Book, Paragraph

  1   I,  1 |          may call common to air and water, and the kinds and parts
  2   I,  2 |          four bodies are fire, air, water, earth. Fire occupies the
  3   I,  2 |          air being nearest to fire, water to earth. The whole world
  4   I,  3 |           akin to these.~Fire, air, water, earth, we assert, originate
  5   I,  3 |        individual stars. As for the water, it is not observed to exist
  6   I,  3 |           see, and any subterranean water that may be hidden from
  7   I,  3 |        includes the whole volume of water) is infinitesimal in comparison
  8   I,  3 |         proportionately great where water dissolves into air or air
  9   I,  3 |             given small quantity of water and the air that is generated
 10   I,  3 |             and the total amount of water. Nor does it make any difference
 11   I,  3 |           to these questions.~Since water is generated from air, and
 12   I,  3 |    generated from air, and air from water, why are clouds not formed
 13   I,  3 |             it is not all air which water is generated, or, if it
 14   I,  3 |            why it condenses back to water again. But if the whole
 15   I,  3 |            the amount of air and of water will be disproportionately
 16   I,  3 |        fills it must be air and the water that surrounds the whole
 17   I,  3 |            whole earth-vapour being water dissolved.~After this exposition
 18   I,  3 |           round it we get earth and water, the heaviest and coldest
 19   I,  3 |          vapour is potentially like water, the exhalation potentially
 20   I,  3 |           air is not condensed into water.~But whenever a particle
 21   I,  3 |           air is not condensed into water, and what account must be
 22   I,  6 |            tropics it does not draw water to itself because that region
 23   I,  7 |            readily to condense into water.-But this phenomenon too
 24   I,  8 |           way reflected at night in water and similar mirrors. But
 25   I,  9 |             is the region common to water and air, and the processes
 26   I,  9 |          attending the formation of water above take place in it.
 27   I,  9 |             and turns from air into water. And after the water has
 28   I,  9 |           into water. And after the water has formed it falls down
 29   I,  9 |            earth.~The exhalation of water is vapour: air condensing
 30   I,  9 |         vapour: air condensing into water is cloud. Mist is what is
 31   I,  9 |         when a cloud condenses into water, and is therefore rather
 32   I,  9 |            partly of air, partly of water. When the sun is near, the
 33   I,  9 |           it recedes, the stream of water flows down: and the order
 34   I,  9 |             special names. When the water falls in small drops it
 35   I,  10|           that is raising it to the water that is being raised is
 36   I,  10|          before it has condensed to water again it is hoar-frost;
 37   I,  10|           vapour has condensed into water and the heat is not so great
 38   I,  10|     obviously vapour is warmer than water, having still the fire that
 39   I,  10|           is allowed to accumulate.~Water, once formed, does not freeze
 40   I,  12|       paradoxical.~Hail is ice, and water freezes in winter; yet hailstorms
 41   I,  12|         there is a difficulty about water freezing in the upper region.
 42   I,  12|         have frozen before becoming water: and water cannot remain
 43   I,  12|          before becoming water: and water cannot remain suspended
 44   I,  12|            and rest on the iar (the water swimming on the air just
 45   I,  12|        earth and gold often swim on water). In that case large drops
 46   I,  12|          upon its arrival there the water freezes. They think that
 47   I,  12|           the cloud to go over into water suddenly. (For this reason
 48   I,  12|        violent in proportion as the water comes down in a body, and
 49   I,  12|          outer heat, it freezes the water it has formed and there
 50   I,  12|             than the descent of the water. For if the water falls
 51   I,  12|            of the water. For if the water falls in a certain time
 52   I,  12|             said.~The fact that the water has previously been warmed
 53   I,  12|          when they want to cool hot water quickly, begin by putting
 54   I,  12|            and then fish) pour warm water round their reeds that it
 55   I,  12|      countries and seasons that the water which forms soon grows warm.~
 56   I,  13|             again becomes cloud and water, implying that the nature
 57   I,  13|         that the nature of wind and water is the same. So they define
 58   I,  13|              It is thought that the water is raised by the sun and
 59   I,  13|            from a different one. No water at all is generated, but
 60   I,  13|          the rivers consists of the water that is gathered into such
 61   I,  13|    reservoir is large and so enough water has collected in it to last
 62   I,  13|           are smaller there is less water in the rivers, and they
 63   I,  13|           reservoir adequate to the water that is continuously flowing
 64   I,  13|          consider the amount of the water, it is obvious that a receptacle
 65   I,  13|          that is to contain all the water that flows in the year would
 66   I,  13|           to admit that air becomes water in the earth for the same
 67   I,  13|       vaporous air to condense into water above the earth we must
 68   I,  13|           out of it actually formed water, but that water is continually
 69   I,  13|     actually formed water, but that water is continually forming in
 70   I,  13|             even in the case of the water that is not being formed
 71   I,  13|            others, till finally the water descends in a body as rain,
 72   I,  13|       suppose that in the earth the water at first trickles together
 73   I,  13|           aqueduct they collect the water in pipes and trenches, as
 74   I,  13|            ground were sweating the water out. Hence, too, the head-waters
 75   I,  13|        whereas if we except rivers, water rarely appears in the plains.
 76   I,  13|          saturated sponge, make the water ooze out and trickle together
 77   I,  13|             receive a great deal of water falling as rain (for it
 78   I,  13|           and condense it back into water.~Hence, as we said, we find
 79   I,  13|            fed by actually existing water only and it were not the
 80   I,  13|           not the case that as some water passed out of existence
 81   I,  13|          that a place transmits the water it contains by gradual percolation
 82   I,  13|            containing a quantity of water like lakes: only they cannot
 83   I,  13|          that rivers drew all their water from the sources we see (
 84   I,  13|         contain the whole volume of water than these springs.~That
 85   I,  13|            these places get full of water, and this, having no outlet,
 86   I,  13|           under the pressure of the water that is added above, finds
 87   I,  13|          land, there comes up sweet water over a large area, not all
 88   I,  14|             a longer time since the water always lies most in the
 89   I,  14|        formerly barren owing to the water has now become fruitful.
 90   I,  14|          formerly were covered with water. But the opposite is true
 91   I,  14|            and keep and create most water: whereas if the mountains
 92   I,  14|           should mix with the river water and spoil it. So it is clear
 93   I,  14|           but in course of time the water that was left behind in
 94  II,  1 |            why such a large mass of water is salt and the way in which
 95  II,  1 |           due to the earth. Just as water strained through ashes becomes
 96  II,  1 |             stationary. All flowing water has springs. (By a spring,
 97  II,  1 |            first point at which the water which is continually forming
 98  II,  1 |    percolating gathers.) Stationary water is either that which has
 99  II,  1 |         above the outlet. Hence the water from fountains and rivers
100  II,  1 |             artificial; whereas all water from springs must belong
101  II,  1 |           of them. Natural standing water from springs is never found
102  II,  1 |              the greatest volume of water flows from the higher regions
103  II,  2 |           original and main body of water is this. It seems reasonable
104  II,  2 |            analogous in the case of water. But here we can find no
105  II,  2 |     elements, except the sea. River water is not a unity, nor is it
106  II,  2 |       source of moisture and of all water. And so we find it maintained
107  II,  2 |         originate from it, the salt water becoming sweet by filtration.~
108  II,  2 |         difficulty. If this body of water is the origin and source
109  II,  2 |            origin and source of all water, why is it salt and not
110  II,  2 |          The earth is surrounded by water, just as that is by the
111  II,  2 |             the finest and sweetest water is every day carried up
112  II,  2 |           this is like fire heating water. So, as the fire is not
113  II,  2 |          the fire is not fed by the water above it, it is absurd to
114  II,  2 |            if its heat made all the water in the world evaporate.
115  II,  2 |           we always plainly see the water that has been carried up
116  II,  2 |            is generated but becomes water again and so perishes; on
117  II,  2 |           of it condensed back into water.~The drinkable, sweet water,
118  II,  2 |         water.~The drinkable, sweet water, then, is light and is all
119  II,  2 |            of it drawn up: the salt water is heavy and remains behind,
120  II,  2 |        about the natural place that water, like the other elements,
121  II,  2 |           natural place but that of water. It seems to belong to the
122  II,  2 |      because the weight of the salt water makes it remain there, while
123  II,  2 |          while the sweet, drinkable water which is light is carried
124  II,  2 |             we say, is the place of water. Hence all rivers and all
125  II,  2 |        Hence all rivers and all the water that is generated flow into
126  II,  2 |         generated flow into it: for water flows into the deepest place,
127  II,  2 |         question why such a mass of water leaves no trace anywhere (
128  II,  2 |            easy. The same amount of water does not take as long to
129  II,  2 |         were to spread out a cup of water over a large table. This
130  II,  2 |         time they are flowing their water forms a compact mass, but
131  II,  2 |           called Tartarus-a mass of water about the centre, from which
132  II,  2 |           This primary and original water is always surging to and
133  II,  2 |         that all motion is upwards. Water gets its tastes and colours
134  II,  2 |     impossible. Again, where is the water that is generated and what
135  II,  2 |      ignored, since the quantity of water is always the same and all
136  II,  2 |         always the same and all the water that flows out from the
137  II,  2 |             is the natural place of water and not of the sea, and
138  II,  2 |            and to explain why sweet water is only found in rivers,
139  II,  2 |         found in rivers, while salt water is stationary, and to show
140  II,  2 |           rather than the source of water, analogous to the residual
141  II,  3 |           must either deny that the water raised by the sun will return
142  II,  3 |           period of time that sweet water must have been carried up
143  II,  3 |          before that can happen the water that has gone up beforehand
144  II,  3 |           it will draw up the sweet water as we have said whenever
145  II,  3 |             the whole mass of sweet water is due to the admixture
146  II,  3 |            sea is the same once the water that evaporated has returned,
147  II,  3 |            was so; and why, if salt water was drawn up then, that
148  II,  3 |       effect in a great quantity of water and not in each river singly?
149  II,  3 |        simply the totality of river water, and the rivers are the
150  II,  3 |     admixture of something, as when water is strained through ashes.
151  II,  3 |            these cases (as with the water strained through lye) to
152  II,  3 |           something earthy with the water is what makes the sea salt.~
153  II,  3 |            such a great quantity of water; especially as that must
154  II,  3 |          change, like air and sweet water and fire? All of these are
155  II,  3 |      included in the clouds and the water that are formed by condensation,
156  II,  3 |       brackish because the heaviest water must fall first; so that
157  II,  3 |             drawn up with the sweet water. This is less than the sweet
158  II,  3 |         This is less than the sweet water in the same ratio in which
159  II,  3 |         constant on the whole. Salt water when it turns into vapour
160  II,  3 |           vapour does not form salt water when it condenses again.
161  II,  3 |          into a liquid state become water. They all are water modified
162  II,  3 |          become water. They all are water modified by a certain admixture,
163  II,  3 |             it sink below the sweet water. This process prevents the
164  II,  3 |             a way as to prevent any water getting in. Then the water
165  II,  3 |          water getting in. Then the water that percolates through
166  II,  3 |        admixture of which makes the water salt, being separated off
167  II,  3 |          this stuff which make salt water heavy (it weighs more than
168  II,  3 |           it weighs more than fresh water) and thick. The difference
169  II,  3 |            some earthy stuff in the water which makes it salt. In
170  II,  3 |             is a spring of brackish water that flows into a neighbouring
171  II,  3 |           They boil off some of the water and let the rest stand;
172  II,  3 |           these, put the ashes into water and boil it off. When a
173  II,  3 |          boil it off. When a little water is left and has cooled it
174  II,  3 |             the kind, and the fresh water percolates through these
175  II,  3 |            they get a salt and acid water which they use as vinegar
176  II,  3 |           there is a spring of acid water, and in Scythia a bitter
177  II,  3 |        Scythia a bitter spring. The water from this makes the whole
178  II,  4 |           raised condense back into water which falls and is distributed
179  II,  4 |          when it condenses again is water. Air, as we have explained
180  II,  4 |             because it derives from water it is naturally cold, like
181  II,  4 |             is naturally cold, like water that has not been warmed):
182  II,  4 |           of rivers. We do not call water that flows anyhow a river,
183  II,  4 |       vapour form and condense into water. Water also forms and cools
184  II,  4 |            and condense into water. Water also forms and cools the
185  II,  4 |             from the solstices, and water ascends and falls again
186  II,  4 |       derive their sources from the water that oozes from the earth.
187  II,  5 |           regions which are full of water and snow. The sun thaws
188  II,  5 |          that region that it has no water, or snow which might melt
189  II,  6 |          the north. Also, much more water and snow is pushed aside
190  II,  7 |           that the earth is full of water and that when a quantity
191  II,  7 |       unable to admit the excess of water it forces its way in and
192  II,  7 |         earth as it dries draws the water from the fuller to the emptier
193  II,  7 |        parts, and the inrush of the water as it changes its place
194  II,  8 |        accompanies it): so that not water nor earth is the cause of
195  II,  8 |         into a smaller space by the water that fills the cavities.
196  II,  8 |      through the body after passing water as the wind returns inwards
197  II,  8 |             in a cramped space like water that cannot escape. Any
198  II,  8 |             the portentmongers say.~Water has been known to burst
199  II,  8 |              But that does not make water the cause of the earthquake.
200  II,  8 |         cause whether it drives the water along the surface or up
201  II,  8 |            an earthquake, just like water (for effusion is a form
202  II,  8 |           upsetting). No, earth and water are material causes (being
203  II,  9 |         sound of their striking the water reaches us.~However, there
204  II,  9 |           It is like supposing that water, snow, and hail existed
205  II,  9 |           denser substances such as water? Water, too, is heated by
206  II,  9 |           substances such as water? Water, too, is heated by the sun
207  II,  9 |   impossible for it to exist in the water beforehand; and besides
208  II,  9 |         with a rod by night and the water is seen to shine. They say
209  II,  9 |             of that phenomenon. The water appears to shine when struck
210  II,  9 |          contract and condense into water, it is ejected and causes
211 III,  1 |          and rain and a quantity of water are produced. As far as
212 III,  2 |          surface just as it is from water; also that in some mirrors
213 III,  3 |            proceed to condense into water, this shows that the moist
214 III,  4 |       surfaces, such as are air and water among others. Air must be
215 III,  4 |             are best reflected from water, and even in process of
216 III,  4 |             in the one case is from water which is dark and from a
217 III,  4 |             from small particles of water), but not in the case of
218 III,  4 |           interval during which the water is formed. If there were
219 III,  4 |         rods". But if a haze due to water or any other dark substance
220 III,  4 |          particles are fully formed water. We get a rainbow, too,
221 III,  4 |             reflection of clouds in water is darker than the clouds
222 III,  4 |           look at the same cloud in water it shows a trace of rainbow
223 III,  6 |           them directly, but in the water they are full of rods. The
224 III,  6 |        cloud seems to reside in the water, but in the case of rods
225 III,  6 |         watery though not yet quite water, causes the sun’s true colour
226 III,  6 |          ripe for the production of water. Further a mock sun to the
227 III,  6 |             is readier to turn into water than that in the north.~
228 III,  6 |             occurs. Hence, they are water in a sense, and in a sense
229 III,  6 |             which might have become water, but it can no longer do
230 III,  6 |        qualitative change in actual water. Copper and gold are not
231 III,  6 |        evaporation congealed before water was formed. Hence, they
232  IV,  1 |       liable to putrefy; for earth, water, and air putrefy, being
233  IV,  1 |             the surrounding air and water contain but little heat
234  IV,  3 |            contains both spirit and water. Ripening being a kind of
235  IV,  3 |       admixture of some dry matter: water alone of liquids does not
236  IV,  3 |          while we speak of "boiled" water, we cannot speak of raw
237  IV,  3 |              we cannot speak of raw water, since it does not thicken.
238  IV,  3 |          fire or to the quantity of water in the thing undergoing
239  IV,  4 |           meal together by means of water." Thus the determined body
240  IV,  4 |          representative of the dry, water of the moist, and therefore
241  IV,  4 |             world involve earth and water. Every body shows the quality
242  IV,  4 |             It is because earth and water are the material elements
243  IV,  4 |            by interchange of place: water, for instance, is not soft,
244  IV,  5 |          dry or a compound of both. Water is the element characterized
245  IV,  5 |           cold, too, being found in water and earth (both of which
246  IV,  5 |          The subjects of drying are water and the various watery fluids
247  IV,  5 |          those bodies which contain water either foreign or connatural.
248  IV,  5 |             foreign I mean like the water in wool, by connatural,
249  IV,  6 |            first, condensation into water; second, the melting of
250  IV,  6 |       Whatever solidifies is either water or a mixture of earth and
251  IV,  6 |           or a mixture of earth and water, and the agent is either
252  IV,  6 |            dry-hot are dissolved by water, which is the moist-cold,
253  IV,  6 |            seem to be solidified by water, e.g. boiled honey, but
254  IV,  6 |            but really it is not the water but the cold in the water
255  IV,  6 |           water but the cold in the water which effects the solidification.
256  IV,  6 |         upon the same thing. Again, water solidifies owing to the
257  IV,  6 |          matter comes together, but water is the only liquid that
258  IV,  6 |           made up of both earth and water are solidified both by fire
259  IV,  6 |           made up both of earth and water but in which the earth preponderates,
260  IV,  6 |         only such as is cold. Hence water and any of its varieties
261  IV,  7 |             If a body contains more water than earth fire only thickens
262  IV,  7 |            the greatest problem. If water preponderated in it, cold
263  IV,  7 |             it floats on the top of water, since air tends to rise).
264  IV,  7 |          turning the air in it into water, for any mixture of oil
265  IV,  7 |          for any mixture of oil and water is thicker than either.
266  IV,  7 |           on the evaporation of any water that may have been in it;
267  IV,  7 |          the change of the air into water as the heat in the oil is
268  IV,  7 |            are made up of earth and water may be classified according
269  IV,  7 |             of this kind lose their water as they That it is their
270  IV,  7 |            as they That it is their water may be seen from the fact
271  IV,  7 |            from them condenses into water when collected. So wherever
272  IV,  7 |           solidifies but also dries water, and thickens things by
273  IV,  7 |          things by turning air into water. (Solidifying, as we have
274  IV,  7 |        solidified, belong rather to water, e.g.. wine, urine, vinegar,
275  IV,  7 |            up either of earth or of water and air: honey of earth,
276  IV,  7 |            too, are made up of both water and earth, though earth
277  IV,  7 |            did, but boils away like water. Sometimes, however, there
278  IV,  7 |          nutritive and is more like water. The case of blood is similar:
279  IV,  7 |          the stag, belong rather to water and are very cold. Hence
280  IV,  7 |            dry; for what remains is water, just as what remains of
281  IV,  7 |          cheese has been removed is water. The fact that diseased
282  IV,  7 |        serum and that is phlegm and water, the nature of the animal
283  IV,  7 |             that is, to fire and to water (these being opposites):
284  IV,  7 |             these being opposites): water dissolving what was solidified
285  IV,  7 |            by cold alone), nor does water (for it does not dissolve
286  IV,  7 |           in the process of drying. Water cannot get into it, for
287  IV,  8 |           found in mixed bodies. So water and earth are the constituents
288  IV,  8 |             by heat, be softened by water, bend, break, be comminuted,
289  IV,  8 |           moisture are dissolved by water, unless like pottery they
290  IV,  8 |          small for the particles of water to enter. All those bodies
291  IV,  8 |           the case are dissolved by water, e.g. natron, salt, dry
292  IV,  8 |         those which do possess some water but have a preponderance
293  IV,  9 |           not (like ice) made up of water, but in which earth predominates.
294  IV,  9 |         tractile (without admitting water) or malleable (without consisting
295  IV,  9 |    malleable (without consisting of water), and the agent in softening
296  IV,  9 |           not admit of softening in water. Copper, for instance, which
297  IV,  9 |       melted, cannot be softened in water, whereas wool and earth
298  IV,  9 |            earth can be softened in water, for they can be soaked. (
299  IV,  9 |            agent in its case is not water, but some of the bodies
300  IV,  9 |        bodies that can be melted by water too such as natron and salt
301  IV,  9 |          salt cannot be softened in water: for nothing is said to
302  IV,  9 |           be so affected unless the water soaks into it and makes
303  IV,  9 |           grain, can be softened by water though they cannot be melted.
304  IV,  9 |           that is to be softened by water must be of earth and must
305  IV,  9 |        larger than the particles of water, and the pores themselves
306  IV,  9 |             to resist the action of water, whereas bodies that can
307  IV,  9 |             that can be "melted" by water must have pores throughout.~(
308  IV,  9 |          immediately divided by the water, but earth has also pores
309  IV,  9 |           affected according as the water enters by one or the other
310  IV,  9 |            others, e.g. pottery and water, are not. The process of
311  IV,  9 |           sink in), or liquid, like water (for though water does give
312  IV,  9 |              like water (for though water does give way it is not
313  IV,  9 |           as happens in the case of water. (We speak of pressure when
314  IV,  9 |             hard. Thus iron, stone, water and all liquids are incapable
315  IV,  9 |              and some are not, e.g. water, stone. Some things are
316  IV,  9 |          give off vapour but fumes. Water on the other hand does not
317  IV,  10|             and the moist, that is, water and earth (for these bodies
318  IV,  10|             bodies out of earth and water as matter. Let us consider,
319  IV,  10|          made of earth and which of water, and which of both.~Of organized
320  IV,  10|           off in vapour are made of water, those that do not are either
321  IV,  10|         mixture either of earth and water, like milk, or of earth
322  IV,  10|           and air, like wood, or of water and air, like oil. Those
323  IV,  10|          will belong to earth or to water according to the quantity
324  IV,  10|           solidified by cold are of water, e.g. ice, snow, hail, hoar-frost.
325  IV,  10|           heated and is immersed in water.) Some of these bodies cannot
326  IV,  10|            fire, these contain some water: indeed some of them, like
327  IV,  10|             are common to earth and water alike. But those that are
328  IV,  10|            those that are melted by water are of earth. Those that
329  IV,  10|            melted either by fire or water are of earth, or of earth
330  IV,  10|           of earth, or of earth and water.~Since, then, all bodies
331  IV,  10|             consists of earth or of water or of more elements than
332  IV,  10|          many nameless stone are of water: for they are all melted
333  IV,  10|          are all melted by heat. Of water, too, are some wines and
334  IV,  10|            are made up of earth and water and air. If the blood contains
335  IV,  10|           liquids; if not, it is of water and therefore does not solidify.
336  IV,  11|          cold.~Bodies consisting of water are commonly cold, unless (
337  IV,  11|        being passive) and earth and water are the elements that primarily
338  IV,  11|            contains foreign heat as water does when it boils or when
339  IV,  11|         Bodies made up of earth and water are hot, for most of them
340  IV,  11|        matter and that is earth and water. Hence both views are held
341  IV,  11|             matter is predominantly water a body is cold (water being
342  IV,  11| predominantly water a body is cold (water being the complete opposite
343  IV,  11|        after exposure to fire: thus water is more burning than smoke
344  IV,  11|           than smoke and stone than water.~
345  IV,  12|             and in that of fire and water even less. For the end is
346  IV,  12|      elements has an end and is not water or fire in any and every