Dialogue

1002 Craty|             Socrates, he saw through the hollowness of the incipient sciences
1003 Craty|                  over this race They are holy demons upon the earth, Beneficent,
1004 Craty|              nations left their original homes and but slowly found a resting-place.
1005 Craty|            questioner to tell me his own honest opinion, he says, ‘Fire
1006 Craty|              roar calls up the fears and hopes of the chase, which are
1007 Craty|             Hermogenes in Plato and with Horace that usage is the ruling
1008 Craty|                 dim outline which is the horizon of human knowledge.~The
1009 Craty|             afraid of him, and talk with horror of the world below from
1010 Craty|              words, you will see how the horses of Euthyphro prance. ‘Only
1011 Craty|                 better sort build fairer houses, and the worse build them
1012 Craty|                 The lion roars, the wolf howls in the solitude of the forest:
1013 Craty|         pathetically described by Victor Hugo), from the imperfect articulation
1014 Craty|              will purge away,’ are truly humorous. While delivering a lecture
1015 Craty|            filled up. Not a tenth, not a hundredth part of them has been preserved.
1016 Craty|               any more than of the first huts or buildings which were
1017 Craty|                been embodied in poems or hymns or laws, which may be repeated
1018 Craty|                the region of guesses and hypotheses, and has attained the dignity
1019 Craty|                 not difficult to form an hypothesis which by a series of imaginary
1020 Craty|            differentiation of languages, i.e. the manner in which differences
1021 Craty|                   There is the danger of identifying language, not with thoughts
1022 Craty|               intolerable if it were not idiomatic. We cannot argue either
1023 Craty|                 partake of the nature of idioms: they are taken out of the
1024 Craty|       emancipated from the influence of ‘Idols of the tribe’ as Bacon himself.~
1025 Craty|             because flowing with desire (iemenos), and expresses a longing
1026 Craty|              imitative of motion, ienai, iesthai. And there is another class
1027 Craty|              distributed over the earth.~iii. Next in order to analogy
1028 Craty|               unnerve me of my strength (Iliad.).’ When you have allowed
1029 Craty|                  Beneficent, averters of ills, guardians of mortal men.’ (
1030 Craty|                principle of names?~After illustrating the nature of correctness
1031 Craty|            comparatively early date. The imaginative element is still in full
1032 Craty|                 and therefore too deeply imbedded in language entirely to
1033 Craty|            reason is, that men long for (imeirousi) and love the light which
1034 Craty|                you gave to the two other imitators. What will this imitator
1035 Craty|                only what was at hand and immediate, —or in other words, pelas (
1036 Craty|              inestimable gift would have immediately been diffused over a whole
1037 Craty|                more as it truly was. The immensity of the subject is gradually
1038 Craty|                 men call Batieia and the immortals the tomb of the sportive
1039 Craty|             reacts upon the dialects and imparts to them also a literary
1040 Craty|                through a ravine which is impassable, and rugged, and overgrown,
1041 Craty|         religious beliefs. Lastly, he is impatient of hearing from the half-converted
1042 Craty|            passage through ravines which impede motion: aletheia is theia
1043 Craty|               rugged, and overgrown, and impedes motion—and this is the derivation
1044 Craty|             which driven by necessity or impelled by some instinct, tribes
1045 Craty|                 pass into one another by imperceptible gradation. But in both cases
1046 Craty|             millions, and yet are always imperceptibly changing;—not the inventors
1047 Craty|                 and may be defended.~The imperfection of language is really due
1048 Craty|              like any other copy, may be imperfectly executed; and in this way
1049 Craty|              meaning? Why are some verbs impersonal? Why are there only so many
1050 Craty|                 It seems to be a kind of impertinence to the reader and strikes
1051 Craty|                  his dread of committing impiety, the pretended derivation
1052 Craty|               development,’ ‘instinct,’ ‘implicit,’ ‘explicit,’ and the like,
1053 Craty|                  not the principle which imposes the name the cause?~HERMOGENES:
1054 Craty|              whom I should attribute the imposition of names. Even in foreign
1055 Craty|            expression of his age, became impressed on the minds of their countrymen,
1056 Craty|               letters and syllables, and impressing on them names and signs,
1057 Craty|              correct spelling: these are imprinted deeply on the tablets of
1058 Craty|                 likewise a part which is improper and spoils the beauty and
1059 Craty|                  by musical and euphonic improvements, at a later stage by the
1060 Craty|          strongest, is also the greatest improver of the forms of language.
1061 Craty|                 times falling, and again improving or waning?’~Aristot. Metaph.:—~‘
1062 Craty|               Socrates, that you are not improvising now; you must have heard
1063 Craty|                and the absolver from all impurities?~HERMOGENES: Very true.~
1064 Craty|         compensates for incorrectness or inaccuracy in the use of it. Striking
1065 Craty|                 to stagnation and forced inaction, which he compares to sleep (
1066 Craty|             there may also be a wrong or inappropriate assignment of verbs; and
1067 Craty|                 that it must be vast and incalculable?~CLEINIAS: No doubt.~ATHENIAN
1068 Craty|              prison in which the soul is incarcerated, kept safe (soma, sozetai),
1069 Craty|            through the hollowness of the incipient sciences of the day, and
1070 Craty|               appeared; and both show an inclination to accept the third view
1071 Craty|                number of things which is included under them or with which
1072 Craty|                 part of the human frame, including head, chest, lungs, have
1073 Craty|                more than compensates for incorrectness or inaccuracy in the use
1074 Craty|           meaning that which creates and increases; this latter is a common
1075 Craty|                is wanting.~(3) Among the incumbrances or illusions of language
1076 Craty|                 of this Essay is largely indebted.)~
1077 Craty|              from being a mere chaos, is indefinite, admits of degrees, and
1078 Craty|               present life; or again the index of the soul, because the
1079 Craty|              which introduced into this ‘indigesta moles’ order and measure.
1080 Craty|              before language was a rudis indigestaque materies, not yet distributed
1081 Craty|                  to be attributed to the indignation which Plato felt at having
1082 Craty|                 that the real scholar is indisposed to touch the subject at
1083 Craty|              inviolable. That problem is indissolubly bound up with the origin
1084 Craty|                  of their originals, and indistinguishable from them; and how ridiculous
1085 Craty|              lose the sense of their own individuality in the universal cause or
1086 Craty|             rightly called a horse by me individually, and rightly called a man
1087 Craty|                 to chance. Nor indeed is induction applicable to philology
1088 Craty|                  in earnest, and is only indulging the fancy of the hour.~1.
1089 Craty|                apt to think that such an inestimable gift would have immediately
1090 Craty|           materials of our knowledge are inexhaustible. The comparisons of children
1091 Craty|          SOCRATES: The words axumphoron (inexpedient), anopheles (unprofitable),
1092 Craty|                 them seriously; blending inextricably sense and nonsense; sometimes
1093 Craty|                young children and in the infancy of nations.~A kindred error
1094 Craty|               into speech—like the young infant he laughed and babbled;
1095 Craty|                 an oracle.’ I caught the infection from Euthyphro, who gave
1096 Craty|                  HERMOGENES: That may be inferred.~SOCRATES: And must not
1097 Craty|                   then, how can we avoid inferring that he who gave the names
1098 Craty|            greatness, and variety in its infinitesimal minuteness—both equally
1099 Craty|                  We may try to grasp the infinity of language either under
1100 Craty|               use of prefixes, suffixes, infixes; by the lengthening and
1101 Craty|                 words become modified or inflected? and how did they receive
1102 Craty|                 word and of the changing inflexion, if such a distinction be
1103 Craty|             flowing in was called esros (influx) in the old time when they
1104 Craty|                  chorein). He, as we are informed by tradition, was begotten
1105 Craty|                 action there remains the informing mind, which sets them in
1106 Craty|              imagine, is the God able to infuse into his words. And, according
1107 Craty|                  softness; and into this infuses motion, and soul, and mind,
1108 Craty|                astronomers and musicians ingeniously declare. And he is the God
1109 Craty|               Muse may have long been an inhabitant of your breast, unconsciously
1110 Craty|                  great benefactor of the inhabitants of the other world; and
1111 Craty|                  Euthyphro, or some Muse inhabiting your own breast, was the
1112 Craty|              have not yet come into your inheritance, and therefore you had better
1113 Craty|                  calf; nor do I call any inhuman birth a man, but only a
1114 Craty|               aptein tou rou— that which injures or seeks to bind the stream.
1115 Craty|                  at least four perfectly innocent explanations. First, he
1116 Craty|                  minuteness—both equally inscrutable to us. We need no longer
1117 Craty|                  of change is said to be insensible: sounds, like animals, are
1118 Craty|                language; they are really inseparable—no definite line can be
1119 Craty|            rather be read as epistemene, inserting epsilon nu. Sunesis (understanding)
1120 Craty|                that which turns the eyes inside out. ‘How do you explain
1121 Craty|               which is a thesis strongly insisted on by Plato in many other
1122 Craty|                fitness in names. He only insists that this natural fitness
1123 Craty|                 your own breast, was the inspirer.’ Socrates replies, that
1124 Craty|                 has come to me all in an instant, I know not whence, will
1125 Craty|                 other peculiarities were instinctively imitated by them,—the ‘king
1126 Craty|              then, are given in order to instruct?~CRATYLUS: Certainly.~SOCRATES:
1127 Craty|              would be more sensitive and intelligent than the rest. Suddenly,
1128 Craty|                 natural fitness shall be intelligibly explained. But he has no
1129 Craty|                 which the author did not intend as in that which he did.
1130 Craty|                  the country, as you are intending, and Hermogenes shall set
1131 Craty|             verbs in —omega and —mu iota interchange forms of tenses, and the
1132 Craty|               the like, which are always interesting, but are apt to be delusive.
1133 Craty|               letters, for this need not interfere with the meaning. As was
1134 Craty|                 partook of the nature of interjections and nouns; then came verbs;
1135 Craty|                relation to the two other interlocutors in the dialogue. Does he
1136 Craty|                 Aither (aether) I should interpret as aeitheer; this may be
1137 Craty|              have seemed to him like the interpretation of the myths in the Phaedrus,
1138 Craty|                 signifies that he is the interpreter (ermeneus), or messenger,
1139 Craty|                  early history of man—of interpreting the past by the present,
1140 Craty|             hearing what he has said, to interrogate him gently: ‘Well, my excellent
1141 Craty|             mental processes, but by the interruption of them? Now in this sense
1142 Craty|               other rules. Many of these interruptions or variations of analogy
1143 Craty|          vegetable worlds, is everywhere intersected by the lines of analogy.
1144 Craty|               new school of etymology is interspersed with many declarations ‘
1145 Craty|              words are repeated at short intervals. Of course the length of
1146 Craty|          proceeds. Socrates first of all intimates to Hermogenes that his view
1147 Craty|                 be sufficient to give an intimation to a friend; a long or elaborate
1148 Craty|                  a manner which would be intolerable if it were not idiomatic.
1149 Craty|                  them; but so long as we introduce the meaning, and there can
1150 Craty|                  of errors which grammar introduces into language. We are not
1151 Craty|               theory of psychology. (See introductions to the Meno and the Sophist.)
1152 Craty|                 cases in one of them may intrude upon another. Similarly
1153 Craty|         academies, do we ever attempt to invent new words or to alter the
1154 Craty|                 You will think that I am inventing, but I say that if kakia
1155 Craty|                 they must be studied and investigated in themselves.~CRATYLUS:
1156 Craty|                 of animal life,— remains inviolable. That problem is indissolubly
1157 Craty|                Yes.~SOCRATES: Let me now invite you to consider what Hermogenes
1158 Craty|                  to follow doxa, and all involve the idea of shooting, just
1159 Craty|                 first or primitive names involves an ignorance of secondary
1160 Craty|                  things being in a flux (ionton), kakia is kakos ion (going
1161 Craty|                 noun, we omit one of the iotas and sound the middle syllable
1162 Craty|                as we think, into Hermes. Iris also appears to have been
1163 Craty|                then, as in the Republic, ironically appealing to the authority
1164 Craty|                is not of that fierce and irresistible kind in which birds, beasts
1165 Craty|                 words, like coins, to be issued from the mint of the State.
1166 Craty|           princely lord of light (Phaeos istora)?~HERMOGENES: Surely.~SOCRATES:
1167 Craty|             rhythm of the whole passage.~iv. Next, under a distinct
1168 Craty|                  deaf and dumb, from the jabbering of animals, from the analysis
1169 Craty|            different style, were Sterne, Jean Paul, Hamann,— writers who
1170 Craty|                 enveloping in a blaze of jests the most serious matters,
1171 Craty|                 sense of a word, such as Jesuit, Puritan, Methodist, Heretic,
1172 Craty|                  the precious stones and jewels of great authors partake
1173 Craty|                  in Greek, sentences are joined together by connecting particles.
1174 Craty|                 letters, like a piece of joiner’s work,—a theory of language
1175 Craty|              conceive of language as the joint work of the speaker and
1176 Craty|                  for the Gods too love a joke. Dionusos is simply didous
1177 Craty|                  penes arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi.’~(8)
1178 Craty|              such progress as would have justified Plato in propounding real
1179 Craty|                 speech. It regulated the juxtaposition of sounds and the cadence
1180 Craty|                  Justice is said to be o kaion, or the sun; and when I
1181 Craty|               the left by men, de, alla, kaitoi, kai de and the like, or
1182 Craty|                  mind that which called (kalesan) things by their names,
1183 Craty|                  stagnation. Kalon is to kaloun ta pragmata—this is mind (
1184 Craty|               Eleatic philosophy and the Kantian categories. So complex is
1185 Craty|                   diaionta) and burning (kaonta) element which is the guardian
1186 Craty|                 going through—the letter kappa being inserted for the sake
1187 Craty|                The common explanation of kata or some other preposition ‘
1188 Craty|                  or his e pasin nekuessi kataphthimenoisin anassein or his ‘longius
1189 Craty|                 of a youth, but quasi to katharon kai akeraton tou nou—the
1190 Craty|                of, because it was out of keeping with the rest. It remained
1191 Craty|                the soul is incarcerated, kept safe (soma, sozetai), as
1192 Craty|              bruise), thruptein (break), kermatixein (crumble), rumbein (whirl):
1193 Craty|                   which should have been kieinsis or eisis; and stasis is
1194 Craty|           understood by us, we feel more kindly towards them. Lastly, we
1195 Craty|                the infancy of nations.~A kindred error is the separation
1196 Craty|                instrument. We cut with a knife, we pierce with an awl,
1197 Craty|             liparon (sleek), in the word kollodes (gluey), and the like: the
1198 Craty|                  pur, which, like udor n kuon, is found in Phrygian, is
1199 Craty|                  vexation) ‘the word too labours,’ as any one may see; chara (
1200 Craty|              Rush), for by this word the Lacedaemonians signify rapid motion, and
1201 Craty|                 in the Lysis, Charmides, Laches, Protagoras, Meno, we arrived
1202 Craty|            miracle in order to fill up a lacuna in human knowledge. (Compare
1203 Craty|                 neither anticipating nor lagging behind; sunesis is equivalent
1204 Craty|                 stunted in their growth,—lamed in their hands or feet,
1205 Craty|               truth, or ‘philosophie une langue bien faite.’ At first, Socrates
1206 Craty|                may have been lost in the lapse of ages; names have been
1207 Craty|            ravine. But while my strength lasts let us persevere, and I
1208 Craty|               think with me. Were we not lately acknowledging that the first
1209 Craty|                   after a manner) in the latest form of it. And when, for
1210 Craty|                 like the young infant he laughed and babbled; but not until
1211 Craty|                 is so; but I cannot help laughing, if I am to suppose that
1212 Craty|                of the few, who were his ‘law-givers’—‘the legislator with the
1213 Craty|                  circle apart from them, laying down the conditions under
1214 Craty|                framed language. And this leads me to consider whether the
1215 Craty|                  believe that all things leak like a pot, or imagine that
1216 Craty|                  by violent convulsions, leaving many lacunae which can be
1217 Craty|               one connexion they will be legitimate in another, unless we allow
1218 Craty|          expression of smoothness, as in leios (level), and in the word
1219 Craty|                  signs, looks, gestures, lend their aid, of which the
1220 Craty|                 men and animals no doubt lends a nameless grace to style
1221 Craty|               called from meiousthai (to lessen), because suffering diminution;
1222 Craty|                   There are philological lessons also to be gathered from
1223 Craty|                we had better admit this, lest we be punished like travellers
1224 Craty|             ready to forgive and forget (lethe). Artemis is so called from
1225 Craty|              there begins to be any end, lets things go again (luei),
1226 Craty|                  a fixed form and sound. Lexicons assign to each word a definite
1227 Craty|                  messenger, or thief, or liar, or bargainer; all that
1228 Craty|                  of taking unwarrantable liberties with grammatical rules;
1229 Craty|                  that in the course of a lifetime he and his contemporaries
1230 Craty|          diekosmese: the light of reason lighted up all things and at once
1231 Craty|                  astron is from astrape (lightning), which is an improvement
1232 Craty|             detector of false knowledge, lights by accident on the truth.
1233 Craty|         unperceived to herself is really limited by all other minds, is neither
1234 Craty|             either under the figure of a limitless plain divided into countries
1235 Craty|                ienai, or going badly, or limping and halting; of which the
1236 Craty|             sense by which every word is linked to every other. One letter
1237 Craty|            oliothanein (to slip) itself, liparon (sleek), in the word kollodes (
1238 Craty|              accent rush or roar; lambda liquidity; gamma lambda the detention
1239 Craty|                 at dawn: he talked and I listened, and his wisdom and enchanting
1240 Craty|               the sophistical tenet, and listens with a sort of half admiration,
1241 Craty|             place in great languages and literatures.~We can see clearly enough
1242 Craty|          etymologies; either apo tes tou lithou talanteias, or apo tou talantaton
1243 Craty|                our being, and in him all live: this is implied in the
1244 Craty|                 and association to every lively-minded person. They are fixed by
1245 Craty|                are isolated or united by locality or occupation. The common
1246 Craty|              names, as the grammarian or logician might call them, yet at
1247 Craty|       kataphthimenoisin anassein or his ‘longius ex altoque sinum trahit,’
1248 Craty|              lusiteloun—being that which looses (luon) the end (telos) of
1249 Craty|           arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi.’~(8) There are two ways
1250 Craty|               like a mother; Here is the lovely one (erate)—for Zeus, according
1251 Craty|                 as aretes istor; or as a lover of virginity, aroton misesasa.
1252 Craty|          penetrating power which, as the lovers of motion say, preserves
1253 Craty|              will ever be reduced to the low level of Modern Greek or
1254 Craty|                 suppose that Plato, like Lucian, has been amusing his fancy
1255 Craty|            should be able to give a very lucid explanation of first names,
1256 Craty|               and he professes a kind of ludicrous fear of his imaginary wisdom.
1257 Craty|             derived from the relaxation (luein) which the body feels when
1258 Craty|                   including head, chest, lungs, have a share in creating
1259 Craty|                  is apo tes enduseos tes lupes: achthedon is in its very
1260 Craty|                 great deal of ‘mischief’ lurking in the following: ‘I found
1261 Craty|               well as their washings and lustral sprinklings, have all one
1262 Craty|                 and entangled by fleshly lusts. Demeter is the mother and
1263 Craty|                  the human mind became a luxury: they were now superseded
1264 Craty|                 who uses the work of the lyre-maker? Will not he be the man
1265 Craty|                  uses them; the judge of lyres is the player of the lyre;
1266 Craty|               dawn (compare Phaedrus and Lysias; Phaedr.) and expresses
1267 Craty|                We have found that in the Lysis, Charmides, Laches, Protagoras,
1268 Craty|             their fumigations with drugs magical or medicinal, as well as
1269 Craty|              SOCRATES: You know the word maiesthai (to seek)?~HERMOGENES: Yes;—
1270 Craty|             survival of the fittest’ the maintainer of the theory intends to
1271 Craty|           swelling into strains not less majestic than those of Homer, Virgil,
1272 Craty|                  quaedum mediocria, sunt mala plura. Most of them are
1273 Craty|                praised. The words arren (male) and aner (man) also contain
1274 Craty|          converted into a bad one by the malevolence of party spirit. Double
1275 Craty|             latter indicates his savage, man-of-the-mountain nature. Atreus again, for
1276 Craty|               have hammered away at them manfully; but suppose that some one
1277 Craty|            called, if you will, from his manhood (arren) and manliness, or
1278 Craty|                  his manhood (arren) and manliness, or if you please, from
1279 Craty|                 go on to Ares. He is the manly one (arren), or the unchangeable
1280 Craty|           striking image, who formed the manners of men and gave them customs,
1281 Craty|                 language admits of being mapped out. There is the distinction
1282 Craty|              pursuit), and expresses the march of the soul in the pursuit
1283 Craty|                again are less distinctly marked in Greek and Latin than
1284 Craty|                  to tradition, loved and married her; possibly also the name
1285 Craty|                of Ocean was the first to marry, and he espoused his sister
1286 Craty|             should be like brother is no marvel. But, as I was saying, my
1287 Craty|               may accomplish yet greater marvels. For the names Cronos and
1288 Craty|                  the familiar use of the masculine and feminine gender to objects
1289 Craty|                 was a rudis indigestaque materies, not yet distributed into
1290 Craty|                an ideal, too little of a matter-of-fact existence.~Or again, we
1291 Craty|                 said to be the result of mature consideration, although
1292 Craty|                various stages of growth, maturity, and decay. Nor do other
1293 Craty|               expressive not only of the meanest wants of man, but of his
1294 Craty|            superfluity. But the remedial measures by which both are eliminated
1295 Craty|        fumigations with drugs magical or medicinal, as well as their washings
1296 Craty|                 music, and prophecy, and medicine, and archery.~HERMOGENES:
1297 Craty|                  Sunt bona, sunt quaedum mediocria, sunt mala plura. Most of
1298 Craty|                  me add mechane, apo tou mekous, which means polu, and anein,
1299 Craty|                 the cry is repeated to a member of the society who had been
1300 Craty|          biliteral roots; or why in some members of a group of languages
1301 Craty|                 in the lines in which he mentions the bird which the Gods
1302 Craty|               indicates everything—o pan menuon. He has two forms, a true
1303 Craty|                  himself the comparative merits of different modes of expression
1304 Craty|           recreation; and Socrates makes merry at the expense of the etymologists.
1305 Craty|              these two words, eirein and mesasthai, the legislator formed the
1306 Craty|           improving or waning?’~Aristot. Metaph.:—~‘And if a person should
1307 Craty|            nothing to our knowledge. The metaphor of a flower or a tree, or
1308 Craty|               such subjects may often be metaphorical, accidental, derived from
1309 Craty|            philologist. For he, like the metaphysician, believes in the reality
1310 Craty|                 such as Jesuit, Puritan, Methodist, Heretic, has been often
1311 Craty|                feelings; his senses were microscopic; twenty or thirty sounds
1312 Craty|                of national development—a migration, a conquest, or the like.
1313 Craty|             devour one another, but of a milder sort, allowing one usage
1314 Craty|                simultaneous utterance of millions, and yet are always imperceptibly
1315 Craty|                 distance. The bird, too, mimics the voice of man and makes
1316 Craty|           beloved of God) or Mnesitheus (mindful of God), or any of these
1317 Craty|             which the cry of fear or joy mingled with more definite sounds
1318 Craty|                  kerannumenon—that which mingles with all things: lusiteloun
1319 Craty|             coins, to be issued from the mint of the State. The creator
1320 Craty|                be conscious, but not the minute particles of which it is
1321 Craty|             variety in its infinitesimal minuteness—both equally inscrutable
1322 Craty|                 assumed to have worked a miracle in order to fill up a lacuna
1323 Craty|            mental sciences, and also the mirror in which they are reflected,
1324 Craty|                There is a great deal of ‘mischief’ lurking in the following: ‘
1325 Craty|                realism of Cratylus. This misconception has probably arisen from
1326 Craty|                 the world below, and the misery which he brought upon his
1327 Craty|                the most weighted down by misfortune), disguised the name by
1328 Craty|                  SOCRATES: Many terrible misfortunes are said to have happened
1329 Craty|                  on the other hand, is a mishap, or missing, or mistaking
1330 Craty|               attention by the misuse or mispronunciation of a word. Still less, even
1331 Craty|              clear proof that he has not missed the truth, and the proof
1332 Craty|                  master archer who never misses; or again, the name may
1333 Craty|              other hand, is a mishap, or missing, or mistaking of the mark,
1334 Craty|                 only to envelope it in a mist of words. Some philologers,
1335 Craty|               roused to attention by the misuse or mispronunciation of a
1336 Craty|                  or meet at an angle, or mix with one another either
1337 Craty|               there is plenty of omicron mixed up in the word goggulon (
1338 Craty|           Theophilus (beloved of God) or Mnesitheus (mindful of God), or any
1339 Craty|                  kinds, are expressed by modifications of them. The earliest parts
1340 Craty|          introduced into this ‘indigesta moles’ order and measure. It was
1341 Craty|                or bargainer; or o eirein momenos, that is, eiremes or ermes—
1342 Craty|                 passes. There were happy moments, as we may conjecture, in
1343 Craty|         succession of lines, not without monotony, has passed into a complicated
1344 Craty|               greatest of all historical monuments, if it could only tell us
1345 Craty|                  his genial and ironical mood hits right and left at his
1346 Craty|        contemporaneous. It distinguishes Moods and Tenses, without observing
1347 Craty|               and Acesimbrotus (curer of mortals); and there are many others
1348 Craty|                  wax’ (Rep.), and may be moulded into any form. He wanders
1349 Craty|                  Orestes (the man of the mountains) who appears to be rightly
1350 Craty|                    of all these sorts of movements he generally finds an expression
1351 Craty|                  to be some error in the MSS. The meaning is that the
1352 Craty|                 has doubtless led to the multiplications of words and the meanings
1353 Craty|                 the appearance of such a multitude of names, all tending in
1354 Craty|                power, as astronomers and musicians ingeniously declare. And
1355 Craty|                  Batieia,’ and the Gods ‘Myrinna’s Tomb.’ Here is an important
1356 Craty|                  the Phaedrus.’ They are mysteries of which he is speaking,
1357 Craty|           explanation he is ironical and mysterious, and seems to imply that
1358 Craty|                the interpretation of the myths in the Phaedrus, the task ‘
1359 Craty|                 animals no doubt lends a nameless grace to style which we
1360      | namely
1361 Craty|              mind of primitive man had a narrow range of perceptions and
1362 Craty|                circle of men’s minds was narrower and their sympathies and
1363 Craty|               the hour of some crisis of national development—a migration,
1364 Craty|                 and appears not to be of native growth; the meaning is,
1365 Craty|              abstract language ‘in rerum natura,’ any more than there is
1366 Craty|                   On the other hand, the necessities of language seem to require
1367 Craty|                 eisis; and stasis is the negative of ienai (or eisis), and
1368 Craty|            SOCRATES: Of such as are mere negatives I hardly think that I need
1369 Craty|           frequency of intercourse among neighbours as is sufficient to enforce
1370 Craty|             break, break’ or his e pasin nekuessi kataphthimenoisin anassein
1371 Craty|                all the rest. The good or neutral sense of a word, such as
1372 Craty|         gradation. But in both cases the newly-created forms soon become fixed;
1373 Craty|                rejoice together in their newly-discovered faculty. At first there
1374 Craty|               far from certain that this newly-found science will continue to
1375 Craty|             names of our slaves, and the newly-imposed name is as good as the old:
1376 Craty|                 into what they thought a nicer form, and called her Athene.~
1377 Craty|                 also to be gathered from nicknames, from provincialisms, from
1378 Craty|                 of birds (‘man, like the nightingale, is a singing bird, but
1379 Craty|               ask about the greatest and noblest, such as aletheia (truth)
1380 Craty|              speaks of them; notably and nobly in the places where he distinguishes
1381      | nobody
1382 Craty|             moral intelligence (en ethei noesin), and therefore gave her
1383 Craty|                 unmeaning sound like the noise of hammering at a brazen
1384 Craty|              knows divine things’ (Theia noousa) better than others. Nor
1385 Craty|                 arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi.’~(8) There are
1386 Craty|               more obvious in onomaston (notable), which states in so many
1387 Craty|                 He often speaks of them; notably and nobly in the places
1388 Craty|               subject and object, of the notional and relational, of the root
1389 Craty|                of prose had the charm of novelty. The prose romances into
1390 Craty|                her name into Pherephatta now-a-days, because the present generation
1391 Craty|                 child from its mother or nurse. They learnt of course a
1392 Craty|               remark that the word deon (obligation) has a meaning which is
1393 Craty|              various appellations, deon (obligatory), ophelimon (advantageous),
1394 Craty|           Because if we have we shall be obliged to admit that the people
1395 Craty|             separate words become almost obliterated in the course of ages. The
1396 Craty|                their original meaning so obscured, that they require to be
1397 Craty|               virtue, which they hope to obtain by constant association
1398 Craty|                 explanation I am thought obtrusive, and another derivation
1399 Craty|                 the thing; but allow the occasional substitution of a wrong
1400 Craty|                 or united by locality or occupation. The common language sometimes
1401 Craty|                 it appears never to have occurred to the inventors of them
1402 Craty|             phuseche = e phusin echei or ochei?—this might easily be refined
1403 Craty|                in the language of Homer (Od.) gegaasi means gegennesthai.~
1404 Craty|                 consistent, and that the office and name of the God really
1405 Craty|                  speech, and there is an often-recurring Homeric word emesato, which
1406 Craty|               the interpreters of Homer, oi palaioi Omerikoi (compare
1407 Craty|               and holds nature (e phusin okei, kai ekei), and this may
1408 Craty|                  level), and in the word oliothanein (to slip) itself, liparon (
1409 Craty|               have a good sense (compare omartein, sunienai, epesthai, sumpheresthai);
1410 Craty|        interpreters of Homer, oi palaioi Omerikoi (compare Arist. Met.) and
1411 Craty|              away the tau and insert two omichrons, one between the chi and
1412 Craty|                no longer needed; and the omission has ceased to be observed.
1413 Craty|                 sentence into a noun, we omit one of the iotas and sound
1414 Craty|             dances. For the elevation of oneself or anything else above the
1415 Craty|                 is still more obvious in onomaston (notable), which states
1416 Craty|                ion): edone is e pros ten onrsin teinousa praxis—the delta
1417 Craty|                 for example the omega in oon, which represents the round
1418 Craty|                of the eyes (anastrephein opa).~HERMOGENES: What do you
1419 Craty|               power of varying sounds by opening and closing the mouth, by
1420 Craty|                 the principle of analogy opens the eyes of men to discern
1421 Craty|                dances—apo tou pallein ta opla. For Athene we must turn
1422 Craty|                  that man not only sees (opope) but considers and looks
1423 Craty|                away, the observer has no opportunity of observing their state.
1424 Craty|               any Eleatic speculation to oppose to the Heracleiteanism of
1425 Craty|              implied is yielding and not opposing, yielding, as I was just
1426 Craty|             inspired, and to be uttering oracles.~SOCRATES: Yes, Hermogenes,
1427 Craty|               languages of the world are organic structures, and that every
1428 Craty|                 law, calls into being an organised structure. But the intermediate
1429 Craty|                full development of their organisms, and languages which have
1430 Craty|               but also creates an inward organization like yours, having the same
1431 Craty|                  be the doubles of their originals, and indistinguishable from
1432 Craty|                 the human race. How they originated, who can tell? Nevertheless
1433 Craty|             omicron), is derived apo tou orizein, because it divides the
1434 Craty|                orai because they divide (orizousin) the summers and winters
1435 Craty|              called not going (oukion or ouki on = ouk ion).~HERMOGENES:
1436 Craty|               likewise called not going (oukion or ouki on = ouk ion).~HERMOGENES:
1437 Craty|                  one another by ara, de, oun, toinun and the like. In
1438 Craty|                 left at his adversaries: Ouranos is so called apo tou oran
1439      | ours
1440 Craty|             worse than useless when they outrun experience and abstract
1441 Craty|             truth:’ or again, ‘If we are over-precise about words, truth will
1442 Craty|             there is also the unknown or over-ruling law of God or nature which
1443 Craty|          differences are too great to be overcome, and the use of printing
1444 Craty|              impassable, and rugged, and overgrown, and impedes motion—and
1445 Craty|                  until one of the two is overpowered and retires from the field.
1446 Craty|               formation of these organs, owing to climate or the sense
1447 Craty|                he is king; he rules, and owns, and holds it. But, perhaps,
1448 Craty|             group of languages b becomes p, or d, t, or ch, k; or why
1449 Craty|                  You are quickening your pace now, Socrates.~SOCRATES:
1450 Craty|              except at the distance of a page or more. Pronouns, prepositions,
1451 Craty|                  edone (pleasure), lupe (pain), epithumia (desire), and
1452 Craty|                 method is when he has to paint flesh colour or anything
1453 Craty|             several of them; just, as in painting, the painter who wants to
1454 Craty|                interpreters of Homer, oi palaioi Omerikoi (compare Arist.
1455 Craty|              down by a grammarian in the paradigms of a grammar and learned
1456 Craty|                are also constructed into paragraphs; these again are less distinctly
1457 Craty|                  or that the antitheses, parallels, conjugates, correlatives
1458 Craty|                 a precisian, or you will paralyze me. If you will let me add
1459 Craty|                we must remember that the parents are alive as well as the
1460 Craty|                cities, from the argot of Paris (that language of suffering
1461 Craty|                the very end. There he is parodying the ingenious follies of
1462 Craty|                 the ground of economy or parsimony or ease to the speaker or
1463 Craty|                  jewels of great authors partake of the nature of idioms:
1464 Craty|                rightly so called because partaking of the nature of the cause,
1465 Craty|           meanings of words were in time parted off or differentiated. (
1466 Craty|           Cratylus that imitation may be partial or imperfect, that a knowledge
1467 Craty|                 calling that estia which participates in ousia. For in ancient
1468 Craty|                is less of apposition and participial structure. The sentences
1469 Craty|                   sometimes another. The participle may also have the character
1470 Craty|                writing and speaking, and particularly great writers, or works
1471 Craty|              notions, which combine into particulars and individuals, and are
1472 Craty|         utterances of children, probably partook of the nature of interjections
1473 Craty|                   break, break’ or his e pasin nekuessi kataphthimenoisin
1474 Craty|              makes three Voices, Active, Passive, and Middle, but takes no
1475 Craty|               speak of the hereditary or paternity of a language, we must remember
1476 Craty|                can proceed safely in the path of philological enquiry.
1477 Craty|                  suffering and crime, so pathetically described by Victor Hugo),
1478 Craty|                  name significant of his patience at the siege of Troy; while
1479 Craty|                 remaining) is one who is patient and persevering in the accomplishment
1480 Craty|                inventor of words being a patron of the flux, was a great
1481 Craty|           supposed to exist between the ‘patrons of the flux’ and the ‘friends
1482 Craty|             those who know, and you must pay them well both in money
1483 Craty|                the gainful or that which pays (luei) the retailer, but
1484 Craty|                 gesticulations and other peculiarities were instinctively imitated
1485 Craty|                has shown how he regarded pedantic distinctions of words or
1486 Craty|              again allowing the truth to peer through; enjoying the flow
1487 Craty|              psuches: imeros—oti eimenos pei e psuche: pothos, the desire
1488 Craty|                  ruling principle, ‘quem penes arbitrium est, et jus et
1489 Craty|         continuity of them is not always perceptible to us. The superficial appearances
1490 Craty|                  phoras kai rhou noesis (perception of motion and flux), or
1491 Craty|                man had a narrow range of perceptions and feelings; his senses
1492 Craty|                double or treble forms of Perfects, Aorists, etc. are hardly
1493 Craty|           suppose that the legislator is performing any extraordinary function;
1494 Craty|               world’s history; they mark periods of unknown length in which
1495 Craty|                power fails then the body perishes and dies, and this, if I
1496 Craty|              which a language may attain permanence or fixity. First, it may
1497 Craty|              which, like number, analogy permeates, not only language, but
1498 Craty|               other languages, or of the permutations of letters, or again, his
1499 Craty|                 all things (pan) and the perpetual mover (aei polon) of all
1500 Craty|                the her other appellation Persephone, which is also significant
1501 Craty|                is one who is patient and persevering in the accomplishment of