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Aristotle
On the Generation of Animals

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animals

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1 [Title] | On the Generation of Animals~ 2 I, 1 | discussed the other parts of animals, both generally and with 3 I, 1 | same, and the material of animals is their parts of the whole 4 I, 1 | contribute to the generation of animals and of which nothing definite 5 I, 1 | generation next to them.~Now some animals come into being from the 6 I, 1 | and though some bloodless animals have sexes so that they 7 I, 1 | kind, yet other bloodless animals generate indeed, but not 8 I, 1 | generally, if we take all animals which change their locality, 9 I, 1 | in some of the bloodless animals; and this applies in the 10 I, 1 | are produced by union of animals of the same kind generate 11 I, 1 | which are not produced by animals, but from decaying matter, 12 I, 1 | been expected, for if those animals which are not produced by 13 I, 1 | plainly the case with other animals. If unlike, and yet able 14 I, 1 | move, as the testacea and animals that live by clinging to 15 I, 2 | 2~Of the generation of animals we must speak as various 16 I, 2 | female in all the bloodless animals also which have this division 17 I, 2 | in the case of castrated animals, for, though only the generative 18 I, 3 | as in the case of those animals which have no testes at 19 I, 3 | unite also as with those animals; this applies (among animals 20 I, 3 | animals; this applies (among animals breathing air and having 21 I, 3 | accurately in the Enquiries about Animals.~The uterus is always double, 22 I, 3 | in women, and all those animals which bring forth alive 23 I, 3 | of the aforesaid parts of animals.~ 24 I, 4 | that the business of most animals is, you may say, nothing 25 I, 4 | in the case of nutriment, animals with straight intestines 26 I, 4 | see the Enquiries about Animals.) For the testes are no 27 I, 4 | internally, so that castrated animals are unable to generate; 28 I, 5 | for birds and the footless animals it is not possible, because 29 I, 5 | have them there, as those animals that have both penis and 30 I, 5 | situation.~Further, with those animals at any rate that have external 31 I, 5 | for the reasons why those animals have testes which have them, 32 I, 6 | 6~All those animals which have no testes are 33 I, 6 | duct in man and similar animals.~ 34 I, 7 | for the reason why some animals have testes and others not. 35 I, 8 | about the uterus in female animals, for there are many points 36 I, 8 | just as with the other animals and plants whose nature 37 I, 9 | hair, and among aquatic animals, dolphins, whales, and such 38 I, 11| young is produced in those animals which are viviparous from 39 I, 11| beginning. Therefore in such animals the uterus is dissimilar 40 I, 11| participating in both classes.~Animals that are viviparous from 41 I, 11| this, it is impossible for animals to be produced alive near 42 I, 11| also in the case of the animals which produce young by the 43 I, 11| in the uterus of various animals, and generally why it is 44 I, 12| quadrupeds among the scaly animals. The skin of birds also 45 I, 12| another reason with all these animals for their testes being internal 46 I, 12| of the uterus differs in animals viviparous within themselves 47 I, 13| solid nutriment in all those animals that have no penis, in all 48 I, 13| clear from the fact that all animals produce semen, but all do 49 I, 13| the back in ovipara. All animals which are internally oviparous 50 I, 14| 14~The bloodless animals do not agree either with 51 I, 15| treatise on the parts of animals. The female has a part corresponding 52 I, 15| be seen in each of these animals, for it contains an egg 53 I, 16| offspring are produced from animals of the same name, just as 54 I, 16| not come into being from animals but from putrefying matter, 55 I, 16| are neither produced from animals nor unite with each other; 56 I, 16| intestine, as with the other animals; in this are produced the 57 I, 16| the generative organs in animals which were not spoken of 58 I, 17| 17~Some animals manifestly emit semen, as 59 I, 17| also inquire what those animals which emit semen contribute 60 I, 17| so-called catamenia in all animals which discharge this liquid.~ 61 I, 17| Now it is thought that all animals are generated out of semen, 62 I, 18| alike, the result is two animals, for the offspring will 63 I, 18| accounts for the creation of animals; in the time of his "Reign 64 I, 18| isolated parts combined into animals. Now that this is impossible 65 I, 18| case of the generation of animals, what he assumed of the 66 I, 18| from these are produced animals indeed, but not in this 67 I, 18| parts.~Further even among animals some produce many young 68 I, 18| natural process, for some animals do so, i.e. from male and 69 I, 18| with plants and all those animals in which male and female 70 I, 18| generation, in the case of all animals whose nature it is to unite; 71 I, 18| daily nutriment by which animals and plants grow is but small, 72 I, 18| the fact that the large animals have few young, the small 73 I, 18| the rest of life.~In many animals and plants we find a difference 74 I, 18| above. In like manner other animals produce much semen through 75 I, 18| and semen; and whatever animals have both kinds of excrement, 76 I, 18| since the nutriment of all animals is rather liquid than solid), 77 I, 19| analogous fluid in the other animals. Since the semen is also 78 I, 19| women than in the other animals. Wherefore her pallor and 79 I, 19| some of the phenomena of animals. For fat creatures produce 80 I, 19| And so among the bloodless animals the cephalopoda and crustacea 81 I, 20| which is analogous to it in animals which are bloodless owing 82 I, 20| it is not found in the animals which have no blood but 83 I, 20| discharged from the body. All animals that are viviparous without 84 I, 20| the Enquiries concerning animals.~The catamenia are more 85 I, 20| women than in the other animals, and men emit the most semen 86 I, 20| is diverted in the other animals; for he has no great quantity 87 I, 20| distinguished, in these many animals may come from one emission 88 I, 20| its nature in plants and animals. A proof of this is that 89 I, 20| A proof of this is that animals which can bear more than 90 I, 20| analogous to it in bloodless animals, is clear from what has 91 I, 20| different; and in those animals that have these powers separate 92 I, 21| female (in the case of those animals whose males do insert a 93 I, 21| secretion. And therefore such animals remain united a long time, 94 I, 21| body of the male in those animals which emit it, and that 95 I, 21| is to assume. Yet in some animals, as birds, the nature of 96 I, 22| emit semen at all in some animals, and where he does this 97 I, 22| manner, in the male of those animals which emit semen Nature 98 I, 23| 23~In all animals which can move about, the 99 I, 23| thing happens also in those animals which have the sexes separate. 100 I, 23| they cease their union.~And animals seem literally to be like 101 I, 23| said before.~Testaceous animals, being intermediate between 102 I, 23| being intermediate between animals and plants, perform the 103 I, 23| generate in another; as animals they do not bear fruit from 104 I, 23| the generation of these animals.~ ~ 105 II, 1 | reasons of the generation of animals. For since it is impossible 106 II, 1 | such a class of things as animals should be of an eternal 107 II, 1 | always a class of men and animals and plants. But since the 108 II, 1 | of life; but the class of animals exists in virtue of sense-perception. 109 II, 1 | this is that the higher animals are more independent in 110 II, 1 | greater size than bloodless animals, and those which move about 111 II, 1 | And these are just the animals which emit semen on account 112 II, 1 | existence of the two sexes. Some animals bring to perfection and 113 II, 1 | lay eggs, the bloodless animals either lay an egg or give 114 II, 1 | horses, cattle, and of marine animals dolphins and the other cetacea); 115 II, 1 | quadrupeds and footless animals, e.g. lizards and tortoises 116 II, 1 | infertile. Among bloodless animals the insects produce a scolex, 117 II, 1 | not only are some footless animals viviparous, as vipers and 118 II, 1 | difference, but it is those animals which are more perfect in 119 II, 1 | it, for generally those animals which have a lung are hotter 120 II, 1 | from the more perfect. If animals are hotter as shown by their 121 II, 1 | destroyed, having no protection.~Animals that are cold and rather 122 II, 1 | simply that all bloodless animals produce a scolex, for the 123 II, 1 | 1) the insects, (2) the animals that produce a scolex, ( 124 II, 1 | more perfect and hotter animals produce their young perfect 125 II, 1 | and these generate living animals within themselves from the 126 II, 1 | do not generate perfect animals within themselves from the 127 II, 1 | the second change.~Some animals then, as said before, do 128 II, 1 | character, some within the animals themselves when they are 129 II, 1 | the material; this some animals have in its first form within 130 II, 1 | exists in all alike, whether animals or plants, and this is the 131 II, 1 | heart is first made in some animals, and what is analogous to 132 II, 2 | and especially so with animals that have much earthy matter 133 II, 3 | If, in the case of those animals which emit semen into the 134 II, 3 | reason acquired by those animals that participate in this 135 II, 3 | heat of the sun and that of animals does generate them. Not 136 II, 3 | is clear that the heat in animals neither is fire nor derives 137 II, 3 | matter, and belongs to those animals in which is included something 138 II, 3 | holds together the parts of animals, being actual sinew in some 139 II, 4 | 4~In those animals whose nature is comparatively 140 II, 4 | female, in the case of those animals who possess this distinction, 141 II, 4 | speak later.~The perfect animals, those internally viviparous, 142 II, 4 | the perfect or viviparous animals, and of these the first 143 II, 4 | expect, for the bodies of animals are colder when the environment 144 II, 4 | by the female, so do the animals in question bring the same 145 II, 4 | the diaphragm in all those animals which have one, for the 146 II, 4 | body. For this reason if animals of a different kind are 147 II, 4 | difference in the of the animals), the first cross has a 148 II, 4 | secretions are formed in animals. But when the semen from 149 II, 4 | from the male (in those animals which emit semen) has entered, 150 II, 4 | either in women or other animals, on account of there not 151 II, 4 | is retained within those animals which have an external discharge; 152 II, 4 | Moreover, in all those animals which have the uterus near 153 II, 4 | that the external parts of animals are first differentiated 154 II, 4 | if they were talking of animals of stone or wood. For such 155 II, 4 | of growth at all, but all animals have, and have it within 156 II, 4 | more vessels in different animals. Round these is a skin-like 157 II, 4 | plant by its roots, or as animals themselves when separated 158 II, 4 | on in the case of mature animals and plants this soul causes 159 II, 4 | organism, existing in all animals and plants. [But the other 160 II, 4 | of the soul exist in some animals, not in others.] In plants, 161 II, 4 | from the male, but in those animals in which it is separated 162 II, 5 | for this exists in all animals and plants alike. Why then 163 II, 5 | sensitive soul, for the parts of animals are not like those of a 164 II, 5 | of the male, for in these animals we are speaking of the male 165 II, 5 | nothing in vain. Hence in such animals the male always perfects 166 II, 6 | differentiated. This happens in all animals in which exists the distinction 167 II, 6 | are the only locomotive animals in which the distinction 168 II, 6 | agency by which the parts of animals are differentiated is air, 169 II, 6 | differentiation takes place; other animals do not breathe at all, but 170 II, 6 | sort which must exist in animals, containing the principle 171 II, 6 | beginning, and in the other animals that which is analogous 172 II, 6 | parent that gives it, or with animals spontaneously generated 173 II, 6 | surface. While in other animals the glutinous is dry, for 174 II, 6 | happens with the eyes of animals. Though from the beginning 175 II, 6 | some part of the body of animals, those of smell and hearing 176 II, 6 | fluidity; this applies to all animals possessing a brain, but 177 II, 6 | men more than with other animals is the fact that their brain 178 II, 6 | for man is the wisest of animals. And children for a long 179 II, 6 | them. So then the eyes of animals are perfected late because 180 II, 6 | the worst is given to the animals that live with them. Just 181 II, 6 | is a limit of size in all animals, and therefore also of the 182 II, 6 | always able to grow, all animals that have bone or its analogue 183 II, 6 | set the limit of size to animals. What is the reason of their 184 II, 6 | out of the bones in all animals that have both bones and 185 II, 6 | down in old age in some animals which eat much and have 186 II, 6 | own number complete.~Other animals are born in possession of 187 II, 6 | most naked in body of all animals and has the smallest nails 188 II, 6 | part in the bodies of all animals is the least concocted. 189 II, 7 | 7~In viviparous animals, as said before, the embryo 190 II, 7 | the others, is present in animals, it straightway sends off 191 II, 7 | more numerous in the larger animals as cattle and the like, 192 II, 7 | many blood-vessels. All animals with no front teeth in the 193 II, 7 | together.~But most of the animals which have front teeth in 194 II, 7 | throughout the uterus. Of such animals some produce one young at 195 II, 7 | been the case with other animals, but as it is we do not 196 II, 7 | intercourse takes place between animals of the same kind. However, 197 II, 7 | gestation are equal. In other animals such cases are rare, but 198 II, 7 | to have originated from animals of different species uniting 199 II, 7 | unite in consequence.~Of the animals that arise from such union 200 II, 7 | one another or with other animals. The problem why any individual, 201 II, 7 | sterile, and so are other animals in their several kinds, 202 II, 7 | causes of sterility in other animals are several. Both men and 203 II, 8 | in the case of all these animals alike which unite against 204 II, 8 | mother’s uterus because the animals from the first are not produced 205 II, 8 | though this is so with other animals they are none the less able 206 II, 8 | theory is not true, for many animals of different species are 207 II, 8 | preserved and thus these animals are fertile when crossed 208 II, 8 | in general each of these animals naturally tends towards 209 II, 8 | which is secreted in other animals to form the catamenia is 210 II, 8 | period of gestation in such animals is a year, the mule must 211 III, 1 | of mules, and about those animals which are viviparous both 212 III, 1 | extent similar to that of the animals that walk, and all may be 213 III, 1 | uterus of these classes of animals, what differences there 214 III, 1 | cartilaginous fishes, the latter in animals both internally and externally 215 III, 1 | exists in the female of all animals, birds have no discharge 216 III, 1 | nutriment from the yolk. Now in animals of a hotter nature the part 217 III, 1 | hence the eggs of such animals, as has been said, are of 218 III, 2 | from the uterus? For if animals derive their nutriment through 219 III, 2 | egg as the cord does with animals; for when its egg is perfected 220 III, 2 | seems to wish to implant in animals a special sense of care 221 III, 2 | their young: in the inferior animals this lasts only to the moment 222 III, 2 | of generation and as the animals are forming, and also the 223 III, 2 | understand that, in the case of animals developed in eggs, the chick 224 III, 2 | then is the manner in which animals produced from perfect eggs 225 III, 3 | as in birds and the other animals detached from the uterus, 226 III, 4 | that of a scolex, for those animals which produce a scolex give 227 III, 4 | aerated. This is effected in animals by the nature of the vital 228 III, 4 | the uterus because these animals have so many eggs. Therefore 229 III, 5 | the class of bushy-tailed animals), then not only should those 230 III, 5 | from themselves perfect animals or perfect eggs none is 231 III, 5 | and crustacea, yet these animals are actually seen copulating, 232 III, 5 | and generation of various animals are of all kinds and not 233 III, 7 | resemble in a way those animals which produce a scolex, 234 III, 8 | suppose that the former animals lay eggs in consequence 235 III, 8 | is also bifid. All these animals also lay an imperfect egg 236 III, 9 | the generation of other animals, those that walk, fly, and 237 III, 9 | such a nature; and in all animals, even the viviparous and 238 III, 9 | often stated of fish. With animals internally viviparous the 239 III, 9 | thus been stated why such animals go through a double development 240 III, 10| more generally to other animals also.~For if they do not 241 III, 10| should they do so? for all animals that trouble themselves 242 III, 10| female, for in all kinds of animals the two sexes differ. Besides 243 III, 10| may be paralleled in other animals, but that what they generate 244 III, 10| Concerning the generation of animals akin to them, as hornets 245 III, 11| expected. For compared with animals they resemble plants, compared 246 III, 11| with plants they resemble animals, so that in a sense they 247 III, 11| less material. Wherefore animals having no blood and not 248 III, 11| assigned to land, the aquatic animals to water, the land animals 249 III, 11| animals to water, the land animals to air, but variations of 250 III, 11| the other Nature does so. Animals and plants come into being 251 III, 11| consequently the testaceous animals are formed from a concretion 252 III, 11| investigation, what it is in such animals the formation of which corresponds 253 III, 11| understand that even in animals which generate it is from 254 III, 11| these (and also in some animals) there is no further need 255 III, 11| residual secretion in most animals does need it. The nourishment 256 III, 11| so that what the heat in animals produces from their nutriment, 257 III, 11| the young shoots.... Other animals are produced in the form 258 III, 11| not only those bloodless animals which are not generated 259 III, 11| the earth as it does in animals from the mother), then they 260 III, 11| of the generation of all animals, it is reasonable to suppose 261 III, 11| mentioned and in the bloodless animals. Such are some of the insects 262 III, 11| part of something (as do animals from eggs), and they grow 263 III, 11| resembles the development of animals from eggs, except that these 264 III, 11| nourishment is absorbed by all animals in the part below the hypozoma.~ 265 III, 11| spontaneously generated animals. That all the testacea are 266 III, 11| another proof that such animals do not emit any generative 267 IV, 1 | spoken of the generation of animals both generally and separately 268 IV, 1 | all living things whether animals or plants, only in some 269 IV, 1 | uterus. For suppose two animals already moulded in embryo, 270 IV, 1 | the vivipara, both land animals and fish. Now if Empedocles 271 IV, 1 | not that these parts of animals contribute nothing to the 272 IV, 1 | proof of this is that many animals in which the distinction 273 IV, 1 | testes, as the footless animals; I mean the classes of fish 274 IV, 1 | Therefore the males of animals must needs be hotter than 275 IV, 1 | small. This is blood in some animals, in some its analogue. Now 276 IV, 1 | analogue of blood in the other animals, and (4) the cause of this 277 IV, 1 | and this in the hotter animals with blood, i.e. the males, 278 IV, 2 | For in the latter case the animals produce more secretion, 279 IV, 2 | southerly winds, but even if the animals while copulating look towards 280 IV, 3 | necessity. (For the class of animals divided into sexes must 281 IV, 3 | cause, it is necessary that animals should produce female young). 282 IV, 3 | bull, and so on with other animals, as that a calf has the 283 IV, 3 | to those of two or three animals, and his arguments often 284 IV, 3 | to that of the cause of animals being born defective in 285 IV, 4 | monstrosities appear very rarely in animals producing only one young 286 IV, 4 | monstrosities are commoner in other animals if they produce many young. 287 IV, 4 | the fissipeds, for such animals produce many young and imperfect, 288 IV, 4 | accident also often invades animals of such a nature. So, too, 289 IV, 4 | into another nature. But in animals producing many young not 290 IV, 4 | of the parts. Sometimes animals are born with too many toes, 291 IV, 4 | also in the internal parts, animals either not possessing some 292 IV, 4 | phenomena have been seen in animals perfect and alive. Animals 293 IV, 4 | animals perfect and alive. Animals also which naturally have 294 IV, 4 | observed, as stated above, in animals whose growth is perfected; 295 IV, 4 | reasonable to wonder why some animals produce many young, others 296 IV, 4 | one. For it is the largest animals that produce one, e.g. the 297 IV, 4 | are larger than all other animals, while the others are of 298 IV, 4 | family. The cloven-footed animals again produce few, except 299 IV, 4 | should expect the large animals to be able to generate more 300 IV, 4 | nutriment is expended in such animals upon increasing the body. 301 IV, 4 | body. But in the smaller animals Nature takes away from the 302 IV, 4 | given the reason why some animals are large, some smaller, 303 IV, 4 | elephant is the largest of animals and yet is many-toed, and 304 IV, 4 | cloven-footed. And not only in animals that walk but also in those 305 IV, 4 | explained then why some animals naturally produce many young, 306 IV, 4 | produce many, since such animals are often seen to conceive 307 IV, 4 | be seen lying in a row in animals that produce many, when 308 IV, 4 | Rather the truth is this. As animals complete their growth there 309 IV, 4 | to one another (I mean in animals of which the male emits 310 IV, 4 | just the reason why in such animals the embryos formed are numerous 311 IV, 4 | secretion is much, in the large animals which produce only one young 312 IV, 4 | that in man alone among animals the period of gestation 313 IV, 4 | than one heart will be two animals grown together through their 314 IV, 4 | often happens even in many animals that do not seem to be defective 315 IV, 4 | in sheep and some other animals; there was a cow in Perinthus 316 IV, 5 | not occur at all in some animals but does in others; of the 317 IV, 5 | not found in solid-hoofed animals and those larger than these, 318 IV, 5 | abortions. For just as, in those animals that bear only one, all 319 IV, 5 | women and mares are the only animals which admit the male during 320 IV, 5 | superfoetation is not found in some animals at all, why it is found 321 IV, 5 | sometimes not, and why some such animals are inclined to sexual intercourse 322 IV, 5 | others are not.~Some of those animals in which superfoetation 323 IV, 5 | therefore they can not only form animals but also bring them to birth 324 IV, 5 | Further, the uterus in such animals does not close up during 325 IV, 5 | embryo suffers, but in such animals it is according to Nature, 326 IV, 5 | superfoetation occurs in these animals, since they are not large 327 IV, 5 | many toes and the many-toed animals bear many), and they are 328 IV, 5 | hair is excessive, these animals alone having hair under 329 IV, 6 | perfection. All the many-toed animals that bear their young imperfect 330 IV, 6 | them imperfect, like those animals which generate a scolex, 331 IV, 6 | are blind, as not only the animals mentioned but also the dog, 332 IV, 6 | many as do the many-toed animals, but is cloven-footed or 333 IV, 6 | nature of the solid-hoofed animals. For this reason it produces 334 IV, 6 | females, but in the other animals this is not the case. The 335 IV, 6 | they are so in the other animals, for in them the female 336 IV, 6 | not at all so in the other animals; for in man it is contrary 337 IV, 6 | too early; in the other animals, however, it is not contrary 338 IV, 6 | between man and the other animals in respect of gestation, 339 IV, 6 | respect of gestation, for animals are in better bodily condition 340 IV, 6 | between women and the other animals in this state, but the most 341 IV, 6 | important thing is this: in some animals the discharge corresponding 342 IV, 6 | the mother. In the other animals, on the contrary, the residual 343 IV, 6 | holds good also with aquatic animals and birds. If it ever happens 344 IV, 7 | does not occur in other animals, unless indeed it does occur 345 IV, 7 | be that woman alone among animals is subject to troubles of 346 IV, 7 | rate more than in other animals.~ 347 IV, 8 | all internally viviparous animals, becoming useful for the 348 IV, 8 | sake of the nourishment of animals after birth, so that it 349 IV, 8 | to Nature. In the other animals the period of gestation 350 IV, 8 | matter, in order that all animals which move about may contain 351 IV, 8 | women but also in those animals which have the mammae low 352 IV, 8 | size as compared with other animals; I mean that of the catamenia 353 IV, 8 | the mammae in each kind of animals for both causes; it is so 354 IV, 8 | that the nourishment in animals is now formed and becomes 355 IV, 9 | The natural birth of all animals is head-foremost, because 356 IV, 10| development of the long-lived animals should take a longer time. 357 IV, 10| that of the bushy-tailed animals and many others. The real 358 IV, 10| small time, whether they be animals or, one may say, anything 359 IV, 10| That is why horses and animals akin to them, though living 360 IV, 10| might expect, that in all animals the time of gestation and 361 IV, 10| into being and the end of animals by the measure of these 362 IV, 10| spoken of the nourishment of animals within the mother and of 363 V, 1 | qualities by which the parts of animals differ. I mean such qualities 364 V, 1 | characterize the whole of a kind of animals sometimes, while in other 365 V, 1 | in the time of life, all animals are alike in some points, 366 V, 1 | as the offspring of all animals are born, especially those 367 V, 1 | of wakefulness exists in animals first, or that of sleep. 368 V, 1 | for indeed at this time animals do actually live the life 369 V, 1 | both laugh and cry. For animals have sensations even while 370 V, 1 | at first more than other animals, for they are born in a 371 V, 1 | imperfect condition than other animals that are produced in anything 372 V, 1 | But in the case of other animals this is not visible. The 373 V, 1 | is that the eyes of other animals are more apt to have only 374 V, 1 | individuals in other kinds of animals do not differ from one another 375 V, 1 | one colour. Of the other animals the horse has the greatest 376 V, 1 | seen in any of the other animals, but man is sometimes heteroglaucous.~ 377 V, 1 | visible change in the other animals if we compare their condition 378 V, 1 | heteroglaucia.~The cause of some animals being keen-sighted and others 379 V, 1 | A proof of this is that animals with prominent eyes do not 380 V, 2 | spiritus causes in some animals the pulsation of the heart 381 V, 2 | as with sight. For those animals can perceive at a distance 382 V, 2 | sense-organs. Therefore all animals whose nostrils are long, 383 V, 2 | Similar is the case of animals whose ears are long and 384 V, 2 | may say, the worst of all animals in proportion to his size, 385 V, 2 | thinnest-skinned of all animals for his size.~The workmanship 386 V, 3 | from all other kinds of animals that have hair. These are 387 V, 3 | when the covering of such animals is spiny it must be considered 388 V, 3 | corresponding manner also in all animals which have not hair but 389 V, 3 | made hair in general for animals has been previously stated 390 V, 3 | the causes of the parts of animals; it is the business of the 391 V, 3 | for this is thick in some animals and thin in others, rare 392 V, 3 | helping cause, for in some animals this is greasy and in others 393 V, 3 | Therefore the thicker-skinned animals are as a general rule thicker-haired 394 V, 3 | for the dry is hard. And animals with much moisture are straight-haired; 395 V, 3 | however, of the thick-skinned animals are fine-haired for the 396 V, 3 | of hairs).~There are some animals whose hair is soft and yet 397 V, 3 | with that of sheep; in such animals the hair is on the surface 398 V, 3 | same as it is also all wild animals. The cold hardens and solidifies 399 V, 3 | earthy and hard. In wild animals then the exposure to the 400 V, 3 | For the same reason, as animals grow older, the hairs become 401 V, 3 | feathers and hairs by those animals that have them; it is when 402 V, 3 | time of life), and to those animals which hibernate (for these, 403 V, 3 | although both hibernating animals recover their feathers or 404 V, 3 | man to what it is in the animals and plants in question.~ 405 V, 4 | the cause of this in other animals and also of their being 406 V, 5 | account of age in other animals is the same as that already 407 V, 5 | most clear in horses of all animals that we know, because the 408 V, 5 | When the hairs of other animals are white, this is caused 409 V, 5 | of the colours in other animals is the skin; if they are 410 V, 5 | the thinnest skin of all animals in proportion to his size 411 V, 5 | at all. But in the other animals the skin, owing to its thickness, 412 V, 6 | 6~Of animals some are uni-coloured (I 413 V, 6 | and the other classes of animals alike); others though many-coloured 414 V, 6 | especially found in those animals of which by nature the individual 415 V, 6 | them. Hence also in all animals not uniformly coloured all 416 V, 6 | For practically all white animals are both hotter and better 417 V, 6 | same cause holds for those animals which are uniformly-coloured, 418 V, 6 | compared with the vari-coloured animals, and again in the simply 419 V, 6 | skin of the vari-coloured animals is not uniformly coloured, 420 V, 6 | age.~The more omnivorous animals are more vari-coloured to 421 V, 7 | voice, it is deep in some animals, high in others, in others 422 V, 7 | voice is higher in all other animals when younger, but in cattle 423 V, 7 | sexes; in the other kinds of animals the voice of the female 424 V, 7 | degree because he alone of animals makes use of speech and 425 V, 7 | Now the purpose for which animals have a voice, and what is 426 V, 7 | air is the cause of some animals having a deep and others 427 V, 7 | softness, and some high-voiced animals are loud-voiced, and in 428 V, 7 | result will be that the same animals will be deep-and loud-voiced, 429 V, 7 | that neither are all young animals high-voiced nor all deep-voiced, 430 V, 7 | that of youth.~Most young animals, then, and most females 431 V, 7 | along slowly. And these animals set much in movement whereas 432 V, 7 | Now the strength of all animals is in their sinews, and 433 V, 7 | connected with sinew.)~All animals when castrated change to 434 V, 7 | female character in castrated animals; it is because the principle 435 V, 7 | contributes to make some animals of such a character as to 436 V, 8 | the same purpose in all animals, but in some for nutrition 437 V, 8 | because they are formed in animals too early, for it is when 438 V, 8 | too early, for it is when animals are practically in their 439 V, 8 | teeth, and, further, all the animals with carnivorous dentition 440 V, 8 | is that even in suckling animals those young which enjoy


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