| pretext to mask other ends and achieve them with impunity. ~
50 I | principle, research and the acquisition of truth for arriving at
51 I | well as its research and acquisitions, must be inserted in the
52 III| is licit. But this way of acting cannot be upheld as a line
53 III| to make demands upon the activities of the parts, but in no
54 II | imaginative and affective activity. This technique avoids the
55 I | morally the method is not admissible. Why not? Because science
56 II | caring for himself and his affairs: children below the age
57 III| immediately and directly affect the physical being, either
58 II | whole of imaginative and affective activity. This technique
59 III| practical consequences of their affirmation. ~
60 III| principle of totality itself affirms only this: where the relationship
61 | again
62 | against
63 II | affairs: children below the age of reason, the feebleminded
64 III| exchange of mutual needs and to aid each man to develop his
65 III| the patient, are closely allied to the general interest. ~
66 I | value that the moral law allows man to preserve, increase
67 III| 40. May Almighty God in His benevolent Providence
68 | always
69 Int| in covering a truly vast amount of material. Through detailed
70 II | at the same time We have answered the question: Where does
71 III| limited independence? The answers to these questions can never
72 | anyone
73 II | are too often made with apodictic assurance. Where instincts
74 III| to which one customarily appeals in like cases. We mean the
75 III| special good it seeks. In appearance, moral demands are a brake.
76 II | purposes each and every appetite of a sexual order which
77 II | been excited in his being, appetites whose impure waves flood
78 III| very dangerous elements, appreciable chances of success. If the
79 III| doctor's right to try new approaches, new methods and procedures
80 II | complexes man is not free to arouse in himself for therapeutic
81 I | methods, or any single method, arrived at by scientific and technical
82 I | acquisition of truth for arriving at new, wider and deeper
83 III| leave these considerations aside, not only in the field of
84 III| to the question We have asked and to accept the practical
85 III| contrary. Involuntarily one asks oneself what has authorized,
86 Int| case in all its concrete aspects. ~
87 II | way because today these assertions are too often made with
88 III| totality. This principle asserts that the part exists for
89 III| forestall an objection, We assume that it is a question of
90 II | the first place it must be assumed that, as a private person,
91 II | often made with apodictic assurance. Where instincts are concerned
92 III| those responsible for these atrocious deeds did no more than to
93 III| organism to which it is attached. ~
94 Int| morality of new procedures, new attempts and methods of research
95 III| present case, the public authority-doubtlessly holds direct authority and
96 III| authorized, and what could ever authorize, any doctor's daring to
97 II | reflexes or to a living automation. The moral law does not
98 II | being's existence and to avoid or, naturally, to repair
99 II | which cannot otherwise be avoided or repaired. ~
100 II | activity. This technique avoids the deviations We have mentioned.
101 III| for the third time we come back to the question: Is there
102 III| medical case? Does it raise barriers that are still valid in
103 III| the common welfare, it is based on an erroneous explanation
104 III| contribute to the best and most beautiful of what man has produced
105 | become
106 | becomes
107 | before
108 Int| perspective the causes and first beginnings of the diseases of the nervous
109 III| one's eyes to reality to believe that at the present time
110 | below
111 Int| experiences for their own mutual benefit and to promote the interests
112 III| May Almighty God in His benevolent Providence give you His
113 III| they contribute to the best and most beautiful of what
114 II | are concerned it would be better to pay more attention to
115 III| law, sociology, physics, biology and medicine, but also of
116 III| Providence give you His blessing and grace to this end.~
117 III| over his body and life, his bodily and psychic integrity? ~
118 Int| questions still unsolved. The bold spirit of research incites
119 II | determining. The patient is bound to the immanent teleology
120 Int| concerning lesions of the brain and other organs, which
121 III| appearance, moral demands are a brake. In fact, they contribute
122 Int| this We shall try to give a brief answer. ~
123 Int| would like to set forth briefly the essential principles
124 II | or infirmities, but which bring about at the same time permanent
125 III| The great postwar trials brought to light a terrifying number
126 II | heavy physical or psychic burdens or infirmities, but which
127 III| preceded by research on cadavers or the model of study and
128 Int| called and of the diseases we call psychic. A report was read
129 Int| nervous system properly so called and of the diseases we call
130 III| question the fact that it calls for and justifies further
131 III| stages and effects with calm objectivity. What is verified
132 III| persons from concentration camps for their medical experiments.
133 II | themselves if they were capable. And they have those rights
134 II | the person incapable of caring for himself and his affairs:
135 Int| and discussions you have caught sight of many new roads,
136 II | neglect of this method has caused grave psychic damage, errors
137 Int| into exact perspective the causes and first beginnings of
138 I | It is a value which must certainly not be minimized, a value
139 Int| he sees the contrary with certainty or where he doubts and wavers
140 III| dangerous elements, appreciable chances of success. If the patient
141 III| mountains, into certain channels. They contain the flow to
142 III| organism of a purely moral character, it is an entirely different
143 II | personality in its typical and characteristic function. Such an act degrades
144 I | as, for example, physics, chemistry, cosmology and psychology.
145 II | himself and his affairs: children below the age of reason,
146 III| That would be a vicious circle. They must be drawn from
147 III| to their contention they cite the fact that the individual
148 III| A second premise is the clarification of the nature, extension
149 III| basic premise is that of clarifying the quaestio facto, the
150 Int| also wants to see his way clearly in regard to moral possibilities
151 III| that of the patient, are closely allied to the general interest. ~
152 III| community individuals are merely collaborators and instruments for the
153 III| Nevertheless, for the third time we come back to the question: Is
154 III| without feeling a profound compassion for the victims, many of
155 III| ravages that can never be compensated for by the special good
156 Int| Ordinarily, when explained and completed mutually, the medical and
157 III| does it absorb the part completely or still leave it a limited
158 II | inhibitions or psychic complexes man is not free to arouse
159 III| furnished with persons from concentration camps for their medical
160 Int| medical questions which concern you. Those are your domain.
161 Int| recent ideas and discoveries concerning lesions of the brain and
162 II | Here again, the question concerns the absolute value of this
163 Int| legality of the case in all its concrete aspects. ~
164 I | medical science." Even on this condition, one cannot just concede
165 II | side, the patient cannot confer rights he does not possess.
166 I | higher moral rules. The confidential relations between doctor
167 III| which define the limits and confines of research and experimentation
168 II | what the doctor wants to do conforms to the moral law? ~
169 II | 10. In this connection, the basic considerations
170 III| to accept the practical consequences of their affirmation. ~
171 III| for the whole and that, consequently, the good of the part remains
172 II | time permanent abolition or considerable and durable diminution of
173 III| rejected without further consideration. But you must stop at the
174 III| attempt upon its essence constitutes an abuse of the power of
175 III| into certain channels. They contain the flow to increase its
176 III| To give weight to their contention they cite the fact that
177 III| are a brake. In fact, they contribute to the best and most beautiful
178 III| efforts and experiments to convince oneself of the contrary.
179 III| order to be able to apply it correctly, one must always explain
180 I | example, physics, chemistry, cosmology and psychology. It is a
181 Int| specialists of the most diverse countries and nationalities have exchanged
182 II | take no measure or try no course of action without the consent
183 Int| System" has succeeded in covering a truly vast amount of material.
184 Int| roads, to extend them, to create new ones and to renew methods.
185 II | It tends to enlighten, cure and guide; it also influences
186 III| the principle to which one customarily appeals in like cases. We
187 III| efficiency and usefulness. They dam it so that it does not overflow
188 III| offers, together with very dangerous elements, appreciable chances
189 III| authorize, any doctor's daring to try such an experiment.
190 Int| domain. During the past few days you have taken a general
191 III| many of whom went to their deaths, and without being frightened
192 III| as he cannot make his own decisions, of a person of feeble mind
193 II | In this discussion the decisive point is the moral licitness
194 II | natural moral law, which is deduced from the natural teleology
195 III| responsible for these atrocious deeds did no more than to reply
196 I | methods for increasing and deepening medical science." Even on
197 I | because it increases and deepens our knowledge. Sometimes
198 I | arriving at new, wider and deeper knowledge and understanding
199 II | forbidding him to plunge so deeply into the world of sexual
200 III| medical world to hold and defend the ideas that gave rise
201 III| principles of deontology which define the limits and confines
202 I | values. Here there are well defined limits which even medical
203 III| have outlined are not by definition an obstacle to progress.
204 II | characteristic function. Such an act degrades a man to the level of a
205 III| explanation has shown, there is a degree of danger that morality
206 III| One finds how they were delivered to such centers, so many
207 II | as the rules of morality demand. Thus, for example, a man
208 III| research centers systematically demanded to be furnished with persons
209 Int| detailed explanation and demonstration it had to put into exact
210 III| to certain principles of deontology which define the limits
211 III| reserved to the public power to deprive the condemned person of
212 III| mentioned when it acts as a deputy, as the legal representative
213 III| experiment. The experiment is described in all its stages and effects
214 II | thoughts and fully conscious desires with all the shocks and
215 III| eye, is an integral part destined by all its being to be inserted
216 II | allow individual parts to be destroyed or mutilated when and to
217 II | when they entail serious destruction, mutilation, wounds or perils. ~
218 Int| amount of material. Through detailed explanation and demonstration
219 Int| facts it is impossible to determine what moral principle applies
220 III| very frequently be to the detriment of the patient. In these
221 III| needs and to aid each man to develop his personality fully according
222 II | This technique avoids the deviations We have mentioned. It tends
223 | did
224 III| the individual? Or, stated differently: Can public authority, on
225 II | considerable and durable diminution of his freedom, that is,
226 III| the community in order to discover and try out new methods
227 Int| incites one to follow newly discovered roads, to extend them, to
228 Int| You do not expect Us to discuss the medical questions which
229 III| experiments-the subject We are discussing here immediately and directly
230 Int| 3. In your reports and discussions you have caught sight of
231 III| his crime, he has already disposed himself of his right to
232 II | as a private individual disposes only of the rights given
233 Int| specialists of the most diverse countries and nationalities
234 II | psychic damage, errors in doctrine and application in education,
235 III| light a terrifying number of documents testifying to the sacrifice
236 I | than in other scientific domains, such as, for example, physics,
237 III| 38. Without doubt, before giving moral authorization
238 III| morality cannot allow. In doubtful cases, when means already
239 III| 21. There is no doubting the existence of such a
240 II | or somatic nature which doubtless relieve heavy physical or
241 Int| with certainty or where he doubts and wavers between Yes and
242 III| vicious circle. They must be drawn from other facts and other
243 II | abolition or considerable and durable diminution of his freedom,
244 Int| limits of moral rights and duties. We wish to make Ourself
245 II | it also influences the dynamic of sexuality, on which people
246 II | doctrine and application in education, in psychotherapy and still
247 III| the flow to increase its efficiency and usefulness. They dam
248 | either
249 III| faith, against the most elementary demands of the natural law,
250 III| together with very dangerous elements, appreciable chances of
251 | else
252 III| scientific pretext to mask other ends and achieve them with impunity. ~
253 III| condemned person of the enjoyment of life in expiation of
254 II | have mentioned. It tends to enlighten, cure and guide; it also
255 | enough
256 II | a whole. He may do so to ensure his being's existence and
257 II | experiments or research when they entail serious destruction, mutilation,
258 II | repercussions such a process entails. For a man and a Christian
259 I | case, although one rightly envisages and pursues the increase
260 III| welfare, it is based on an erroneous explanation of this principle.
261 II | caused grave psychic damage, errors in doctrine and application
262 Int| participants in the Congress, and especially of the speakers, show that
263 Int| to set forth briefly the essential principles which permit
264 II | probable or sure results. All ethical considerations as to the
265 | ever
266 II | itself, does it make it evident that what the doctor wants
267 Int| physician is not content with examining from a medical point of
268 III| be excluded. That would exceed human possibilities, paralyze
269 Int| countries and nationalities have exchanged experiences for their own
270 III| any danger or any risk be excluded. That would exceed human
271 III| it is a question of the execution of a condemned man, the
272 II | 15. Moreover, in exercising his right to dispose of
273 I | not be minimized, a value existing quite independently of the
274 Int| 2. You do not expect Us to discuss the medical
275 Int| nationalities have exchanged experiences for their own mutual benefit
276 III| 32. Now medical experiments-the subject We are discussing
277 III| the enjoyment of life in expiation of his crime when, by his
278 III| correctly, one must always explain certain premises first.
279 III| We cannot refrain from explaining once more the point treated
280 II | which the latter gives him, explicitly or implicitly and tacitly.
281 Int| newly discovered roads, to extend them, to create new ones
282 II | What We say here must be extended to the legal representatives
283 III| the foot, the heart, the eye, is an integral part destined
284 III| would have to shut one's eyes to reality to believe that
285 III| clarifying the quaestio facto, the question of fact. Are
286 III| the whole is a determining factor for the part and can dispose
287 II | 11. How can anyone fail to see that in these statements
288 III| means already known have failed, it may happen that a new
289 III| transgression, perhaps in good faith, against the most elementary
290 II | these statements truth and falsehood are intermingled? In a very
291 III| 31. What results as far as the physical organism
292 III| impossible, insufficient or not feasible from a practical point of
293 III| decisions, of a person of feeble mind or of a lunatic. ~
294 II | below the age of reason, the feebleminded and the insane. These legal
295 III| read these reports without feeling a profound compassion for
296 | few
297 Int| attention to the limits of this field-not the limits of medical possibilities,
298 III| this respect from other fields of man's research, investigations
299 II | proved that it is urgent to fill this gap and to initiate
300 III| personal being, man is not finally ordered to usefulness to
301 II | patient. It is that which is fixed by the judgment of sound
302 II | appetites whose impure waves flood his unconscious or subconscious
303 III| interest. This principle flows from the essence of ideas
304 Int| the man and Christian who follows the same path. ~
305 III| for example, the hand, the foot, the heart, the eye, is
306 II | purity, of self-respect, forbidding him to plunge so deeply
307 III| The great moral demands force the impetuous flow of human
308 III| 23. To forestall an objection, We assume
309 II | set out in the following form: "The medical treatment
310 III| at times, even under the formal order of public authority,
311 II | psychic complexes man is not free to arouse in himself for
312 II | durable diminution of his freedom, that is, of his human personality
313 II | soul. He cannot, therefore, freely dispose of himself as he
314 III| scientific research and very frequently be to the detriment of the
315 III| deaths, and without being frightened by such an aberration of
316 II | typical and characteristic function. Such an act degrades a
317 III| systematically demanded to be furnished with persons from concentration
318 II | it is urgent to fill this gap and to initiate all those
319 III| and defend the ideas that gave rise to the facts We have
320 III| 38. Without doubt, before giving moral authorization to the
321 III| give you His blessing and grace to this end.~
322 I | the following statement: "Granted, obviously, that the doctor'
323 II | of this method has caused grave psychic damage, errors in
324 I | research offers every moral guarantee. Nor, moreover, does it
325 II | tends to enlighten, cure and guide; it also influences the
326 | had
327 III| members, for example, the hand, the foot, the heart, the
328 III| known have failed, it may happen that a new method still
329 I | knowledge. Sometimes it happens that a method cannot be
330 III| finality and action, its head-in the present case, the public
331 II | which doubtless relieve heavy physical or psychic burdens
332 Int| and an exchange of views held on recent ideas and discoveries
333 I | transgress without violating higher moral rules. The confidential
334 I | Because science is not the highest value, that to which all
335 Int| International Congress on the Histopathology of the Nervous System" has
336 II | else: "A certain new method hitherto neglected or little used
337 III| in the medical world to hold and defend the ideas that
338 III| of serious research, of honest efforts to promote the theory
339 | I
340 II | II. The Interests of the Patient
341 III| III. The Interests of the Community
342 Int| well as of psychopathic illness. These discoveries have
343 II | conscious psyche on the whole of imaginative and affective activity.
344 II | patient is bound to the immanent teleology laid down by nature.
345 III| will try to work on its immediate object, the living man,
346 III| moral demands force the impetuous flow of human thought and
347 II | gives him, explicitly or implicitly and tacitly. On his side,
348 III| ends and achieve them with impunity. ~
349 II | his being, appetites whose impure waves flood his unconscious
350 II | representatives of the person incapable of caring for himself and
351 Int| bold spirit of research incites one to follow newly discovered
352 II | not proved-it is, in fact, incorrect-that the pansexual method of
353 I | becomes licit because it increases and deepens our knowledge.
354 I | limits to the methods for increasing and deepening medical science."
355 | Indeed
356 III| limited finality, a limited independence? The answers to these questions
357 I | a value existing quite independently of the usefulness or use
358 II | to pay more attention to indirect treatment and to the action
359 II | of psychoanalysis is an indispensable integrating part of all
360 III| action. In the community individuals are merely collaborators
361 III| these questions can never be inferred from the principle of totality
362 II | physical or psychic burdens or infirmities, but which bring about at
363 II | cure and guide; it also influences the dynamic of sexuality,
364 II | himself of repressions, inhibitions or psychic complexes man
365 II | to fill this gap and to initiate all those interested in
366 I | method cannot be used without injuring the rights of others or
367 II | the feebleminded and the insane. These legal representatives,
368 II | from the natural teleology inscribed in beings and from the scale
369 II | sexuality, on which people insist so much and which they say
370 Int| conscience. But there are other instances where he does not have this
371 II | apodictic assurance. Where instincts are concerned it would be
372 III| merely collaborators and instruments for the realization of the
373 III| found to be impossible, insufficient or not feasible from a practical
374 III| that a new method still insufficiently tried offers, together with
375 II | psychoanalysis is an indispensable integrating part of all psychotherapy
376 III| community is the great means intended by nature and God to regulate
377 II | and to initiate all those interested in psychic questions in
378 II | truth and falsehood are intermingled? In a very large number
379 Int| 1. The "First International Congress on the Histopathology
380 Int| wish to make Ourself the interpreter of the moral conscience
381 III| natural finality. He can also intervene, as often as and to the
382 I | obviously, that the doctor's intervention is determined by scientific
383 Int| INTRODUCTION~
384 Int| with a sort of spontaneous intuition the moral legality of what
385 III| research and scientific investigation profits the individual in
386 III| fields of man's research, investigations and work. The great moral
387 III| methods and procedures We invoke a third interest, the interest
388 III| often, unfortunately, in invoking the principle of totality,
389 III| oneself of the contrary. Involuntarily one asks oneself what has
390 II | patient, then, has no right to involve his physical or psychic
391 III| fact that it calls for and justifies further research. The two
392 Int| 5. In order to justify the morality of new procedures,
393 Int| value in motivating and justifying medical treatment or whether
394 Int| main principles must be kept in mind: ~1) The interests
395 II | psychic questions in its key ideas and even, if necessary,
396 III| cases, when means already known have failed, it may happen
397 II | intermingled? In a very large number of cases the "interests
398 II | naturally, to repair serious and lasting damage which cannot otherwise
399 Int| case, the moralist, the laws of morality. Ordinarily,
400 III| weighing of the danger must be left to the judgment of the tried
401 Int| and discoveries concerning lesions of the brain and other organs,
402 III| the nature, extension and limitation of this relationship. Is
403 III| acting cannot be upheld as a line of conduct in normal cases. ~
404 II | method hitherto neglected or little used will give possible,
405 III| himself of his right to live. ~
406 III| and medicine, but also of logic, psychology and metaphysics. ~
407 Int| The doctor, therefore, looks at the medical aspect of
408 III| person of feeble mind or of a lunatic. ~
409 Int| medical treatment, three main principles must be kept
410 III| experiments rests on the mandate of public authority, and
411 III| private individual, but as a mandatory of the public power. The
412 III| practice of medicine, not of a maneuver serving as a scientific
413 III| a scientific pretext to mask other ends and achieve them
414 Int| covering a truly vast amount of material. Through detailed explanation
415 Int| most serious and profound matters, the man in the physician
416 II | faculties, organs and functions, meets a moral limit. But at the
417 III| of logic, psychology and metaphysics. ~
418 I | which must certainly not be minimized, a value existing quite
419 III| legal representative of a minor for as long as he cannot
420 III| of the community." In the minutes of these trials one finds
421 III| research on cadavers or the model of study and experimentation
422 Int| aspect of the case, the moralist, the laws of morality. Ordinarily,
423 I | the increase of knowledge, morally the method is not admissible.
424 Int| have absolute value in motivating and justifying medical treatment
425 III| flow, like water from the mountains, into certain channels.
426 | much
427 II | parts to be destroyed or mutilated when and to the extent necessary
428 II | entail serious destruction, mutilation, wounds or perils. ~
429 Int| explained and completed mutually, the medical and moral evidence
430 II | serious and worthy of the name. It is not proved that past
431 Int| most diverse countries and nationalities have exchanged experiences
432 Int| methods. The number and nationality of the participants in the
433 II | existence and to avoid or, naturally, to repair serious and lasting
434 III| regulate the exchange of mutual needs and to aid each man to develop
435 II | is not proved that past neglect of this method has caused
436 II | certain new method hitherto neglected or little used will give
437 | neither
438 Int| research incites one to follow newly discovered roads, to extend
439 III| as a line of conduct in normal cases. ~
440 III| experiments, of the subjective and objective symptoms observed during
441 III| stages and effects with calm objectivity. What is verified and what
442 III| question of fact. Are the objects to which the principle is
443 Int| moral possibilities and obligations. ~
444 II | organs, the individual must observe the hierarchy of the orders
445 III| subjective and objective symptoms observed during the different phases
446 I | scientific interest and that he observes the rules of his profession,
447 II | licitness of this method are obsolete and should be treated as
448 I | following statement: "Granted, obviously, that the doctor's intervention
449 | once
450 Int| extend them, to create new ones and to renew methods. A
451 III| being, man is not finally ordered to usefulness to society.
452 Int| moralist, the laws of morality. Ordinarily, when explained and completed
453 Int| other organs, which are the origin and cause of nervous diseases
454 | others
455 | otherwise
456 Int| duties. We wish to make Ourself the interpreter of the moral
457 III| Nevertheless, the limits We have outlined are not by definition an
458 III| dam it so that it does not overflow and cause ravages that can
459 II | fact, incorrect-that the pansexual method of a certain school
460 Int| number and nationality of the participants in the Congress, and especially
461 Int| discoveries have been made, partly, through entirely new means
462 III| one cannot suppress it by passing it over in silence. ~
463 II | psychotherapy and still less in pastoral practice. It is not proved
464 Int| Christian who follows the same path. ~
465 II | concerned it would be better to pay more attention to indirect
466 II | destruction, mutilation, wounds or perils. ~
467 II | bring about at the same time permanent abolition or considerable
468 II | therefore, give the doctor permission to dispose of them outside
469 Int| essential principles which permit an answer to be given to
470 III| law, a transgression that permits no medical research? ~
471 III| demanded to be furnished with persons from concentration camps
472 Int| it had to put into exact perspective the causes and first beginnings
473 III| observed during the different phases of the experiments. One
474 III| bonum commune," as the philosopher and social student would
475 Int| matters, the man in the physician is not content with examining
476 II | 12. In the first place it must be assumed that,
477 III| 36. Our plan was to draw your attention
478 III| organism of living beings, of plants, animals or man, has a unity
479 II | dispose of himself as he pleases. Even the reason for which
480 II | self-respect, forbidding him to plunge so deeply into the world
481 II | and should be treated as pointless." ~
482 III| 25. The great postwar trials brought to light
483 Int| the specialist and the practioner and of the man and Christian
484 III| methods to living men must be preceded by research on cadavers
485 III| must always explain certain premises first. The basic premise
486 I | moral law allows man to preserve, increase and widen, one
487 III| serving as a scientific pretext to mask other ends and achieve
488 II | used will give possible, probable or sure results. All ethical
489 I | become more obvious as We proceed. ~
490 II | and repercussions such a process entails. For a man and a
491 III| beautiful of what man has produced for science, the individual
492 I | observes the rules of his profession, there are no limits to
493 III| scientific investigation profits the individual in the long
494 III| definition an obstacle to progress. The field of medicine cannot
495 Int| diseases of the nervous system properly so called and of the diseases
496 Int| moral legality of what he proposes to do and will act according
497 II | Because he is a user and not a proprietor, he does not have unlimited
498 II | this principle. Does it prove by itself, does it make
499 II | a moral limit. It is not proved-it is, in fact, incorrect-that
500 II | certain step. This in itself proves its moral legality." Or
|