Dialogue

1003 Intro|   Philosopher.’~The Statesman stands midway between the Republic and
1004 Intro|          wisdom of their rulers. The mingled pathos and satire of this
1005 State|             a different species, yet ministering to it.~YOUNG SOCRATES: Yes.~
1006 State|          because the offices are too minutely subdivided and too many
1007 Intro|            in truth. The gravity and minuteness with which some particulars
1008 Intro|             who are wallowing in the mire of ignorance. The rest of
1009 Intro|            man becomes more and more miserable; he is perpetually waging
1010 Intro|           succeeded by a second; the misery and wickedness of the world
1011 State|       sailing arrives; or they cause mishaps at sea and cast away their
1012 Intro|    proportions to his work. He makes mistakes only to correct them—this
1013 State|              appears to me to be the mistress of all lawful educators
1014 State|           soul which is over-full of modesty and has no element of courage
1015 Intro|           died by violence, in a few moments underwent a parallel change
1016 State|              are offended at the one monarch, and can never be made to
1017 State|            for other productions—the money-changer, the merchant, the ship-owner,
1018 Intro|               others like satyrs and monkeys. In this new disguise the
1019 Intro|              decline and tendency to monotony in style, the same self-consciousness,
1020 Intro|            men and animals and other monsters appearing—lions and centaurs
1021 State|                upholders of the most monstrous idols, and themselves idols;
1022      | Moreover
1023 State|             to a standstill, and the mortal nature ceased to be or look
1024 Intro|           own image may be used as a motto of his style: like an inexpert
1025 State|            and the endless irregular movements of human things, do not
1026 Intro|  disengagement of a former chaos; ‘a muddy vesture of decay’ was a
1027 Intro|              parva sapientia regitur mundus,’ and is touched with a
1028 State|             inspiration of the royal muse, can implant this opinion,
1029 Intro|              no longer tended by the Muses or the Graces. We do not
1030 Intro|            we make allowance for the mythic character of the narrative
1031 Intro|          related to the Timaeus. The mythical or cosmical element reminds
1032 Intro|            for this as for his other myths, by adopting received traditions,
1033 Intro|             in reducing them. Or our mythus may be compared to a picture,
1034 State|          hand of man. And they dwelt naked, and mostly in the open
1035 State|            for themselves, is almost nameless—shall we make a word following
1036 Intro|             tale which I am about to narrate.~There was a time when God
1037 State|            either utterly ruin their native-land or enslave and subject it
1038 State|            about the vessels and the nautical implements which are required
1039 State|            after their election they navigate vessels and heal the sick
1040 Intro|        therefore they must be carved neatly, like the limbs of a victim,
1041 Intro|             do but spring out of the necessities of mankind, when they are
1042 Intro|          stamping upon them a single negative form (compare Soph.).~The
1043 Intro|              aristocracy, or if they neglect the law, oligarchy. When
1044 Intro|      observes, and a democracy which neglects, the laws. The government
1045 State|              found somewhere in this neighbourhood.~YOUNG SOCRATES: Very true.~
1046      | nevertheless
1047 Intro|              yet it should not be so nicely balanced as to make action
1048 Intro|            to us by the study of the Nicomachean Ethics, is also first distinctly
1049 State|               continually by day and night returning and becoming assimilated
1050      | nobody
1051 State|          that he had no place in our nomenclature.~YOUNG SOCRATES: How was
1052 Intro|             the world. To the Greek, nomos was a sacred word, but the
1053 Intro|          animals into gregarious and non-gregarious, omitting the previous division
1054 State|             Socrates, we must surely notice that a great error was committed
1055 Intro|        reasons, neither of which are noticed by Plato:—first, because
1056 State|              the subjects of several novel and remarkable phenomena,
1057 Intro|           which Plato, like a modern novelist, seeks to familiarize the
1058      | nowhere
1059 Intro|              matter; there is also a numerical necessity for the successive
1060 State|           STRANGER: Suppose that the nurslings of Cronos, having this boundless
1061 State|        conception and generation and nurture; for no animal was any longer
1062 State|            nature, and who have been nurtured in noble ways, and in those
1063 State|            was aided by the pilot in nurturing the animals, the evil was
1064 Intro|          interest; no one would have obeyed him if he had. But he took
1065 State|         going to ask you whether you objected to any of my statements.
1066 Intro|            spirit; the principles of obligation and of freedom; and their
1067 State|           work of art is due to this observance of measure.~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1068 State|        striving to make one;—like an obstinate and ignorant tyrant, who
1069 Intro|         division curious results are obtained. For the dialectical art
1070 State|              YOUNG SOCRATES: That is obviously what has in some way to
1071 State|            been got rid of among the occupations already mentioned, and separated
1072 Intro|             go to war, even when the odds are against them, and are
1073 State|              is not to the point. No offence should be taken at length,
1074 State|         democracies,—because men are offended at the one monarch, and
1075 State|         parts of Hellas, the duty of offering the most solemn propitiatory
1076 Intro|         prophets, and other inferior officers. He is the wholesale dealer
1077 State|          what is to be done with the old-fashioned galleys, if they have to
1078 State|              tyrant and the king, of oligarchies, and aristocracies, and
1079 Intro|            the breed. And now, if we omit dogs, who can hardly be
1080 State|         coins, seals and stamps, are omitted, for they have not in them
1081 Intro|       gregarious and non-gregarious, omitting the previous division into
1082 Intro|            of themselves. There is a one-sided truth in these answers,
1083 Intro|              with which the dialogue opens; or the clumsy joke about
1084 State|               from the nature of the operation, the art of clothing, just
1085 State|          nature, if sharing in these opinions, becomes temperate and wise,
1086 State|           mean, and the fit, and the opportune, and the due, and with all
1087 Intro|              he would in like manner oppose men and all other animals
1088 State|           these, which are naturally opposed, she seeks to bind and weave
1089 Intro|              The evil of mere verbal oppositions, the requirement of an impossible
1090 State|               and the higher sort of oratory which is an ally of the
1091 State|              him. Wherefore God, the orderer of all, in his tender care,
1092 Intro|              are not a mere external organisation of posts or telegraphs,
1093 Intro|         importance, and metaphysical originality of the two dialogues: no
1094 Intro|           vacant mind, and may often originate new directions of enquiry.
1095 State|             we add a fifth class, of ornamentation and drawing, and of the
1096 Intro|               for those who are left outside the pale will always be
1097 Intro| self-consciousness, awkwardness, and over-civility; and in the Laws is contained
1098 State|             again, the soul which is over-full of modesty and has no element
1099 Intro|            the sign of a corrupt and overcivilized state of society, too few
1100 State|              too great haste, having overdone the several parts of their
1101 Intro|           the digressions are apt to overlay the main thesis; there is
1102 Intro|            the writer seems to be so overpowered in the effort of thought
1103 Intro|              his opinion can only be overruled, not by any principle of
1104 State|         ought this science to be the overseer and governor of all the
1105 State|             still remain and are not overthrown, though many of them, like
1106 State|          driver or groom of a single ox or horse; he is rather to
1107 State|              of a drove of horses or oxen.~YOUNG SOCRATES: Yes, I
1108 State|        SOCRATES: Very good; you have paid me the debt,—I mean, that
1109 State|             infliction of some other pain,—whether he practises out
1110 Intro|             who are left outside the pale will always be dangerous
1111 State|          which manufacture corks and papyri and cords, and provide for
1112 Intro|             have interpreted his own parable.~He touches upon another
1113 Intro|               is here described as a Paradisiacal state of human society.
1114 Intro|     disappear or may be said without paradox in some degree to confirm
1115 State|            at last to become utterly paralyzed and useless.~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1116 Intro|         interest to science (compare Parmen.). There are other passages
1117 State|              being not Statesmen but partisans, —upholders of the most
1118 State|             to those of the opposite party—and out of this many quarrels
1119 Intro|             by the observation ‘quam parva sapientia regitur mundus,’
1120 Intro|             blind with ignorance and passion, he is called a tyrant.
1121 Intro|            their rulers. The mingled pathos and satire of this remark
1122 State|             class upon all diverging paths. Thus the soul will conceive
1123 State|              what he is to suffer or pay.~YOUNG SOCRATES: He who
1124 Intro|             wise and good judge, who paying little or no regard to the
1125 State|          requiring them to bring him payments, which are a sort of tribute,
1126 Intro|              terms, though sometimes pedantic, is sometimes necessary.
1127 Intro|       Phaedrus, by ‘little invisible pegs,’ but in a confused and
1128 Intro|         Megara before and during the Peloponnesian War, of Athens under the
1129 State|           death and the most extreme penalties; and this is very right
1130 State|               deserves to suffer any penalty.~STRANGER: Yet once more,
1131 Intro|              has taken hold of whole peoples, and permanently raised
1132 State|            and what services do they perform?~STRANGER: There are heralds,
1133 State|          time to the end of the last period and came into being at the
1134 Intro|            in politics, are the most permanent.~b. Whether the best form
1135 State|              queenly power, will not permit them to train men in what
1136 Intro|              between God causing and permitting evil, and between his more
1137 Intro|          last century or of clerical persecution in the Middle Ages. But ‘
1138 Intro|         later style.~The king is the personification of political science. And
1139 State|      graciously recommended them and persuaded the multitude to pass them,
1140 State|           ally of the royal art, and persuades men to do justice, and assists
1141 Intro|             to one another; and they pervade all nature; the whole class
1142 Intro|            the Other in the Timaeus, pervades all things in the world,
1143 Intro|             see a similar opposition pervading all art and nature. But
1144 Intro|      philosophers, the causes of the perversion of states, the regulation
1145 Intro|             logical or psychological phase takes the place of the doctrine
1146 State|            as to the manner in which physic or surgical instruments
1147 Intro|      circumstances. Plato is fond of picturing the advantages which would
1148 Intro|              self-moved; neither can piety allow that he goes at one
1149 Intro|             to form and inscribed on pillars; he defined what had before
1150 State|             behave when encountering pirates, and what is to be done
1151 Intro|            men was very helpless and pitiable; for they were alone among
1152 State|     perverted by gifts, or fears, or pity, or by any sort of favour
1153 Intro|          measurement into two parts; placing in the one part all the
1154 State|         could still be made somewhat plainer.~STRANGER: O Socrates, best
1155 State|              geese and cranes in the plains of Thessaly?~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1156 State|             the art of carpentry and plaiting; and there is the process
1157 State|        shrubs unbidden, and were not planted by the hand of man. And
1158 State|         handicraft, or husbandry, or planting, or if we were to see an
1159 State|            an easy one; for there is plausibility in saying that anything
1160 State|              STRANGER: Do you know a plausible saying of the common people
1161 State|           our satyric drama has been played out; and the troop of Centaurs
1162 Intro|             there fifty good draught players, and certainly there are
1163 State|      SOCRATES: What is it?~STRANGER: Plaything is the name.~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1164 State|          persuading a multitude by a pleasing tale and not by teaching?~
1165 State|     reputation, and by the giving of pledges to one another; and out
1166 State|         couches of grass, which grew plentifully out of the earth. Such was
1167 Intro|          things. He has banished the poets, and is beginning to use
1168 State|             known, and can be easily pointed out when any one desires
1169 Intro|           appear wide asunder as the poles, astronomy and medicine,
1170 State|          there not be a true form of polity created by those who are
1171 State|            clearly the shepherd of a polled herd, who have no horns.~
1172 Intro|     stability, without admitting the populace; and such appears to have
1173 State|            preserved the record, the portent which is traditionally said
1174 Intro|             are two sides from which positive laws may be attacked:—either
1175 State|        STRANGER: And will not he who possesses this knowledge, whether
1176 State|             when an individual truly possessing knowledge rules, his name
1177 Intro|             external organisation of posts or telegraphs, hardly the
1178 Intro|          state, such a limitation is practicable or desirable; for those
1179 Intro|      statesman, master, householder, practise one art or many? As the
1180 Intro|      verisimilitude to a fiction are practised in both dialogues, and in
1181 Intro|         difficulty in the history of pre-historic man is solved. Though no
1182 Intro|            the infima species.~These precepts are not forgotten, either
1183 Intro|       Theaetetus, Plato remarks that precision in the use of terms, though
1184 State|               Of all such actions we predicate not courage, but a name
1185 State|           That one name may be fitly predicated of all of them, for none
1186 Intro|             management:—Which do you prefer? ‘No matter.’ Very good,
1187 Intro|          many or of the few is to be preferred. If by ‘the few’ we mean ‘
1188 Intro|       classes. We are warned against preferring the shorter to the longer
1189 State|            Philosopher, whichever he prefers.~STRANGER: That is my duty,
1190 Intro|            their lower interests and prejudices may sometimes be flattered
1191 State|           and mending, and the other preparatory arts which belong to the
1192 State|       carders and all the others who prepare the material for the work,
1193 Intro|             art of government, first preparing the material by education,
1194 State|             to do otherwise than was prescribed, under the idea that this
1195 State|            is the medicine which art prescribes for them, and of all the
1196 State|           side all through his life, prescribing for him the exact particulars
1197 State|           contemplated in his former prescription? Would he persist in observing
1198 State|         monarchy, when bound by good prescriptions or laws, is the best of
1199 Intro|           which are suggested by the presence of Theodorus, the geometrician.
1200 Intro|          must view him, (2) as he is presented to us in a famous ancient
1201 State|            the legislator who has to preside over the herd, and to enforce
1202 State|              they had never felt the pressure of necessity. For all these
1203 State|            rigour; for no one should presume to be wiser than the laws;
1204 Intro|            seems mainly to rest on a presumption that in Plato’s writings
1205 Intro|            forms of government which prevail in the world. To the Greek,
1206 State|             said is only designed to prevent the recurrence of any such
1207 State|              also makes things which previously did not exist.~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1208 State|             the right track; for the priest and the diviner are swollen
1209 State|             must get enrolled in the priesthood. In many parts of Hellas,
1210 State|             this was inherent in the primal nature, which was full of
1211 Intro|              the distinction between primary and co-operative causes
1212 State|            bodies of youths in their prime grew softer and smaller,
1213 Intro|           the chief of Sophists, the prince of charlatans, the most
1214 Intro|             writings; and we might a priori have expected that, if altered,
1215 State|             If such were the mode of procedure, Socrates, about these sciences
1216 State|             And now we shall only be proceeding in due order if we go on
1217 Intro|      lowering, fattening, if he only proceeds scientifically: so the true
1218 State|             yet they knew not how to procure it, because they had never
1219 State|            say that any of them is a product of the kingly art.~YOUNG
1220 Intro|           all possessions are either productive or preventive; of the preventive
1221 State|            exchange and equalise the products of husbandry and the other
1222 State|             herdsmen has a rival who professes and claims to share with
1223 State|          enforced on their pupils by professional trainers or by others having
1224 Intro|           are to be binding on these professions for all time. Suppose that
1225 Intro|             to have found an answer. Professor Campbell well observes,
1226 Intro|              lend an artful aid. The profound interest and ready assent
1227 State|       changing them?— would not this prohibition be in reality quite as ridiculous
1228 Intro|            intended to return in the projected ‘Philosopher.’~The Statesman
1229 Intro|             scepticism of mankind is prone to doubt the tales of old.
1230 State|            STRANGER: May we not very properly say, that of all knowledge,
1231 State|      interpreter, the boatswain, the prophet, and the numerous kindred
1232 Intro|      distinguishes him from heralds, prophets, and other inferior officers.
1233 State|             offering the most solemn propitiatory sacrifices is assigned to
1234 State|              spun, having a softness proportioned to the intertexture of the
1235 Intro|           give the proper colours or proportions to his work. He makes mistakes
1236 State|           what the elder Socrates is proposing?~YOUNG SOCRATES: I do.~STRANGER:
1237 Intro|            fixed rules which are the props of order, and will not swerve
1238 State|           weak and shifty creatures;—Protean shapes quickly changing
1239 State|           were in search, the art of protection against winter cold, which
1240 Intro|     dialectic. In both dialogues the Proteus Sophist is exhibited, first,
1241 Intro|           the comparison of the Laws proves that this repetition of
1242 Intro|             and however they govern, provided they govern on some scientific
1243 State|          that merchants, husbandmen, providers of food, and also training-masters
1244 State|         things which come within the province of art do certainly in some
1245 Intro|             disparage them. Plato’s ‘prudens quaestio’ respecting the
1246 Intro|           common sense. A logical or psychological phase takes the place of
1247 State|            breadthwise is said to be pulled out.~YOUNG SOCRATES: Yes.~
1248 State|              by death and exile, and punishes them with the greatest of
1249 Intro|       natures which she is to train, punishing with death and exterminating
1250 Intro|            of nature, upon which the puny arm of man hardly makes
1251 State|        STRANGER: Those who have been purchased, and have so become possessions;
1252 State|              three names—shepherding pure-bred animals. The only further
1253 State|              to the public good they purge the State by killing some,
1254 State|             rich or poor, whether he purges or reduces in some other
1255 Intro|       division (compare Phaedr.); he pursues them to a length out of
1256 Intro|            the value of metaphysical pursuits more truly expressed than
1257 State|          from some enemy of his, and puts him out of the way. And
1258 State|          land animals into biped and quadruped; and since the winged herd,
1259 Intro|     disparage them. Plato’s ‘prudens quaestio’ respecting the comparative
1260 Intro|              in favour of a property qualification; there is reason also in
1261 State|             or ships, any one who is qualified by law may inform against
1262 State|            express our praise of the quality which we admire by one word,
1263 Intro|           struck by the observation ‘quam parva sapientia regitur
1264 State|           party—and out of this many quarrels and occasions of quarrel
1265 Intro|            web. The royal science is queen of educators, and begins
1266 State|         instructors, and having this queenly power, will not permit them
1267 Intro|              two dialogues have been questioned by three such eminent Platonic
1268 State|             to lead a peaceful life, quietly doing their own business;
1269 Intro|         terms expressive of rest and quietness. We say, how manly! how
1270 Intro|          play is ended, and they may quit the political stage. Still
1271 Intro|             they took no thought for raiment, and had no beds, but lived
1272 Intro|             peoples, and permanently raised the sense of freedom and
1273 State|             have been unfortunate in raising a question about our experience
1274 State|           whether he, too, should be ranked among those who have science.~
1275 Intro|              of the rest. The higher ranks have the advantage in education
1276 State|        contented to make the ease or rapidity of an enquiry, not our first,
1277 State|          classes; going once more as rapidly as we can through all the
1278 State|           which the argument aims at reaching,—the one a speedier way,
1279 Intro|             whole on the mind of the reader. Plato apologizes for his
1280 State|           sensible images, which are readily known, and can be easily
1281 Intro|            be sadly conscious of the realities of human life. Yet the ideal
1282 Intro|              or theologian who could realize to mankind that a person
1283 State|     claimants to be the shepherd and rearer of the human flock?~YOUNG
1284 Intro|           nature, which rises up and rebels against them in the spirit
1285 Intro|             hold; the whole universe rebounded, and there was a great earthquake,
1286 State|             YOUNG SOCRATES: I do not recall what you mean at the moment.~
1287 Intro|            or ideal state, which has receded into an invisible heaven.
1288      | recent
1289 Intro|       learning his letters, the soul recognizes some of the first elements
1290 State|      counsellors who have graciously recommended them and persuaded the multitude
1291 Intro|          variance, and can hardly be reconciled. In lesser matters the antagonism
1292 Intro|           out of these human life is reconstructed. He now eats bread in the
1293 State|          tradition has preserved the record, the portent which is traditionally
1294 State|              designed to prevent the recurrence of any such disagreeables
1295 State|           poor, whether he purges or reduces in some other way, or even
1296 Intro|               and shall lose time in reducing them. Or our mythus may
1297 Intro|             which individuals may be referred, and that we must carry
1298 State|             metal; these are at last refined away by the use of tests,
1299 Intro|             must be drawn off in the refiner’s fire before the gold can
1300 Intro|         might naturally suggest such reflections. Some states he sees already
1301 Intro|             to analogies, and have a reflex influence on thought; they
1302 Intro|          time of the Crusades or the Reformation, or the French Revolution,
1303 Intro|            best and speediest way of reforming mankind. But institutions
1304 State|         force towards any one, or to refrain altogether?~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1305 State|       aristocracy; and when they are regardless of the laws, oligarchy.~
1306 Intro|        legislator who has wisdom: he regards this as the best and speediest
1307 Intro|         benevolent despot begins his regime, he finds the world hard
1308 State|              prescribe generally the regimen which will benefit the majority.~
1309 Intro|       idealism of Plato soars into a region beyond; for the laws he
1310 Intro|    observation ‘quam parva sapientia regitur mundus,’ and is touched
1311 State|              warp, and the art which regulates these operations the art
1312 State|              does not all art rather reject the bad as far as possible,
1313 State|              receives money from the relations of the sick man or from
1314 Intro|            give him a right to claim relationship with both of them. They
1315 State|             were saying before, only relatively to one another, but there
1316 State|             one having regard to the relativity of greatness and smallness
1317 Intro|              and philosophers, Plato relegates his explanation of the problem
1318 State|          respect?~STRANGER: Shall we relieve him, and take his companion,
1319 Intro|              to be made the basis of religion, the conception of a person
1320 Intro|           power, would breathe a new religious life into the world.~c.
1321 Intro|         immediate guidance, while he remained in that former cycle, the
1322 Intro|    scampering after them. For, as we remarked in discussing the Sophist,
1323 State|       vessels shall be navigated and remedies administered to the patient
1324 State|          venture to suggest this new remedy, although not contemplated
1325 State|              observe that you and I, remembering what has been said, should
1326 Intro|     intermediate classes; and we are reminded that in any process of generalization,
1327 State|              STRANGER: Thank you for reminding me; and the consequence
1328 Intro|         mythical or cosmical element reminds us of the Timaeus, the ideal
1329 State|            as we were saying, was to remodel the name, so as to have
1330 Intro|          include him as well. Having remodelled the name, we may subdivide
1331 Intro|             the means are wanting to render a benevolent power effectual.
1332 State|         truth becomes civilized, and rendered more capable of partaking
1333 State|             and immortality from the renewing hand of the Creator, and
1334 State|             a hope not lightly to be renounced.~STRANGER: Never, if I can
1335 State|            the lapse of ages, or are repeated only in a disconnected form;
1336 Intro|            the Laws proves that this repetition of his own thoughts and
1337 State|             may have been assured by report, although you have not travelled
1338 Intro|            Thus Plato may be said to represent in a figure—(1) the state
1339 Intro|            mob can hardly affect the representation of a great country. There
1340 Intro|          expecting to be governed by representatives of their own, but the true
1341 State|           felt to be too long, and I reproached myself with this, fearing
1342 State|           sentiments and honours and reputation, and by the giving of pledges
1343 Intro|       together by common honours and reputations, by intermarriages, and
1344 State|         creature, such as a crane is reputed to be, were, in imitation
1345 Intro|              verbal oppositions, the requirement of an impossible accuracy
1346 State|           them; and at the same time requiring them to bring him payments,
1347 Intro|            hands of a forger.~2. The resemblances in them to other dialogues
1348 Intro|             of our own day very much resemble their subjects in education
1349 Intro|  illustrations. The younger Socrates resembles his namesake in nothing
1350 State|           sphere to that, will still reserve a considerable field for
1351 State|              acquire, be supposed to reside? That we must discover,
1352 State|          were still without skill or resource; the food which once grew
1353 Intro|              while employing all the resources of a writer of fiction to
1354 Intro|           Plato’s ‘prudens quaestio’ respecting the comparative happiness
1355 State|              and each one was in all respects sufficient for those of
1356 Intro|           Socrates the younger shall respond in his place; Theodorus
1357 Intro|            and the too little are in restless motion: they must be fixed
1358 Intro|              into barbarism; (4) the restoration of man by the partial interference
1359 State|             they are all without the restraints of law, democracy is the
1360 Intro|          process of division curious results are obtained. For the dialectical
1361 State|             that of manufacturer and retail dealer, which parts off
1362 State|       sellers for themselves, and of retailers,—seeing, too, that the class
1363 Intro|            herald, or other officer, retails his commands to others.
1364 Intro|             first, man and the world retain their divine instincts,
1365 State|          into view followed by their retainers and a vast throng, as the
1366 State|        universe let the helm go, and retired to his place of view; and
1367 Intro|           education and breeding. On retracing our steps we find that we
1368 State|           said at first, or shall we retract our words?~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1369 Intro|     different from them, they may be reunited with the great body of the
1370 State|        Statesman? and that we cannot reveal him as he truly is in his
1371 Intro|           eye of sense, and are only revealed in thought. And all that
1372 Intro|           are attributed to a divine revelation: and so the greatest difficulty
1373 Intro|            was the highest object of reverence is an ignorant and brutal
1374 Intro|          Statesman which delights in reversing the accustomed use of words.
1375 Intro|       earlier writings of Plato is a revival of the Socratic question
1376 State|             by an inherent necessity revolves in the opposite direction.~
1377 State|           depth of voice, and of all rhythmical movement and of music in
1378 State|           consider the nature of the righteous judge.~YOUNG SOCRATES: Very
1379 State|         bonds do you mean?~STRANGER: Rights of intermarriage, and ties
1380 State|             Democracy alone, whether rigidly observing the laws or not,
1381 State|             punished with the utmost rigour; for no one should presume
1382 Intro|            the side of nature, which rises up and rebels against them
1383 Intro|        Socrates has heard of the sun rising in the west and setting
1384 State|          himself guides and helps to roll the world in its course;
1385 Intro|              and unchanged mass. The Roman world was not permanently
1386 State|            be a far greater and more ruinous error than any adherence
1387 State|          refer kings to a supreme or ruling-for-self science, leaving the rest
1388 Intro|       certain, and we are obliged to sacrifice something of their justice
1389 Intro|           satirical, and seems to be sadly conscious of the realities
1390 State|              ashore when the hour of sailing arrives; or they cause mishaps
1391 State|             became grey and died and sank into the earth again. All
1392 Intro|              observation ‘quam parva sapientia regitur mundus,’ and is
1393 State|         because it is intended to be sat upon, being always a seat
1394 Intro|               The mingled pathos and satire of this remark is characteristic
1395 State|              we are ever to discover satisfactorily the aforesaid art of weaving.~
1396 State|         termed.~STRANGER: And so our satyric drama has been played out;
1397 State|             no other way can they be saved; they will have to do what
1398 Intro|             announces himself as the saviour.~The other consideration
1399 State|              were right, because you saw that you would come to man;
1400 State|              much larger and grander scale.~YOUNG SOCRATES: What do
1401 Intro|            the king, who may be seen scampering after them. For, as we remarked
1402 Intro|         perfectly true, although the scepticism of mankind is prone to doubt
1403 Intro|         Platonic scholars as Socher, Schaarschmidt, and Ueberweg.~I. The hand
1404 Intro|          three such eminent Platonic scholars as Socher, Schaarschmidt,
1405 Intro|           the way. When a pupil at a school is asked the letters which
1406 Intro|            with the sophistry of the schools of philosophy, which are
1407 Intro|       fattening, if he only proceeds scientifically: so the true governor may
1408 Intro|              evil—what in the Jewish Scriptures is called ‘eating of the
1409 Intro|              under the chisel of the sculptor. Great changes occur in
1410 State|            separate off, and set our seal upon this, and we will set
1411 State|         peace, which is often out of season where their influence prevails,
1412 State|             sat upon, being always a seat for something.~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1413 State|             in infinite chaos, again seated himself at the helm; and
1414 Intro|             his own mind there was a secret link of connexion between
1415 Intro|               as in the Phaedrus, he secretly laughs at such stories while
1416 State|              this hornless herd into sections, and endeavour to assign
1417 State|            in no particular fails to secure their happiness.~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1418 Intro|             scientific government is secured by the rulers being many
1419 State|           with a view to the general security and improvement, the city
1420      | seemed
1421 Intro|          monotony in style, the same self-consciousness, awkwardness, and over-civility;
1422 Intro|              so the parts were to be self-created and self-nourished. At first
1423 Intro|            and lower in industry and self-denial; in every class, to a certain
1424 Intro|          separation of them, and the self-motion of the supreme Idea, are
1425 Intro|          were to be self-created and self-nourished. At first the case of men
1426 State|  fellow-sailors, even so, and in the self-same way, may there not be a
1427 State|             the retailer receive and sell over again the productions
1428 State|           spoke of manufacturers, or sellers for themselves, and of retailers,—
1429 State|  command-for-self, on the analogy of selling-for-self; an important section of
1430 State|           exercise to them all; they send them forth together, and
1431 State|             of the body corporate by sending out from the hive swarms
1432 Intro|            more, or have any similar sensations? Yet perhaps the question
1433 State|              and the woof, by common sentiments and honours and reputation,
1434 Intro|             dialogues, as that which separates all the earlier writings
1435 State|              mark how consistent the sequel of the tale is; after the
1436 State|              acting as hirelings and serfs, and too happy to turn their
1437 State|           and then we may resume our series of divisions, and proceed
1438 State|             something strange in any servant pretending to be a ruler,
1439 Intro|             burdens, and should have served in her fleets and armies.
1440 State|          would you say of some other serviceable officials?~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1441 State|               Who are they, and what services do they perform?~STRANGER:
1442 Intro|           chiefly among the class of serving-men. A good deal of meaning
1443 Intro|           sun rising in the west and setting in the east, and of the
1444 Intro|             own day is more and more severed from the actual. From such
1445 Intro|             punished with the utmost severity. And like rules might be
1446 State|           materials by stitching and sewing, of which the most important
1447 State|           has a patient, of whatever sex or age, whom he compels
1448 State|           from beginning to end, was shaken by a mighty earthquake,
1449 State|            shifty creatures;—Protean shapes quickly changing into one
1450 State|      peaceful and orderly nature, if sharing in these opinions, becomes
1451 State|              is better calculated to sharpen the wits of the auditors.
1452 Intro|           the dialectical method and sharpening the wits of the auditors.
1453 State|              so?~STRANGER: Too great sharpness or quickness or hardness
1454 State|            all that wood-cutting and shearing of every sort provides for
1455 State|        entire pieces, and the art of sheltering, and subtracted the various
1456 State|             satyrs and such weak and shifty creatures;—Protean shapes
1457 State|            over the interests of the ship and of the crew,—not by
1458 State|     money-changer, the merchant, the ship-owner, the retailer, will not
1459 State|          turning round with a sudden shock, being impelled in an opposite
1460 Intro|          states is not that they are short-lived, but that they last so long
1461 State|             the perfect State, as we showed before. But now that this
1462 State|              which grew on trees and shrubs unbidden, and were not planted
1463 Intro|            of Syracuse and the other Sicilian cities in their alternations
1464 State|       STRANGER: The workmen begin by sifting away the earth and stones
1465 State|              the ignominious name of silliness.~YOUNG SOCRATES: Quite true.~
1466 State|             within the bounds of one similarity and embraced them within
1467 Intro|             the rule of all classes, similarly under the influence of mixed
1468 State|             many another man’—in the similitude of these let us endeavour
1469 State|         lying in the earth, to life; simultaneously with the reversal of the
1470 State|          exercised over animals, not singly but collectively, which
1471 State|          quite right; for how can he sit at every man’s side all
1472 Intro|             so exhaust the political situation.~The true answer to the
1473 Intro|           common. The styles and the situations of the speakers are very
1474 State|           other arts, may I not rank sixth?~YOUNG SOCRATES: What do
1475 State|             STRANGER: Suppose that a skilful physician has a patient,
1476 State|            art, which strips off the skins of animals, and other similar
1477 State|           she bows under the yoke of slavery.~YOUNG SOCRATES: Quite right.~
1478 State|              will wrong and harm and slay whom he pleases of us; for
1479 Intro|         While the impersonal has too slender a hold upon the affections
1480 Intro|          aware that ‘comparisons are slippery things,’ and may often give
1481 Intro|           but they are brought about slowly, like the changes in the
1482 State|       violence or madness; too great slowness or gentleness is called
1483 State|            fact that it turns on the smallest pivot.~YOUNG SOCRATES: Your
1484 State|             gentleness in action, of smoothness and depth of voice, and
1485 Intro|          idealism, which attempts to soar above them,—and this is
1486 Intro|          political idealism of Plato soars into a region beyond; for
1487 Intro|         eminent Platonic scholars as Socher, Schaarschmidt, and Ueberweg.~
1488 Intro|            and slave and every other social element, and presiding over
1489 State|          more loosely spun, having a softness proportioned to the intertexture
1490 State|              others, which have been sold before?~YOUNG SOCRATES:
1491 State|             when these have a proper solemnity. Of all such actions we
1492 Intro|       expecting to obtain from him a solution of them. In such a tale,
1493 Intro|       history of pre-historic man is solved. Though no one knew better
1494      | somehow
1495 State|            class could still be made somewhat plainer.~STRANGER: O Socrates,
1496 Intro|            as in the tale of Er, the son of Armenius, he touches
1497 State|           and no one can console and soothe his own herd better than
1498 Intro|        single negative form (compare Soph.).~The Stranger begins the
1499 Intro|               the practical, (3) the sophistical—what ought to be, what might
1500 Intro|       original Sophist, but with the sophistry of the schools of philosophy,
1501 Intro|             the successive births of souls. At first, man and the world
1502 State|         STRANGER: Yes, there lay the source of error in our former division.~