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| Aristotle Categories IntraText - Concordances (Hapax - words occurring once) |
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1 1 | 1~Things are said to be named " 2 10| 10~The proposed categories 3 11| 11~That the contrary of a good 4 12| 12~There are four senses in 5 13| 13~The term "simultaneous" 6 14| 14~There are six sorts of movement: 7 15| 15~The term "to have" is used 8 2 | 2~Forms of speech are either 9 3 | 3~When one thing is predicated 10 4 | 4~Expressions which are in 11 5 | 5~Substance, in the truest 12 6 | 6~Quantity is either discrete 13 7 | 7~Those things are called 14 8 | 8~By "quality" I mean that 15 9 | 9~Action and affection both 16 10| for when he is not yet able to acquire the power of 17 8 | of these. Similarly those abnormal psychic states which are 18 10| may be either present or absent; for it is not necessary 19 8 | present in the case of an access of shame, might be a result 20 8 | of an inborn capacity to accomplish something with ease. Men 21 | according 22 7 | clearly. Even in the case of acknowledged correlatives, and where 23 11| genera, but are themselves actual genera, with terms under 24 | actually 25 7 | defined, have a correlative. I add this condition because, 26 14| other sorts of motion in addition; which as a matter of fact 27 8 | justice", give us the adjectives "white", "grammatical", " 28 5 | of an individual horse by adopting the same method of definition. 29 10| and thought, may make some advance, however slight, and if 30 10| that which has not yet advanced to the state when sight 31 7 | to details is not without advantage.~ 32 8 | sweetness has the power of affecting the sense of taste; heat, 33 10| affirmation" we mean an affirmative proposition, by "denial" 34 10| having sight.~That which is affirmed or denied is not itself 35 10| reference to correlatives is afforded by the expressions "double" 36 8 | he blushes; when he is afraid, he becomes pale, and so 37 8 | together with all that is akin to these; heat, moreover, 38 5 | although this exception may be allowed, there is, nevertheless, 39 12| writing, the letters of the alphabet are prior to the syllables. 40 1 | name and the definition answering to the name in common. A 41 15| moreover, with regard to apparel, a man being said to "have" 42 7 | he will also definitely apprehend that to which it is relative. 43 5 | subject, should not make us apprehensive lest we should have to admit 44 3 | two-footed", "winged", "aquatic", are differentiae of "animal"; 45 6 | for he would state the area which it covered. Thus the 46 6 | quantities. A man might, indeed, argue that "much" was the contrary 47 5 | clear from the following arguments (apart from others) that 48 8 | liable to such affections, arising from some concomitance of 49 6 | impossible to show that the arts of a number had a relative 50 8 | affections. When a man is ashamed, he blushes; when he is 51 5 | have a second ground for asserting that the species is more 52 4 | statements arise. For every assertion must, as is admitted, be 53 8 | capacities have no name assigned to them. In this, the inborn 54 7 | particular thing is relative, assuming that we call that a relative 55 6 | in a village, and few in Athens, although those in the city 56 8 | something with ease or to avoid defeat of any kind. Persons 57 8 | not even spoken of as a bad-tempered man, when in such circumstances 58 10| must be white or black. Badness and goodness, again, are 59 10| the man who has become bald does not regain his hair; 60 2 | colour requires a material basis), yet it is never predicable 61 5 | the species to which he belonged, than we should of an individual 62 13| point of nature, which, belonging to the same genus, are distinguished 63 | beyond 64 7 | since many creatures besides birds have wings, but qua winged 65 10| some creatures which from birth are without sight, or without 66 7 | This comes about when a blunder is made, and that to which 67 8 | said to be a constitutional blusher, nor is the man who becomes 68 7 | boat qua boat, as there are boats which have no rudders. Thus 69 5 | therefore in individual bodies, for if there were no individual 70 8 | the same disposition of bodily elements, which in the former 71 8 | temper with which a man is born and which has its origin 72 8 | name given to the runner or boxer, who is so called in virtue 73 8 | has a name, and is called "boxing" or "wrestling" as the case 74 5 | find ourselves unable to bring forward any which possessed 75 10| bad man, if he is being brought into a better way of life 76 7 | if it ceases to exist, cancels at the same time the knowledge 77 8 | any quality; for lob those capacities have no name assigned to 78 12| fact of the being of a man carries with it the truth of the 79 8 | therefore, of this kind, if caused by certain permanent and 80 4 | state; "to lance", "to cauterize", action; "to be lanced", " 81 4 | to be lanced", "to be cauterized", affection.~No one of these 82 7 | existence. Again, if all animals ceased to exist, there would be 83 8 | condition that is easily changed and quickly gives place 84 8 | all equally triangular or circular. Those, on the other hand, 85 10| intermediate. Moreover, we cited health and disease, odd 86 6 | Athens, although those in the city are many times as numerous 87 7 | another; for the mountain claims this attribute by comparison 88 8 | nothing extraordinary in classing it under both these heads.~ 89 7 | me state what I mean more clearly. Even in the case of acknowledged 90 8 | fact that its parts are closely combined with one another; 91 3 | genera are different and co-ordinate, their differentiae are 92 15| man being said to "have" a coat or tunic; or in respect 93 7 | perhaps, it is necessary to coin words, if no word exists 94 7 | perhaps be more accurate if we coined some word like "ruddered" 95 8 | produce the corresponding colouring also as a natural characteristic. 96 8 | that its parts are closely combined with one another; rare, 97 12| they honour and love as "coming first" with them. This sense 98 7 | which the animal is itself composed, exist before the animal 99 8 | relative position of the parts composing the thing thus qualified 100 7 | may perhaps most easily comprehend that to which a thing is 101 5 | exclude primary substances, we concede to species and genera alone 102 8 | which, as the quality under consideration has no name, it is impossible 103 10| so also the fact which constitutes the matter of the proposition 104 8 | shame is not said to be a constitutional blusher, nor is the man 105 8 | through fear said to be constitutionally pale. He is said rather 106 7 | is doubtless our duty to construct names. When the terminology 107 10| predicated, must necessarily contain either the one or the other 108 7 | the existence of which was contemporaneous with that of its object.~ 109 5 | contrary qualities, his contention is unsound. For statements 110 7 | was its correlative, the converse of this is not true. It 111 12| allege that he is true, and conversely, if the proposition wherein 112 5 | alone of all the predicates convey a knowledge of primary substance. 113 9 | cooling, being heated of being cooled, being glad of being vexed. 114 9 | Heating is the contrary of cooling, being heated of being cooled, 115 15| said to "have" wine, and a corn-measure wheat. The expression in 116 7 | it is essential that the correlated terms should be exactly 117 6 | Similarly with number: in counting, "one" is prior to "two", 118 1 | word "grammar", and the courageous man from the word "courage".~ 119 10| The case is the same, of course, with regard to "positives" 120 5 | determinate qualification covers a larger field in the case 121 11| is disease, of courage, cowardice, and so on. But the contrary 122 8 | because it is straight or curved; in fact a thing’s shape 123 8 | besides this, straightness and curvedness and any other qualities 124 9 | of position when we were dealing with that of relation, and 125 10| have, then, been adequately dealt with.~We must next explain 126 8 | has its origin in certain deep-seated affections is called a quality. 127 8 | something with ease or to avoid defeat of any kind. Persons are 128 11| sometimes an evil. For defect, which is an evil, has excess 129 8 | this type; each of these defines a thing as being such and 130 6 | Indeed, it seems that in defining contraries of every kind 131 12| For in sciences which use demonstration there is that which is prior 132 10| That which is affirmed or denied is not itself affirmation 133 8 | apply the names used to denote the other categories; for 134 7 | interdependence if one of the two is denoted, not by that name which 135 8 | these terms. A thing is dense, owing to the fact that 136 8 | qualification of it.~Rarity and density, roughness and smoothness, 137 1 | Things are said to be named "derivatively", which derive their name 138 8 | their name from them as derivatives, or are in some other way 139 1 | termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the word " 140 5 | we use the term "man" in describing the individual; and the 141 5 | was animal, for the former description is peculiar to the individual 142 7 | terms should be exactly designated; if there is a name existing, 143 7 | questions with regard to details is not without advantage.~ 144 5 | further, but species and genus determine the quality with reference 145 5 | substance qualitatively differentiated. The determinate qualification 146 13| one and the same method of differentiation.~But genera are prior to 147 8 | of variation of degree, difficulties might ensue, and this is 148 7 | some explanation of the dilemma may be found.~The former 149 10| however, change in both directions is impossible. There may 150 12| two" exists, it follows directly that "one" must exist, but 151 7 | correlation will be found to have disappeared.~For suppose the correlative 152 6 | it would be impossible to discover any distinct position for 153 8 | that, though proposing to discuss the category of quality, 154 6 | when substance was being discussed, that nothing admits contrary 155 10| is healthy should become diseased, that which is white, black, 156 8 | enables it to withstand disintegration; softness, again, is predicated 157 8 | and almost impossible to dislodge: in which case we should 158 8 | and so on, are not easily dislodged or dismissed, so as to give 159 8 | not easily dislodged or dismissed, so as to give place to 160 8 | There are some, indeed, who dispute the possibility of variation 161 6 | by the greatest possible distance.~Quantity does not, it appears, 162 6 | it would be possible to distinguish each, and to state the position 163 8 | quality.~We must not be disturbed because it may be argued 164 13| the water species, can be divided again into subspecies. Those 165 13| one and the same method of division. Thus the "winged" species 166 | done 167 7 | will be easy; if not, it is doubtless our duty to construct names. 168 14| is the contrary of motion downwards and vice versa.~In the case 169 8 | qualities. For pallor and duskiness of complexion are called 170 7 | not, it is doubtless our duty to construct names. When 171 8 | capacity of resistance which enables it to withstand disintegration; 172 | END 173 8 | degree, difficulties might ensue, and this is true with regard 174 10| time, when the words which enter into opposed statements 175 5 | becomes cold, for it has entered into a different state. 176 5 | the fact that they are the entities which underlie every. else, 177 8 | that while the latter in ephemeral, the former is permanent 178 6 | right claim the quantitative epithet. For instance, should any 179 7 | something else does not make it essentially relative.~From this it is 180 10| change him completely and establish him in the contrary state, 181 8 | parts lie, so to speak, evenly; rough, because some parts 182 10| is not true to say that everybody must be white or black. 183 7 | correlated terms should be exactly designated; if there is 184 7 | without more exhaustive examination, but to have raised questions 185 8 | generally the case, there are exceptions. For if we should say that 186 11| defect, which is an evil, has excess for its contrary, this also 187 5 | all that remains, when we exclude primary substances, we concede 188 7 | positive statement without more exhaustive examination, but to have 189 8 | one and the same thing may exhibit a quality in a greater degree 190 12| the case of speeches, the exordium is prior in order to the 191 8 | actually possess: we are called experts because we possess knowledge 192 5 | are not substances: for in explaining the phrase "being present 193 8 | and so on.~The qualities expressed by the terms "triangular" 194 7 | not by that name which expresses the correlative notion, 195 6 | surface over which the white extends is large; we speak of an 196 5 | herein using a word of wider extension than he who uses the word " 197 8 | there would be nothing extraordinary in classing it under both 198 10| that which is not either extreme, as in the case of that 199 6 | nothing is farther from the extremities of the universe than the 200 10| blindness have reference to the eye. It is a universal rule 201 8 | with all other contraries falling under the category of quality.~ 202 12| word is perhaps the most far-fetched.~Such, then, are the different 203 6 | is so, because nothing is farther from the extremities of 204 8 | who becomes pale through fear said to be constitutionally 205 8 | category its distinctive feature. One thing is like another 206 3 | genus "knowledge". "With feet", "two-footed", "winged", " 207 14| so it is with all other figures of this sort. Alteration 208 8 | being more lasting and more firmly established. The various 209 15| a part of us, as hand or foot. The term refers also to 210 5 | ourselves unable to bring forward any which possessed this 211 6 | Time, past, present, and future, forms a continuous whole. 212 6 | at any boundary. Nor, to generalize, would it ever be possible 213 7 | remain.~Again, perception is generated at the same time as the 214 13| applied to those things the genesis of the one of which is simultaneous 215 12| is posterior in order; in geometry, the elements are prior 216 9 | heated of being cooled, being glad of being vexed. Thus they 217 14| square, for instance, if a gnomon is applied to it, undergoes 218 8 | which case we should perhaps go so far as to call it a habit.~ 219 10| past; and as this process goes on, it will change him completely 220 10| white or black. Badness and goodness, again, are predicated of 221 1 | in termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the 222 6 | class, are separated by the greatest possible distance.~Quantity 223 5 | genus. Thus we have a second ground for asserting that the species 224 10| bald does not regain his hair; the man who has lost his 225 7 | double", the double of its hall; by "half", the half of 226 7 | are related is stated as haphazard and not accurately, the 227 8 | Further, if anything should happen to fall within both the 228 6 | contrary to themselves. For it happens at times that the same thing 229 6 | which does not abide can hardly have position. It would 230 7 | correlative of that which is "headed", than as that of an animal, 231 9 | of variation of degree. Heating is the contrary of cooling, 232 5 | this same opinion, if still held, will be false. Yet although 233 | herein 234 | himself 235 10| state, provided he is not hindered by lack of time. In the 236 12| speak of those whom they honour and love as "coming first" 237 12| which is better and more honourable is said to have a natural 238 1 | in the one case would be identical with that in the other.~ 239 7 | knowledge, too, has a contrary, ignorance. But this is not the mark 240 12| proposition that he is, and the implication is reciprocal: for if a 241 12| older" and "more ancient" imply greater length of time.~ 242 10| slight, and if he should once improve, even ever so little, it 243 10| virtue, however small the improvement was at first. It is, therefore, 244 7 | the original statement was inaccurate, for the wing is not said 245 2 | present in a whole, but being incapable of existence apart from 246 8 | It is evident that men incline to call those conditions 247 5 | those which, as genera, include the species. For instance, 248 8 | healthy or sickly: in fact it includes all those terms which refer 249 8 | However that may be, it is an incontrovertible fact that the things which 250 7 | He will not merely know indefinitely that it is more beautiful 251 10| be blind, and that in an indeterminate sense, signifying that the 252 5 | the term "white"; "white" indicates quality and nothing further, 253 5 | primary substance this is indisputably true, for the thing is a 254 11| good is an evil is shown by induction: the contrary of health 255 8 | constitution, it is a probable inference that he has the corresponding 256 8 | resistance to those unhealthy influences that may ordinarily arise; 257 8 | mean such conditions as insanity, irascibility, and so on: 258 9 | state, since they are easily intelligible, I say no more about them 259 7 | for each, there will be no interdependence if one of the two is denoted, 260 8 | rare, because there are interstices between the parts; smooth, 261 6 | these alone, are in their intrinsic nature quantities; nothing 262 8 | disposition has itself become inveterate and almost impossible to 263 7 | annihilation of perception does not involve that of the perceptible. 264 8 | conditions as insanity, irascibility, and so on: for people are 265 8 | people are said to be mad or irascible in virtue of these. Similarly 266 8 | qualities. Suppose that a man is irritable when vexed: he is not even 267 4 | shod", "armed", state; "to lance", "to cauterize", action; " 268 4 | cauterize", action; "to be lanced", "to be cauterized", affection.~ 269 8 | dispositions also, unless through lapse of time a disposition has 270 5 | determinate qualification covers a larger field in the case of the 271 6 | taken, to the effect that it lasted a year, or something of 272 2 | predicable of grammar.~There is, lastly, a class of things which 273 1 | figure in a picture can both lay claim to the name "animal"; 274 8 | the case with grammatical learning and all those qualities 275 | least 276 12| more ancient" imply greater length of time.~Secondly, one thing 277 6 | an action or a process as lengthy, because the time covered 278 3 | class is predicated of the lesser, so that all the differentiae 279 5 | not make us apprehensive lest we should have to admit 280 12| reading and writing, the letters of the alphabet are prior 281 8 | when a man is by nature liable to such affections, arising 282 6 | to each other, for each lies somewhere, and it would 283 8 | to quality, the fact that likeness and unlikeness can be predicated 284 6 | and speech; of continuous, lines, surfaces, solids, and, 285 15| simply that the husband lives with the wife.~Other senses 286 8 | that of any quality; for lob those capacities have no 287 8 | in such circumstances he loses his temper somewhat, but 288 10| his hair; the man who has lost his teeth does not grow 289 12| those whom they honour and love as "coming first" with them. 290 8 | for people are said to be mad or irascible in virtue of 291 8 | of variation here. They maintain that justice and health 292 5 | else, though it might be maintained that a statement or opinion 293 5 | present in any subject: for manhood is not present in the individual 294 4 | category of relation; "in a the market place", "in the Lyceum", 295 2 | body (for colour requires a material basis), yet it is never 296 6 | quantity is evident: for it is measured in long and short syllables. 297 10| in such cases it is one member of the pair determinately, 298 8 | displace, unless some great mental upheaval takes place, through 299 6 | have recourse to a spatial metaphor, for they say that those 300 8 | when acquired only in a moderate degree, is, it is agreed, 301 7 | and "unequal", have the modifications "more" and "less" applied 302 8 | the former instance was momentarily present in the case of an 303 10| becomes more and more easily moved to virtue, however small 304 | namely 305 12| is prior in order to the narrative.~Besides these senses of 306 14| for that which is affected need not suffer either increase 307 | next 308 10| if Socrates is altogether non-existent.~But in the case of affirmation 309 7 | external reference. It is to be noted that lying and standing 310 7 | expresses the correlative notion, but by one of irrelevant 311 | nowhere 312 10| other should be present in numbers. Now there is no intermediate 313 6 | the city are many times as numerous as those in the village: 314 6 | definite quantities this is obvious; thus, there is nothing 315 7 | such because of its wings.~Occasionally, perhaps, it is necessary 316 6 | of space also, which are occupied by the parts of the solid, 317 6 | for the parts of a solid occupy a certain space, and these 318 5 | because this modification occurs in the case of something 319 | often 320 15| found, but the most ordinary ones have all been enumerated.~ 321 10| black. These two types of opposition are therefore distinct. 322 12| the case of science and of oratory. For in sciences which use 323 8 | unhealthy influences that may ordinarily arise; unhealthy, in virtue 324 15| perhaps be found, but the most ordinary ones have all been enumerated.~ 325 8 | is born and which has its origin in certain deep-seated affections 326 7 | The reason is that the original statement was inaccurate, 327 8 | of them, not only if they originate in natural constitution, 328 | otherwise 329 | out 330 10| me sketch my meaning in outline. An instance of the use 331 6 | those in the theatre far outnumber those in the house. The 332 7 | with reference to anything outside themselves. Wood, again, 333 8 | terms. A thing is dense, owing to the fact that its parts 334 8 | affective qualities. For pallor and duskiness of complexion 335 12| natural priority. In common parlance men speak of those whom 336 7 | perception implies a body perceived and a body in which perception 337 7 | at the same time as the perceiving subject, for it comes into 338 7 | also is annihilated, but perceptibles such as body, heat, sweetness, 339 6 | another set. Again, one period of time is not said to be 340 8 | avoid defeat of any kind. Persons are called good boxers or 341 5 | substances: for in explaining the phrase "being present in a subject", 342 1 | real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to the 343 15| we are said to "have" a piece of knowledge or a virtue. 344 5 | by mentioning the genus "plant".~Moreover, primary substances 345 6 | space that quantity most plausibly appears to admit of a contrary. 346 11| Socrates was ill could not possibly be one.~It is plain that 347 8 | dispositions were relative. In practically all such cases the genus 348 5 | for these alone of all the predicates convey a knowledge of primary 349 5 | For instance, "man" is predicted of the individual man. Now 350 8 | such by reason of their presence. Honey is called sweet because 351 12| is said to have a natural priority. In common parlance men 352 8 | his constitution, it is a probable inference that he has the 353 8 | qualities are capable of producing an "affection" in the way 354 8 | rough, because some parts project beyond others.~There may 355 6 | when once a syllable is pronounced, it is not possible to retain 356 5 | instructive account, and one more proper to the subject, by stating 357 8 | may be argued that, though proposing to discuss the category 358 7 | difficult, if not impossible, to prove that no substance is relative. 359 10| him in the contrary state, provided he is not hindered by lack 360 8 | Similarly those abnormal psychic states which are not inborn, 361 5 | they signify substance qualitatively differentiated. The determinate 362 7 | before perception.~It may be questioned whether it is true that 363 7 | examination, but to have raised questions with regard to details is 364 7 | examination, but to have raised questions with regard to 365 8 | combined with one another; rare, because there are interstices 366 8 | to a qualification of it.~Rarity and density, roughness and 367 10| subject. For when a thing has reached the stage when it is by 368 12| to the propositions; in reading and writing, the letters 369 1 | differs for each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture 370 8 | these, it would appear, really belong to a class different 371 12| in any way the cause may reasonably be said to be by nature " 372 10| sight. Relatives, moreover, reciprocate; if blindness, therefore, 373 6 | contraries of every kind men have recourse to a spatial metaphor, for 374 8 | no more a circle than the rectangle, for to neither is the definition 375 8 | is not always the case. Red, yellow, and such colours, 376 8 | includes all those terms which refer to inborn capacity or incapacity. 377 8 | such and such a "habit" as regards knowledge, yet they are 378 5 | substance itself.~Let these remarks suffice on the subject of 379 15| this appears to be the most remote meaning of the term, for 380 2 | in the body (for colour requires a material basis), yet it 381 5 | remain unaltered in all respects: it is by the alteration 382 8 | they themselves are the results of an affection. It is plain 383 6 | pronounced, it is not possible to retain it, so that, naturally, 384 5 | selfsame substance, while retaining its identity, is yet capable 385 10| other, while the subject retains its identity, unless indeed 386 8 | displace; for those who are not retentive of knowledge, but volatile, 387 15| part of ourselves, as a ring on the hand: or in respect 388 8 | shape in every case gives rise to a qualification of it.~ 389 8 | lie, so to speak, evenly; rough, because some parts project 390 4 | affection. To sketch my meaning roughly, examples of substance are " 391 8 | it.~Rarity and density, roughness and smoothness, seem to 392 7 | are boats which have no rudders. Thus we cannot use the 393 8 | instance, the name given to the runner or boxer, who is so called 394 8 | properly so called have, we may safely say, been enumerated.~These, 395 12| science and of oratory. For in sciences which use demonstration 396 7 | To lie, to stand, to be seated, are not themselves attitudes, 397 5 | the genus. Thus we have a second ground for asserting that 398 12| greater length of time.~Secondly, one thing is said to be " 399 7 | relative. Indeed this is self-evident: for if a man knows that 400 8 | also, such as justice, self-restraint, and so on, are not easily 401 5 | substance. But one and the selfsame substance, while retaining 402 6 | within the same class, are separated by the greatest possible 403 6 | separate; the parts three and seven also do not join at any 404 | shall 405 6 | it would be impossible to show that the arts of a number 406 11| of a good is an evil is shown by induction: the contrary 407 6 | is at the same time both sick and healthy, nothing is 408 8 | or runners, or healthy or sickly: in fact it includes all 409 10| an indeterminate sense, signifying that the capacity may be 410 6 | inequality but rather in terms of similarity. Thus it is the distinctive 411 15| by the use of it we mean simply that the husband lives with 412 14| 14~There are six sorts of movement: generation, 413 6 | way, he would explain the size of a white object in terms 414 5 | call an individual man "skilled in grammar", the predicate 415 8 | corresponding complexion of skin. For the same disposition 416 10| make some advance, however slight, and if he should once improve, 417 8 | interstices between the parts; smooth, because its parts lie, 418 8 | and density, roughness and smoothness, seem to be terms indicating 419 7 | be relative; for if the so-called correlative is not winged, 420 6 | continuous, lines, surfaces, solids, and, besides these, time 421 | somehow 422 8 | circumstances he loses his temper somewhat, but rather is said to be 423 | somewhere 424 7 | great in comparison with son with another; for the mountain 425 8 | Sweetness, bitterness, sourness, are examples of this sort 426 6 | kind men have recourse to a spatial metaphor, for they say that 427 12| Similarly, in the case of speeches, the exordium is prior in 428 8 | rendered ineffective or speedily removed, are called, not 429 9 | to these categories.~We spoke, moreover, of the category 430 7 | Thus, in the case of the squaring of the circle, if indeed 431 10| a thing has reached the stage when it is by nature capable 432 5 | characteristic of all sub. stance that it is never present 433 7 | relative term. To lie, to stand, to be seated, are not themselves 434 7 | be noted that lying and standing and sitting are particular 435 8 | or again because it is straight or curved; in fact a thing’ 436 8 | thing; and besides this, straightness and curvedness and any other 437 5 | common characteristic of all sub. stance that it is never 438 3 | But where one genus is subordinate to another, there is nothing 439 12| exists: thus the sequence subsisting cannot be reversed. It is 440 13| can be divided again into subspecies. Those species, then, also 441 10| faculty or possession has suffered privation when the faculty 442 5 | itself.~Let these remarks suffice on the subject of substance.~ 443 5 | admitting contrary qualities.~To sum up, it is a distinctive 444 8 | through long disease or sunburn, and are difficult to remove, 445 7 | For instance, the word "superior" is explained by reference 446 7 | something else, for it is superiority over something else that 447 7 | beautiful, for this would be supposition, not knowledge. For if he 448 7 | animal. But the perceptible surely exists before perception; 449 6 | speech; of continuous, lines, surfaces, solids, and, besides these, 450 6 | abiding existence: when once a syllable is pronounced, it is not 451 6 | made in terms of the time taken, to the effect that it lasted 452 | taking 453 8 | of affecting the sense of taste; heat, that of touch; and 454 8 | result of a man’s natural temperament, so as to produce the corresponding 455 1 | name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the grammarian derives 456 5 | contrary quality comes to be theirs. The statement "he is sitting" 457 5 | belongs is "animal"; these, therefore-that is to say, the species " 458 5 | opinions. For if any one thinks truly that a person is sitting, 459 | throughout 460 | together 461 8 | of taste; heat, that of touch; and so it is with the rest 462 | towards 463 8 | which the definition of the triangle or circle is applicable 464 7 | relatives; "double" and "triple" have no contrary, nor indeed 465 5 | 5~Substance, in the truest and primary and most definite 466 15| said to "have" a coat or tunic; or in respect of something 467 11| and again, if everything turns white, there will be white, 468 10| of the black. These two types of opposition are therefore 469 5 | we should find ourselves unable to bring forward any which 470 14| gnomon is applied to it, undergoes increase but not alteration, 471 14| Similarly that which was undergoing the process of increase 472 10| reference to the eye. It is a universal rule that each of a pair 473 6 | from the extremities of the universe than the region at the centre. 474 5 | stated above that the word "univocal" was applied to those things 475 | unlike 476 8 | the fact that likeness and unlikeness can be predicated with reference 477 13| are "simultaneous" in the unqualified sense of the word which 478 5 | qualities, his contention is unsound. For statements and opinions 479 | up 480 8 | unless some great mental upheaval takes place, through disease 481 8 | derivative. For instance, the upright man takes his character 482 14| its contrary; thus motion upwards is the contrary of motion 483 | using 484 7 | knowledge itself, for it is usually the case that we acquire 485 8 | man is said to be better versed in grammar, or more healthy 486 15| content, as in the case of a vessel and wheat, or of a jar and 487 8 | disease or any such cause. The virtues, also, such as justice, 488 10| to acquire the power of vision, both are false, as also 489 6 | here that speech which is vocal. Moreover, it is a discrete 490 8 | retentive of knowledge, but volatile, are not said to have such 491 5 | being warm, is said to be warmer or less warm than at some 492 6 | is qualified in contrary ways at one and the same time.~ 493 7 | possibility, for neither wholes nor parts of primary substances 494 | whose 495 5 | is herein using a word of wider extension than he who uses 496 8 | resistance which enables it to withstand disintegration; softness, 497 8 | may say, either better or worse, towards knowledge. Thus 498 8 | are called, e.g. boxers or wrestlers. Such a science is classed 499 8 | and is called "boxing" or "wrestling" as the case may be, and 500 12| propositions; in reading and writing, the letters of the alphabet 501 8 | not always the case. Red, yellow, and such colours, though 502 4 | under that of place; "yesterday", "last year", under that 503 | you