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| Aristotle On Longevity and Shortness of Life IntraText - Concordances (Hapax - words occurring once) |
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1 1| 1~THE reasons for some animals 2 2| 2~In order to find premisses 3 3| 3~Perhaps one might reasonably 4 4| 4~We find that a superior 5 5| 5~The following considerations 6 6| 6~It is amongst the plants 7 6| managing to live, are not able to do so long, for they 8 5| salacious animals and those abounding in seed age quickly; the 9 5| regions either entirely absent (both the land animals with 10 3| contrary to it exists either absolutely or in the particular place 11 2| disintegration of a natural object is accompanied by the destruction of the 12 5| the males are salacious. Accordingly cock-sparrows have a shorter 13 3| we have said sufficiently accounts for the change; but, if 14 3| one acts and the other is acted on, it is impossible that 15 3| all cases, whenever the active and the passive exist together, 16 2| since evidently it does not admit of this dual dissolution, 17 5| the waste product works adversely and destroys now the entire 18 1| We find this distinction affecting not only entire genera opposed 19 3| it involves qualitative affection we find alteration of character.~ 20 | after 21 2| water, and whatsoever is akin thereto, do not possess 22 | alone 23 3| qualitative affection we find alteration of character.~ 24 | amongst 25 6| such are those that are not annual but of the tree-type, for 26 2| for our argument, we must answer the question, What is that 27 3| them either favourably or antagonistically, and, owing to this, things 28 2| to find premisses for our argument, we must answer the question, 29 2| infer that everything else arising from them and composed of 30 5| either the horse or the ass from which it sprang, and 31 3| change; but, if not, we must assume that something of actually 32 5| congelation; but in others it assumes a different flavour. Further, 33 4| superior immunity from decay attaches neither to the largest animals ( 34 3| destruction, whatsoever is attributed to them is destroyed. But 35 3| straight; for, if that were so, attributes would have an independent 36 5| the cause equally of their augmented size and of their life. 37 4| the pre-eminence (for the bee is longer-lived than certain 38 | been 39 5| fat is sweet, and hence bees are longer-lived than other 40 | before 41 | beginning 42 6| life principle potentially belonging to them is present in every 43 1| disease, in so far as it belongs to the science of nature 44 | beside 45 | besides 46 3| expend, is used up by the big flame quickly.~Hence [too] 47 5| animals with little or no blood are in northerly regions 48 5| material constituting the bodies of all things consists of 49 6| one time the trunk and the branches alone die and new ones grow 50 1| causes of the length and brevity of life call for investigation.~ 51 6| more of the dwarf type of build than the female), and it 52 5| large flame consumes and burns up a small one by using 53 1| length and brevity of life call for investigation.~The necessary 54 | cannot 55 3| opposite character is in the changing object, and refuse is produced.~ 56 4| Hence, taking these two characters together, the longest-lived 57 1| these points. For it is not clear whether in animals and plants 58 1| those living in a cold climate live a shorter time. Likewise 59 5| longer-lived in warm than in cold climates for the same reason, on 60 5| are salacious. Accordingly cock-sparrows have a shorter life than 61 1| and a sound constitution coincident, or is shortness of life 62 3| destroy it, if destruction comes only through contraries, 63 3| state of transition and are coming into being and passing away. 64 1| ill-health is perfectly compatible with long life.~Of sleep 65 6| about these matters would complete our course of study on animals.~ ~ 66 2| else arising from them and composed of them should share in 67 2| are not, like a house, a composite unity formed by the synthesis 68 2| considerations we may draw a conclusion about the soul too; for, 69 5| at once desiccation and congelation; but in others it assumes 70 6| life occurs though their connexion with the plant is severed, 71 5| hence is readily congealed. Consequently it happens that animals 72 5| the bodies of all things consists of the following-the hot 73 5| observation. But the material constituting the bodies of all things 74 5| fed, for in that case they consume themselves; just as a large 75 3| accidentally a lesser flame is consumed by a greater one, for the 76 3| impossible that anything containing matter should not have in 77 6| so; every part of a plant contains potentially both root and 78 6| source that issues that continued growth when one part is 79 6| the former case it is the continuity that is operative. The reason 80 3| destruction comes only through contraries, but no contrary to it exists 81 3| is an immediate source of contrariety, so that if it involves 82 1| another, but applying also to contrasted sets of individuals within 83 5| dry and cold, and so is a corpse. This is plain to observation. 84 5| and fire never becomes corrupted.~Again the humid element 85 3| any place where what is corruptible becomes incorruptible, as 86 6| matters would complete our course of study on animals.~ ~ 87 6| each of the separated parts create organs. In the case of a 88 4| sea (for there we find the crustaceans and the molluscs, which 89 6| thing happens; the shoot cut off is part of the plant. 90 4| among the plants, e.g. the date-palm. Next in order we find them 91 6| and death. To come to a definite understanding about these 92 4| feet rather than among the denizens of the water. Hence, taking 93 6| and two or more may be derived from a single one. Insects, 94 5| which prevents at once desiccation and congelation; but in 95 5| Further, that which is designed to be not easily destroyed 96 5| product works adversely and destroys now the entire constitution, 97 6| trunk and the branches alone die and new ones grow up beside 98 2| reality; for, when the animal dies, the health or knowledge 99 1| Likewise there are similar differences among individuals occupying 100 1| long-lived, others short-lived, differing from each other in respect 101 1| inquiry is a statement of the difficulties about these points. For 102 5| is the primary cause of digestion consumes the material in 103 3| if quantity, increase and diminution, while if it involves qualitative 104 6| annuals growth occurs in the direction of their lower parts and 105 6| and earthy.~But we must discover the reason why trees are 106 6| animals. It remains for us to discuss youth and age, and life 107 1| case of certain maladies a diseased state of the body and shortness 108 2| error. But accidentally the disintegration of a natural object is accompanied 109 1| short-lived. We find this distinction affecting not only entire 110 1| universally it is a single or diverse cause that makes some to 111 6| insects, for they live, though divided, and two or more may be 112 2| these considerations we may draw a conclusion about the soul 113 2| it does not admit of this dual dissolution, the soul must 114 6| account of the reasons for the duration of life and for short life 115 6| the male is more of the dwarf type of build than the female), 116 1| different regions in which they dwell. Races inhabiting warm countries 117 6| Thus it continues, one part dying and the other growing, and 118 6| though they are dry and earthy.~But we must discover the 119 5| relatively to the other elements is fire, and fire never 120 4| have feet, e.g. man and elephant. As a matter of fact also 121 | else 122 5| following considerations may enable us to understand the reasons 123 5| northerly regions either entirely absent (both the land animals 124 5| humidity there is the cause equally of their augmented size 125 2| away into forgetfulness, or error. But accidentally the disintegration 126 3| warrants, but never are they eternal when they contain contrary 127 2| is destroyed. But since evidently it does not admit of this 128 2| continues to exist; for example, take the termination of 129 5| qualitative superiority exceeds that of its quantitative 130 | except 131 3| would have an independent existence. Hence if, in all cases, 132 3| contraries, but no contrary to it exists either absolutely or in 133 5| said before; it is to be expected that the larger should contain 134 3| previous opposite. But, after expelling everything of a nature actually 135 3| former takes a long period to expend, is used up by the big flame 136 5| easily dried up. Thus we explain why fat things are not liable 137 4| elephant. As a matter of fact also it is a general rule 138 5| the reasons for all these facts. We must remember that an 139 4| the longest-lived animals fall among sanguineous animals 140 1| health and disease, in so far as it belongs to the science 141 5| size, for there is neither fatness nor sweetness about them. 142 5| the warm element is their fatty substance, which prevents 143 3| environment acts on them either favourably or antagonistically, and, 144 5| and animals perish if not fed, for in that case they consume 145 | first 146 5| others it assumes a different flavour. Further, that which is 147 5| 5~The following considerations may enable 148 5| all things consists of the following-the hot and the cold, the dry 149 2| knowledge passes away into forgetfulness, or error. But accidentally 150 6| retain their moisture in a form not easily dried up, even 151 2| house, a composite unity formed by the synthesis of many 152 6| has taken place that the fresh roots spring from the surviving 153 5| have shorter life; for the frost prevents growth.~Both plants 154 6| watery and hence less easily frozen. Further they have an oiliness 155 6| their lower parts and the fruit.~These matters however will 156 6| longevity. The taking of slips furnishes a similar instance, for 157 1| affecting not only entire genera opposed as wholes to one 158 4| are short-lived).~Speaking generally, the longest-lived things 159 2| are reciprocal causes of generation and decay. Hence it is natural 160 1| difference applying to the genus I give man and horse (for 161 1| applying to the genus I give man and horse (for mankind 162 2| different account must be given; for in many things their 163 3| lesser flame is consumed by a greater one, for the nutriment, 164 6| part dying and the other growing, and hence also it lives 165 6| is renewed and the other grows old; it is practically a 166 4| other long-lived animals too happen to be of a large size, as 167 6| tree-type, for the roots are the head and upper part of a plant, 168 6| plants also those with great heads are longer-lived, and such 169 3| in any sense an opposite. Heat and straightness can be 170 5| the water creatures whose home is the sea) or, when they 171 2| where things are not, like a house, a composite unity formed 172 2| take the termination of ignorance, which is recollection or 173 1| while in the case of others ill-health is perfectly compatible 174 5| animals of cold constitution illustrates this particularly well, 175 3| for their matter is an immediate source of contrariety, so 176 4| We find that a superior immunity from decay attaches neither 177 3| object in this case also be imperishable? No, it would be destroyed 178 3| what is corruptible becomes incorruptible, as fire does in the upper 179 3| situation, if quantity, increase and diminution, while if 180 2| Hence it is natural to infer that everything else arising 181 1| which they dwell. Races inhabiting warm countries have longer 182 2| the soul too; for, if the inherence of soul in body is not a 183 1| necessary beginning to our inquiry is a statement of the difficulties 184 1| and shortness of life are interchangeable, while in the case of others 185 1| But at present we have to investigate the causes of some creatures 186 6| however will be specially investigated in the work On Plants. But 187 1| brevity of life call for investigation.~The necessary beginning 188 6| is from this source that issues that continued growth when 189 5| they consume themselves; just as a large flame consumes 190 5| than the female.~The same kind of animals are longer-lived 191 5| more quickly owing to the labour; toil produces dryness and 192 5| entirely absent (both the land animals with feet and the 193 4| attaches neither to the largest animals (the horse has shorter 194 | last 195 1| life, while in others it lasts but for a year.~Further, 196 | later 197 2| which is recollection or learning, while knowledge passes 198 1| in a word, causes of the length and brevity of life call 199 3| produced.~Hence accidentally a lesser flame is consumed by a greater 200 6| that we find the longest life-more than among the animals, 201 5| happens that animals with little or no blood are in northerly 202 5| this that makes them longer lived; for the cause is twofold, 203 1| have longer life, those living in a cold climate live a 204 5| well, and hence snakes and lizards and scaly reptiles are of 205 5| are of great size in warm localities, as also are testacea in 206 5| material in which it is located.~Water animals have a shorter 207 5| residue, and further, by being lost, it produces dryness. Hence 208 1| Perhaps in the case of certain maladies a diseased state of the 209 6| Insects, however, though managing to live, are not able to 210 1| give man and horse (for mankind has a longer life than the 211 2| pass away even though the medium in which they are found 212 3| the upper regions where it meets with no opposite. Opposites 213 5| constitution, now a particular member.~This is why salacious animals 214 1| between man and man; for of men also some are long-lived, 215 4| as are also those I have mentioned.~ 216 5| moisture. But it is not merely this that makes them longer 217 5| the cold, the dry and the moist. Hence when they age they 218 | most 219 5| produces dryness. Hence the mule lives longer than either 220 5| death either by disease or naturally, for the potency of the 221 1| call for investigation.~The necessary beginning to our inquiry 222 | Next 223 2| by the destruction of the non-physical reality; for, when the animal 224 5| little or no blood are in northerly regions either entirely 225 | nothing 226 2| is that which, in natural objects, makes them easily destroyed, 227 5| corpse. This is plain to observation. But the material constituting 228 4| is the period), nor the occupants of the sea (for there we 229 1| differences among individuals occupying the same locality.~ 230 | off 231 6| frozen. Further they have an oiliness and a viscosity which makes 232 | once 233 6| branches alone die and new ones grow up beside them, and 234 6| is the continuity that is operative. The reason is that the 235 3| meets with no opposite. Opposites destroy each other, and 236 3| always be produced; for opposition is always the source of 237 4| bloodless), nor terrestrial organisms (there are both plants and 238 5| constitution illustrates this particularly well, and hence snakes and 239 2| health and disease. These pass away even though the medium 240 3| are coming into being and passing away. The environment acts 241 3| whenever the active and the passive exist together, the one 242 1| of others ill-health is perfectly compatible with long life.~ 243 6| Thus in taking slips this perpetuation of life occurs though their 244 2| another mode of dissolution pertaining to it besides that which 245 6| in every part.~Identical phenomena are found both in plants 246 5| so is a corpse. This is plain to observation. But the 247 1| difficulties about these points. For it is not clear whether 248 5| disease or naturally, for the potency of the waste product works 249 2| do not possess identical powers they are reciprocal causes 250 6| the other grows old; it is practically a case of longevity. The 251 4| sanguineous animals the pre-eminence (for the bee is longer-lived 252 3| because real substance is not predicated of any subject. Hence a 253 2| 2~In order to find premisses for our argument, we must 254 3| refuse is what remains of the previous opposite. But, after expelling 255 5| natural warmth which is the primary cause of digestion consumes 256 6| thing happens. But both processes do not occur together. Rather 257 5| destroyed should not yield waste products. Anything of such a nature 258 5| animals perish readily unless protected by great size, for there 259 3| when they contain contrary qualities; for their matter is an 260 5| is twofold, to wit, the quality as well as the quantity 261 5| superiority exceeds that of its quantitative deficiency.~In some creatures 262 1| regions in which they dwell. Races inhabiting warm countries 263 3| Perhaps one might reasonably raise the question whether there 264 5| of their moisture, if the ratio of its qualitative superiority 265 2| destruction of the non-physical reality; for, when the animal dies, 266 3| 3~Perhaps one might reasonably raise the question whether 267 2| identical powers they are reciprocal causes of generation and 268 2| termination of ignorance, which is recollection or learning, while knowledge 269 5| also are testacea in the Red Sea: the warm humidity there 270 5| they contain air; now air relatively to the other elements is 271 5| all these facts. We must remember that an animal is by nature 272 6| insects.~Plants continually renew themselves and hence last 273 6| growth when one part is renewed and the other grows old; 274 5| snakes and lizards and scaly reptiles are of great size in warm 275 5| therefore the fluid in them requires to be not easily dried up. 276 6| the upper part that warmth resides, in the lower cold. In plants 277 5| age quickly; the seed is a residue, and further, by being lost, 278 5| rule, longer-lived than the rest, as was said before; it 279 6| viscosity which makes them retain their moisture in a form 280 2| easily destroyed, or the reverse? Since fire and water, and 281 6| contains potentially both root and stem. Hence it is from 282 6| similar instance, for we might say that, in a way, when we 283 5| hence snakes and lizards and scaly reptiles are of great size 284 1| far as it belongs to the science of nature to do so. But 285 6| resident in each of the separated parts create organs. In 286 1| applying also to contrasted sets of individuals within the 287 6| connexion with the plant is severed, but in the former case 288 | shall 289 2| composed of them should share in the same nature, in all 290 6| same thing happens; the shoot cut off is part of the plant. 291 6| last for a long time. New shoots continually come and the 292 6| duration of life and for short life in animals. It remains 293 3| it involves locality they show change of situation, if 294 6| a long time.~There is a similarity, as has been already said, 295 3| no opposite, or which is situated where it has no opposite, 296 1| compatible with long life.~Of sleep and waking we have already 297 6| in a way, when we take a slip the same thing happens; 298 3| the nutriment, to wit the smoke, which the former takes 299 5| particularly well, and hence snakes and lizards and scaly reptiles 300 1| structure are longevity and a sound constitution coincident, 301 1| life and death we shall speak later on, and likewise about 302 4| which are short-lived).~Speaking generally, the longest-lived 303 6| matters however will be specially investigated in the work 304 5| or the ass from which it sprang, and females live longer 305 6| place that the fresh roots spring from the surviving part. 306 2| dissolution, the soul must stand in a different case in respect 307 1| beginning to our inquiry is a statement of the difficulties about 308 6| potentially both root and stem. Hence it is from this source 309 3| nothing but hot or white or straight; for, if that were so, attributes 310 3| sense an opposite. Heat and straightness can be present in every 311 5| terrestrial creatures, not strictly because they are humid, 312 1| year.~Further, in a natural structure are longevity and a sound 313 6| would complete our course of study on animals.~ ~ 314 3| is so, what we have said sufficiently accounts for the change; 315 4| 4~We find that a superior immunity from decay attaches 316 5| ratio of its qualitative superiority exceeds that of its quantitative 317 6| fresh roots spring from the surviving part. Thus it continues, 318 5| them. In animals fat is sweet, and hence bees are longer-lived 319 5| there is neither fatness nor sweetness about them. In animals fat 320 2| composite unity formed by the synthesis of many things.~In other 321 6| it is only when this has taken place that the fresh roots 322 3| smoke, which the former takes a long period to expend, 323 2| exist; for example, take the termination of ignorance, which is recollection 324 5| localities, as also are testacea in the Red Sea: the warm 325 | then 326 | therefore 327 2| and whatsoever is akin thereto, do not possess identical 328 | through 329 3| too] all things are at all times in a state of transition 330 3| all times in a state of transition and are coming into being 331 1| and waking we have already treated; about life and death we 332 6| are not annual but of the tree-type, for the roots are the head 333 6| discover the reason why trees are of an enduring constitution, 334 6| happens that at one time the trunk and the branches alone die 335 5| lived; for the cause is twofold, to wit, the quality as 336 6| male is more of the dwarf type of build than the female), 337 5| considerations may enable us to understand the reasons for all these 338 6| death. To come to a definite understanding about these matters would 339 1| shortness of life independent of unhealthiness? Perhaps in the case of 340 2| different case in respect of its union with the body.~ 341 2| like a house, a composite unity formed by the synthesis 342 1| whether in animals and plants universally it is a single or diverse 343 | unless 344 | used 345 | using 346 6| they have an oiliness and a viscosity which makes them retain 347 1| long life.~Of sleep and waking we have already treated; 348 3| enduring than their nature warrants, but never are they eternal 349 | was 350 6| we might say that, in a way, when we take a slip the 351 | were 352 | whenever 353 3| should be nothing but hot or white or straight; for, if that 354 | whole 355 1| entire genera opposed as wholes to one another, but applying 356 | whose 357 1| others short-lived, and, in a word, causes of the length and 358 6| specially investigated in the work On Plants. But this is our 359 5| potency of the waste product works adversely and destroys now 360 5| easily destroyed should not yield waste products. Anything 361 6| remains for us to discuss youth and age, and life and death.