1-hatre | haugh-sland | slave-zeal
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1 Intro| intend to represent him (1) as employing sophistries; (
2 Intro| divided into three parts: 1st. The defence properly so
3 Intro| employing sophistries; (2) as designedly irritating
4 Intro| defence properly so called; 2nd. The shorter address in
5 Intro| mitigation of the penalty; 3rd. The last words of prophetic
6 Intro| is also said to have been absent at the last scene in the
7 Intro| either in life or death. His absolute truthfulness seems to hinder
8 Text | by Zeus that you believe absolutely in none at all.~Nobody will
9 Intro| this occupation had quite absorbed him and taken him away both
10 Text | and my occupation quite absorbs me, and I have no time to
11 Intro| current in his age. Yet he abstains from saying that he believed
12 Intro| such a defence as would be acceptable to his judges and might
13 Intro| irrational, and is nevertheless accepted by him as the guiding principle
14 Intro| behind him many followers, accompanied by the not unnatural feeling
15 Text | come about me of their own accord; they like to hear the pretenders
16 Intro| Socrates fairly answers, in accordance with the ideas of the time,
17 Intro| him, or, according to some accounts, did compose for him. But
18 Text | burden of the earth.’ Had Achilles any thought of death and
19 Text | the gods which the state acknowledges, but some other new divinities
20 Intro| and his habitual irony acquires a new meaning and a sort
21 Text | Anytus bids, and either acquit me or not; but whichever
22 | across
23 Intro| sceptical. He is arguing ‘ad hominem’ according to the
24 Intro| otherwise,’—if, as we must add, his defence was that with
25 Intro| the Crito may, perhaps, be adduced as a further evidence of
26 Text | had a brother Theages; and Adeimantus the son of Ariston, whose
27 Text | dramatic poets.) (price of admission one drachma at the most);
28 Text | I say.~But you have just admitted that the good do their neighbours
29 Text | of nature. For I am far advanced in years, as you may perceive,
30 Text | for if I had been better advised, I should have left off
31 Text | strike me dead as Anytus advises, and then you would sleep
32 Text | Minos and Rhadamanthus and Aeacus and Triptolemus, and other
33 Text | brother Plato is present; and Aeantodorus, who is the brother of Apollodorus,
34 Text | Sphettus, who is the father of Aeschines—he is present; and also
35 Text | O Athenians, have been affected by my accusers, I cannot
36 Text | the penalty which you will affix), I must indeed be blinded
37 Text | means. Well, perhaps I could afford a mina, and therefore I
38 Text | cause; and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others.’ Such
39 Intro| preach to all men of all ages the necessity of virtue
40 Intro| speech contrasts with the aggravated, almost threatening, tone
41 Text | should have perished long ago, and done no good either
42 Intro| of his writings to have aimed at literal accuracy. He
43 Text | saying that he walks in air, and talking a deal of nonsense
44 Text | conversing with Palamedes, and Ajax the son of Telamon, and
45 Intro| democracy, were the names of Alcibiades, Critias, Charmides. It
46 Text | young and old, citizen and alien, but especially to the citizens,
47 Text | persuading you all, old and young alike, not to take thought for
48 Text | deteriorating the youth, do you allege that I corrupt them intentionally
49 | alone
50 Text | understand that I shall never alter my ways, not even if I have
51 Intro| guilty of the impiety of altering them, and also because many
52 Text | of Thetis above all, who altogether despised danger in comparison
53 Text | there was one which quite amazed me;—I mean when they said
54 Text | as they are numerous and ambitious and energetic, and are drawn
55 Text | heaping up the greatest amount of money and honour and
56 Text | for which sum they will be ample security to you.~...~Not
57 Intro| absurd, how contrary to analogy is this! How inconceivable
58 Intro| Socrates, but has been cast anew in the mould of Plato.~There
59 Text | against me, and vote in anger because he is displeased
60 Text | horses, or of any other animals? Most assuredly it is; whether
61 Intro| Meletus. Yet incidentally the antagonism between Socrates and the
62 Intro| Chaerephon (probably in anticipation of the answer which he received)
63 Text | that of senator: the tribe Antiochis, which is my tribe, had
64 Text | present; and also there is Antiphon of Cephisus, who is the
65 | anywhere
66 Intro| present at the defence (Apol.), as he is also said to
67 Intro| witness. But the existence of Apollo or Zeus, or the other gods
68 Intro| personal character, and this apparent haughtiness as flowing from
69 Text | truth of this, and to them I appeal. Speak then, you who have
70 Intro| Xenophon has defended him, by appealing to his practice of religion.
71 Text | citizen or stranger, who appears to be wise; and if he is
72 Intro| be regarded as a sort of appendage to the Apology, in which
73 Intro| remarks must be understood as applying with any degree of certainty
74 Text | which men in their fear apprehend to be the greatest evil,
75 Text | the gods; nor has my own approaching end happened by mere chance.
76 Intro| the gods whom the State approved. He does not defend himself,
77 Intro| other gods whom the State approves, would have appeared to
78 Text | dread; for their hearers are apt to fancy that such enquirers
79 Text | slain after the battle of Arginusae; and you proposed to try
80 Text | and Adeimantus the son of Ariston, whose brother Plato is
81 Text | comedy of Aristophanes (Aristoph., Clouds.), who has introduced
82 Text | unholy thing. For the strong arm of that oppressive power
83 Text | always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading and reproaching
84 Text | strange, and I might justly be arraigned in court for denying the
85 Intro| manner, the seeming want of arrangement, the ironical simplicity,
86 Text | and are drawn up in battle array and have persuasive tongues,
87 Text | threatened to impeach and arrest me, and you called and shouted,
88 Intro| invented. On the whole we arrive at the conclusion that the
89 Text | indeed when the pilgrim arrives in the world below, he is
90 Text | his peace.~But, setting aside the question of public opinion,
91 Text | youth!— and then if somebody asks them, Why, what evil does
92 Intro| uttered. They express the aspiration of the first martyr of philosophy,
93 Intro| seems to hinder him from asserting positively more than this;
94 Text | deny that of horses and asses. Such nonsense, Meletus,
95 Text | brothers of several who have associated with me. There is Nicostratus
96 Text | them than of Anytus and his associates, who are dangerous, too,
97 Text | moon, like other men?~I assure you, judges, that he does
98 Text | that gadfly which God has attached to the state, and all day
99 Intro| conciliatory words. He does not attack the Sophists; for they were
100 Text | wisdom such as may perhaps be attained by man, for to that extent
101 Text | an evil fame. Please to attend then. And although some
102 Intro| are not so ignorant as to attribute to the influence of Socrates
103 Intro| probability of the words attributed to him having been actually
104 Intro| irony, his superiority, his audacity, ‘regarding not the person
105 Intro| could avoid it (ouch os authadizomenos touto lego). Neither is
106 Intro| meant to give the stamp of authenticity to the one and not to the
107 Text | and yours, or likely to avail me in my cause! The task
108 Text | in dishonour, and not to avenge his friend. ‘Let me die
109 Text | a person who is suddenly awakened from sleep), and you think
110 Text | and I must abide by my award—let them abide by theirs.
111 Intro| Phaedo), and at last falls back on resignation to the divine
112 Text | others into the rotunda, and bade us bring Leon the Salaminian
113 Text | never have I yielded any base compliance to those who
114 Text | rather than abide here by the beaked ships, a laughing-stock
115 Text | us knows anything really beautiful and good, I am better off
116 | become
117 | becomes
118 | begin
119 Intro| legal style.~The answer begins by clearing up a confusion.
120 Text | they have been condemned, behaving in the strangest manner:
121 | behind
122 Intro| or, when he proves his belief in the gods because he believes
123 Intro| sophistries to be regarded as belonging to the age in which he lived
124 Intro| Symposium of Xenophon, who belongs to an entirely different
125 Text | searched into the earth beneath, and made the worse appear
126 Text | would rather be injured than benefited by those who live with him?
127 | beyond
128 Text | Apollodorus, my friends here, bid me say thirty minae, and
129 Intro| not unamusing.’ And hence bitter enmities had arisen; the
130 Text | and for this I may gently blame them.~Still I have a favour
131 Text | affix), I must indeed be blinded by the love of life, if
132 Text | a creature of flesh and blood, and not ‘of wood or stone,’
133 Text | who had not taken up the bodies of the slain after the battle
134 Text | proposed to try them in a body, contrary to law, as you
135 Text | and he went to Delphi and boldly asked the oracle to tell
136 Text | certainly not. But I had not the boldness or impudence or inclination
137 Text | doctrines are found in the books of Anaxagoras the Clazomenian,
138 Text | caricatured, and to Euripides who borrowed the notions of Anaxagoras,
139 Intro| he cannot have his tongue bound even ‘in the throat of death.’
140 Text | wantonness and youthful bravado. Has he not compounded a
141 Intro| impiety of asking the judge to break his oath, when he is himself
142 Text | inasmuch as they are my brethren. For know that this is the
143 Text | he would live even for a brief space, must have a private
144 Intro| feels that such conduct brings discredit on the name of
145 Text | a laughing-stock and a burden of the earth.’ Had Achilles
146 Text | while the magistrates are busy, and before I go to the
147 Text | private giving advice and busying myself with the concerns
148 Text | for anything ought not to calculate the chance of living or
149 Text | get rid of such a mass of calumny all in a moment. And this,
150 Text | your two sons were foals or calves, there would be no difficulty
151 Text | in other cities, that a capital cause should not be decided
152 Text | use such an expression, I cared not a straw for death, and
153 Text | whole life; but has been careless of what the many care for—
154 Text | thought about the young: your carelessness is seen in your not caring
155 Intro| idealization of the sufferer is carried still further in the Gorgias,
156 Intro| advantage which in some cases they possessed was more
157 Intro| of Socrates, but has been cast anew in the mould of Plato.~
158 Intro| which takes them out of the category of sophistry. (Compare Euthyph.)~
159 Text | more, and that if you are caught doing so again you shall
160 Text | can prevent some one from censuring your evil lives, you are
161 Text | Leontium, and Prodicus of Ceos, and Hippias of Elis, who
162 Text | also there is Antiphon of Cephisus, who is the father of Epigenes;
163 Text | I regard this as a fair challenge, and I will endeavour to
164 Text | as men say, there is a change and migration of the soul
165 Text | from city to city, ever changing my place of exile, and always
166 Intro| more serious answer.~Truly characteristic of Socrates is another point
167 Intro| tone of the conclusion. He characteristically remarks that he will not
168 Intro| is therefore not justly chargeable with their crimes. Yet the
169 Intro| ill, he cannot justly be charged with the result, for he
170 Text | Olympia in the horse or chariot race, whether the chariots
171 Text | chariot race, whether the chariots were drawn by two horses
172 Text | Wherefore, O judges, be of good cheer about death, and know of
173 Text | properties, but first and chiefly to care about the greatest
174 Text | come to me when I was a child; it always forbids but never
175 Text | impressible than you are now—in childhood, or it may have been in
176 Text | by the generals whom you chose to command me at Potidaea
177 Intro| was not, like Xenophon, a chronicler of facts; he does not appear
178 Intro| videretur esse judicum’ (Cic. de Orat.); and the loose
179 Intro| must have written under the circumstances. We observe that the enmity
180 Text | their corrupter, and are citing and accusing me before them.
181 Text | exile, or deprive him of civil rights; and he may imagine,
182 Text | general, and may perhaps claim to be wiser than they are:—
183 Text | books of Anaxagoras the Clazomenian, which are full of them.
184 Intro| style.~The answer begins by clearing up a confusion. In the representations
185 Text | unintentional, the law has no cognizance of unintentional offences:
186 Intro| with an apology for his colloquial style; he is, as he has
187 Text | have yourselves seen in the comedy of Aristophanes (Aristoph.,
188 Text | he has been placed by a commander, there he ought to remain
189 Intro| becomes more lofty and commanding. Anytus proposes death as
190 Intro| exhortation.~The first part commences with an apology for his
191 Intro| nothing to teach. But he commends Evenus for teaching virtue
192 Intro| the same time furnish a commentary on the situation of affairs
193 Text | And to you and to God I commit my cause, to be determined
194 Text | ought not to do anything common or mean when in danger:
195 Intro| transcendental sense. The commonplace reply, that if he had been
196 Intro| youth, and by repeating the commonplaces about atheism and materialism
197 Text | that if he avenged his companion Patroclus, and slew Hector,
198 Text | pleasure, as I think, in comparing my own sufferings with theirs.
199 Text | the latter—that you are a complete atheist.~What an extraordinary
200 Text | have I yielded any base compliance to those who are slanderously
201 Intro| judges themselves may have complied with this practice on similar
202 Intro| according to some accounts, did compose for him. But he first procures
203 Intro| Socrates said, but an elaborate composition, quite as much so in fact
204 Text | youthful bravado. Has he not compounded a riddle, thinking to try
205 Intro| unjustifiably) has been compounding a riddle in this part of
206 Text | have been very proud and conceited; but the truth is that I
207 Intro| immortality is uncertain;—he also conceives of death as a long sleep (
208 Text | not wise. So I departed, conceiving myself to be superior to
209 Text | matter of interest or to any concern of my own, but I am in utter
210 Text | talking a deal of nonsense concerning matters of which I do not
211 Intro| moderate degree he would have conciliated the favour of the dicasts;’
212 Intro| against him, with which he concludes this part of his defence,
213 Intro| strengthened, at all more conclusive. (See English Translation.)
214 Text | are far more disposed to condemn the man who gets up a doleful
215 Text | of Athens, at the vote of condemnation. I expected it, and am only
216 Text | I am not angry with my condemners, or with my accusers; they
217 Text | not sin against the God by condemning me, who am his gift to you.
218 Text | at the moment; for I am confident in the justice of my cause (
219 Text | brother, who is in court, will confirm the truth of what I am saying.~
220 Text | are angry with me: This confounded Socrates, they say; this
221 Intro| the reason of which, as he conjectures, is that the death to which
222 Text | went to the artisans. I was conscious that I knew nothing at all,
223 Text | suppose that there is no consciousness, but a sleep like the sleep
224 Text | that your silence gives consent. Now what are spirits or
225 Text | not really wise; and the consequence was that he hated me, and
226 Text | disgraceful, and a very considerable proof of what I was saying,
227 Text | against his nature. After long consideration, I thought of a method of
228 Text | I thought, ought to be considered first. And I said to myself,
229 Intro| original indictment, which is consistent enough—‘Socrates does not
230 Text | oracle is the source has constantly been in the habit of opposing
231 Intro| before Chaerephon went to consult the Oracle (Riddell), and
232 Intro| writing in which they are contained is manifestly spurious.
233 Text | their affidavit be read: it contains something of this kind:
234 Text | Why do people delight in continually conversing with you? I have
235 Text | certainly does appear to me to contradict himself in the indictment
236 Text | will discover my facetious contradiction, or whether I shall be able
237 Text | none of these things. The contrast may occur to his mind, and
238 Intro| when emancipated from his control.~The above remarks must
239 Intro| course of the defence. The conversational manner, the seeming want
240 Intro| is clearly intended to be conveyed. Here again, as in the former
241 Text | defending should simply convict myself of the charge of
242 Text | deficiency which led to my conviction was not of words— certainly
243 Intro| possessed was more than counter-balanced by their conceit of knowledge.
244 Intro| why should he propose any counter-penalty when he does not know whether
245 Intro| as the penalty: and what counter-proposition shall he make? He, the benefactor
246 Text | us examine the particular counts. He says that I am a doer
247 Text | be superior in wisdom and courage, and any other virtue, demean
248 Text | will tell you a tale of the courts, not very interesting perhaps,
249 Text | man, and like other men, a creature of flesh and blood, and
250 Intro| is involuntary, then all criminals ought to be admonished and
251 Intro| the notions of mythology current in his age. Yet he abstains
252 Text | evil are in error. For the customary sign would surely have opposed
253 Text | and if I say again that daily to discourse about virtue,
254 Text | escape death; and in other dangers there are other ways of
255 Text | impudence of my accusers dares to say that I have ever
256 Text | am I, at my age, in such darkness and ignorance as not to
257 Text | against me are of ancient date, and they were made by them
258 Intro| videretur esse judicum’ (Cic. de Orat.); and the loose and
259 Intro| god, even if a thousand deaths await him.~He is desirous
260 Text | whether I shall be able to deceive him and the rest of them.
261 Text | not allow yourselves to be deceived by the force of my eloquence.
262 Text | speak truly and the judge decide justly.~And first, I have
263 Text | think that I am joking, I declare that I will tell you the
264 Intro| originates in an accident. The dedication of himself to the improvement
265 Text | not in word only but in deed, that, if I may be allowed
266 Text | lawless and unrighteous deeds which are done in a state,
267 Intro| truth and right which he deemed to be the foundation of
268 Text | cause when heard went by default, for there was none to answer.
269 Text | of high matters, and this defect in them overshadowed their
270 Text | there are no gods, and in defending should simply convict myself
271 Intro| That the manner in which he defends himself about the lives
272 Intro| breathes throughout a spirit of defiance, (ut non supplex aut reus
273 Text | undone or unsaid. Not so; the deficiency which led to my conviction
274 Intro| which Socrates, who has defied the judges, is nevertheless
275 Text | same age and of the same deme with myself, and there is
276 Text | there is Paralus the son of Demodocus, who had a brother Theages;
277 Intro| things. The notion that demons or lesser divinities are
278 Intro| satisfactory, can hardly be denied. Fresh in the memory of
279 Text | be arraigned in court for denying the existence of the gods,
280 Text | they were not wise. So I departed, conceiving myself to be
281 Intro| to the mind of Plato when depicting the sufferings of the Just
282 Text | drive him into exile, or deprive him of civil rights; and
283 Intro| nothing but disgrace by depriving him of a few years of life.
284 Text | wisdom which I may fail to describe, because I have it not myself;
285 Intro| tone and character with the description of Xenophon, who says in
286 Text | and other men, I were to desert my post through fear of
287 Intro| and he is certain that desertion of his duty is an evil.
288 Text | Athens, a reward which he deserves far more than the citizen
289 Intro| employing sophistries; (2) as designedly irritating the judges? Or
290 Text | your benefactor, and who desires leisure that he may instruct
291 Intro| knows nothing; not that he despises such pursuits, but the fact
292 Text | be my destruction if I am destroyed;—not Meletus, nor yet Anytus,
293 Text | this is what will be my destruction if I am destroyed;—not Meletus,
294 Intro| Orat.); and the loose and desultory style is an imitation of
295 Intro| a sort of missionary in detecting the pretended wisdom of
296 Text | accuse me of corrupting and deteriorating the youth, do you allege
297 Intro| Plato, we cannot certainly determine; nor can we say how he would
298 Intro| Socrates, there are no means of determining. It certainly agrees in
299 Text | going to do. This is what deters me from being a politician.
300 Intro| memory of the Athenians, and detestable as they deserved to be to
301 Text | Anytus, but the envy and detraction of the world, which has
302 Text | which you will get from the detractors of the city, who will say
303 Text | poverty by reason of my devotion to the god.~There is another
304 Intro| in the hands of the great dialectician. Perhaps he regarded these
305 Intro| conciliated the favour of the dicasts;’ and who informs us in
306 Text | only I believe myself to differ from men in general, and
307 Intro| long sleep (in this respect differing from the Phaedo), and at
308 Text | this class of men are most difficult to deal with; for I cannot
309 Text | noblest way is not to be disabling others, but to be improving
310 Intro| Towards Anaxagoras, who had disappointed him in his hopes of learning
311 Intro| neither wholly believed, nor disbelieved, in the existence of the
312 Text | say again that daily to discourse about virtue, and of those
313 Text | citizens, cannot endure my discourses and words, and have found
314 Intro| that such conduct brings discredit on the name of Athens: he
315 Text | that such conduct would be discreditable to myself, and to you, and
316 Text | existence of the gods, if I disobeyed the oracle because I was
317 Text | not that I mean to speak disparagingly of any one who is a student
318 Text | vote in anger because he is displeased at me on this account. Now
319 Text | show that you are far more disposed to condemn the man who gets
320 Text | concealed nothing, I have dissembled nothing. And yet, I know
321 Text | appear the better cause. The disseminators of this tale are the accusers
322 Intro| mission, which seems to distinguish him from all other reformers
323 Text | that they would not make a disturbance if I speak in my accustomed
324 Text | went to the poets; tragic, dithyrambic, and all sorts. And there,
325 Text | speak at sundry times and in divers places of an oracle or sign
326 Intro| speech. Then he proceeds to divide his accusers into two classes;
327 Intro| Platonic defence of Socrates is divided into three parts: 1st. The
328 Text | inspiration; they are like diviners or soothsayers who also
329 Text | comes to me, and is the divinity which Meletus ridicules
330 Text | to you, Athenians, by the dog I swear! —for I must tell
331 Text | very impetuous in all his doings, and he went to Delphi and
332 Text | condemn the man who gets up a doleful scene and makes the city
333 Intro| aut reus sed magister aut dominus videretur esse judicum’ (
334 | down
335 Text | price of admission one drachma at the most); and they might
336 Text | incurred a fine of a thousand drachmae.~And so he proposes death
337 Intro| found their way into the drama, and may be learned at the
338 Text | Anaxagoras, as well as to other dramatic poets.) (price of admission
339 Text | are the accusers whom I dread; for their hearers are apt
340 Text | going to suffer something dreadful if they died, and that they
341 Text | exile, and always being driven out! For I am quite sure
342 Text | manner in a set oration duly ornamented with words and
343 Intro| performance of the least religious duties; and he must have believed
344 Text | the chance of living or dying; he ought only to consider
345 Intro| that like so much else, e.g. the wisdom of Critias, the
346 Intro| expected to sleep in the ear of the multitude, is lurking
347 Intro| All the world from their earliest years had heard that he
348 Text | possible or honourable; the easiest and the noblest way is not
349 Text | cause! The task is not an easy one; I quite understand
350 Intro| English Translation.) What effect the death of Socrates produced
351 Text | I drive them away, their elders will drive me out at their
352 Text | every Athenian improves and elevates them; all with the exception
353 Intro| flowing from the natural elevation of his position?~For example,
354 Text | magistrates of the year—of the Eleven? Or shall the penalty be
355 Text | of Ceos, and Hippias of Elis, who go the round of the
356 Text | meaning, I admit that I am eloquent. But in how different a
357 Intro| inconsiderate in their words when emancipated from his control.~The above
358 Intro| Thucydides in which he has embodied his conception of the lofty
359 Text | said of them that the most eminent men of Athens, to whom the
360 Text | you say.~Yes, that I say emphatically.~Then, by the gods, Meletus,
361 Intro| to represent him (1) as employing sophistries; (2) as designedly
362 Text | pleasure; and we ought not to encourage you, nor should you allow
363 Text | I may call them, which I endured only to find at last the
364 Text | has led to my having many enemies of the worst and most dangerous
365 Text | numerous and ambitious and energetic, and are drawn up in battle
366 Intro| all more conclusive. (See English Translation.) What effect
367 Text | condition, that you are not to enquire and speculate in this way
368 Text | are apt to fancy that such enquirers do not believe in the existence
369 Intro| taken upon himself. The enthusiastic Chaerephon (probably in
370 Intro| Xenophon, who belongs to an entirely different class of writers.
371 Text | serious occasion, prayed and entreated the judges with many tears,
372 Text | force of persuasion and entreaty I could overpower your oaths,
373 Text | Cephisus, who is the father of Epigenes; and there are the brothers
374 Text | the votes are so nearly equal; for I had thought that
375 Intro| magister aut dominus videretur esse judicum’ (Cic. de Orat.);
376 Text | foolish; and that others less esteemed were really wiser and better.
377 Text | reality. And if I am to estimate the penalty fairly, I should
378 Text | Had I money I might have estimated the offence at what I was
379 | etc
380 Text | that to die is gain; for eternity is then only a single night.
381 Text | who caricatured, and to Euripides who borrowed the notions
382 | everywhere
383 Text | to say that I have ever exacted or sought pay of any one;
384 Text | wisdom, and my conclusion was exactly the same. Whereupon I made
385 Text | politician whom I selected for examination—and the result was as follows:
386 Text | their own proper virtue and excellence; but as they are human beings,
387 Intro| for which they will be excellent securities.~(He is condemned
388 | except
389 Text | elevates them; all with the exception of myself; and I alone am
390 Intro| Socrates himself, we cannot exclude the possibility, that like
391 Text | young or old, he is not excluded. Nor do I converse only
392 Text | stranger, whom you would excuse if he spoke in his native
393 Text | there are not unfrequently exhibitions of them at the theatre (
394 Intro| teachers who would rebuke and exhort the Athenian people in harsher
395 Intro| of prophetic rebuke and exhortation.~The first part commences
396 Text | gained anything, or if my exhortations had been paid, there would
397 Text | leader of the great Trojan expedition; or Odysseus or Sisyphus,
398 Text | What do I take to be the explanation of this silence? I will
399 Intro| been actually uttered. They express the aspiration of the first
400 Text | be allowed to use such an expression, I cared not a straw for
401 Text | attained by man, for to that extent I am inclined to believe
402 Text | How lucky I am to have extracted that answer, by the assistance
403 Text | I seem to say something extravagant. For the word which I will
404 Intro| personally odious in the eyes of the Athenian public.~
405 Intro| of tragic pathos in the face of death. The facts of his
406 Text | me, like any other man, facing death—if now, when, as I
407 Text | circumstance. Hitherto the divine faculty of which the internal oracle
408 Text | superhuman wisdom which I may fail to describe, because I have
409 Text | have condemned me, I would fain prophesy to you; for I am
410 Text | Now I regard this as a fair challenge, and I will endeavour
411 Text | throw away his arms, and fall on his knees before his
412 Intro| the Phaedo), and at last falls back on resignation to the
413 Text | my search into true and false knowledge; as in this world,
414 Intro| rhetoric but truth; he will not falsify his character by making
415 Text | wise and have such an evil fame. Please to attend then.
416 Intro| public affairs? Because the familiar divine voice has hindered
417 Text | should say what evil their families have suffered at my hands.
418 Intro| he must already have been famous before Chaerephon went to
419 Intro| scene in the Phaedo. Is it fanciful to suppose that he meant
420 Text | because I was afraid of death, fancying that I was wise when I was
421 Text | trainer of horses, or a farmer probably, who would improve
422 Text | in all places am always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading
423 Text | Hector, he would die himself—‘Fate,’ she said, in these or
424 Text | things may be regarded as fated,—and I think that they are
425 Intro| the first impulse to his favourite calling of cross-examining
426 Text | and death, and instead of fearing them, feared rather to live
427 Intro| life are summed up, and the features of his character are brought
428 Intro| instructing the citizens without fee or reward—this was his mission.
429 Intro| to the improvement of his fellow-citizens is not so remarkable as
430 Intro| his accusers he will only fence and play, as he had fenced
431 Intro| fence and play, as he had fenced with other ‘improvers of
432 Text | four went to Salamis and fetched Leon, but I went quietly
433 Intro| feeling that they would be fiercer and more inconsiderate in
434 Text | he would not have had a fifth part of the votes, as the
435 Text | may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of
436 Intro| ignorance in mythology and figures of speech. The gentleness
437 Text | persuasive tongues, they have filled your ears with their loud
438 Text | justice in this world, and finds the true judges who are
439 Text | I mean, if I had thought fit to leave nothing undone
440 Text | There can be no reward so fitting as maintenance in the Prytaneum,
441 Intro| but they have lost the flavour of Socratic irony in the
442 Text | other men, a creature of flesh and blood, and not ‘of wood
443 Text | here, the young men will flock to me; and if I drive them
444 Intro| person of man,’ necessarily flow out of the loftiness of
445 Intro| apparent haughtiness as flowing from the natural elevation
446 Text | flute-playing, and not in flute-players? No, my friend; I will answer
447 Text | and not in horses? or in flute-playing, and not in flute-players?
448 Text | if your two sons were foals or calves, there would be
449 Intro| of Meletus, who is easily foiled and mastered in the hands
450 Intro| which he will not cease to follow in obedience to the god,
451 Intro| would leave behind him many followers, accompanied by the not
452 Text | examination—and the result was as follows: When I began to talk with
453 Text | repute were all but the most foolish; and that others less esteemed
454 Text | I was a child; it always forbids but never commands me to
455 Text | and then you may go into a foreign city, and no one will interfere
456 Text | that they almost made me forget who I was—so persuasively
457 Intro| depart; and therefore he forgives his judges because they
458 Text | produce them, if he has forgotten—I will make way for him.
459 | former
460 Text | are full of them. And so, forsooth, the youth are said to be
461 Text | his friend. ‘Let me die forthwith,’ he replies, ‘and be avenged
462 Intro| nowhere represented to us as a freethinker or sceptic. There is no
463 Intro| satisfactory, can hardly be denied. Fresh in the memory of the Athenians,
464 Intro| towards them is one of real friendliness, but also of concealed irony.
465 Intro| the Symposium engaged in friendly intercourse. Nor is there
466 Text | oppressive power did not frighten me into doing wrong; and
467 Text | imagine, God orders me to fulfil the philosopher’s mission
468 Text | the Clazomenian, which are full of them. And so, forsooth,
469 Intro| and which at the same time furnish a commentary on the situation
470 Text | either in this or in any future enquiry.~I have said enough
471 Intro| the souls of the dead are gathered together, and in which there
472 Text | myself to differ from men in general, and may perhaps claim to
473 Intro| that the prophecy of a new generation of teachers who would rebuke
474 Intro| the gadfly who stirs the generous steed into motion. Why then
475 Text | poetry, but by a sort of genius and inspiration; they are
476 Intro| and figures of speech. The gentleness of the first part of the
477 Text | good; and for this I may gently blame them.~Still I have
478 Text | disposed to condemn the man who gets up a doleful scene and makes
479 Text | condemning me, who am his gift to you. For if you kill
480 Text | the hour of death men are gifted with prophetic power. And
481 Text | I do not believe in the godhead of the sun or moon, like
482 Text | And I must beg of you to grant me a favour:—If I defend
483 Text | if Meletus could bring so grave a charge against me. But
484 Text | many reasons why I am not grieved, O men of Athens, at the
485 Text | and have found them so grievous and odious that you will
486 Intro| to be unnecessary, on the ground that all his life long he
487 Text | you should be upon your guard and not allow yourselves
488 Intro| nevertheless accepted by him as the guiding principle of his life. Socrates
489 Intro| mankind is greatest, and his habitual irony acquires a new meaning
490 Text | assuredly not. For besides being happier than we are, they will be
491 Text | gives you the appearance of happiness, and I give you the reality.
492 Text | although a thing of which it is hard for me to persuade you.
493 Text | was none to answer. And hardest of all, I do not know and
494 Text | I am very likely to be harmed by him; and yet I corrupt
495 Intro| Neither is he desirous of hastening his own end, for life and
496 Text | should be sorry to judge hastily of you.’ Now I regard this
497 Text | plainness of speech makes them hate me, and what is their hatred
498 Text | consequence was that he hated me, and his enmity was shared
499 Intro| poets, and almost equally hateful to Anytus and Meletus. Yet
500 Text | hate me, and what is their hatred but a proof that I am speaking
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