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| Alphabetical [« »] anger 1 angles 6 animal 105 animals 345 annoyance 1 another 37 answer 3 | Frequency [« »] 395 which 378 be 370 this 345 animals 281 have 279 with 275 but | Aristotle On the Parts of Animals IntraText - Concordances animals |
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1 [Title] | On the Parts of Animals~
2 I, 1 | identical but recurring in animals specifically distinct. (
3 I, 1 | the phenomena presented by animals, and their several parts,
4 I, 1 | presented by each group of animals, and, when this is done,
5 I, 1 | characters presented by animals were merely the results
6 I, 1 | development of plants and of animals. They say, for instance,
7 I, 1 | substances.~But if men and animals and their several parts
8 I, 1 | the essence of the various animals and of their several parts?
9 I, 1 | configuration, like the animals that in the fable are turned
10 I, 1 | intellectual part; for other animals than man have the power
11 I, 1 | believe, than that mortal animals so originated. For order
12 I, 2 | some birds are ranked with animals of the water, and others
13 I, 2 | kinds distributed among land animals, others among water animals.~
14 I, 2 | animals, others among water animals.~
15 I, 3 | Twocleft, like those of animals with bifid hoofs, and Uncleft
16 I, 3 | Undivided, like those of animals with solid hoofs. Now even
17 I, 3 | glow-worm, and some other animals fall under both divisions.)
18 I, 3 | Now specifically distinct animals cannot present in their
19 I, 3 | differentia specifically distinct animals would fall into the same
20 I, 3 | said, specifically distinct animals will come into one and the
21 I, 4 | the two groups of Water animals and Winged animals. For
22 I, 4 | Water animals and Winged animals. For even these have certain
23 I, 4 | of groups, for almost all animals present analogies in their
24 I, 5 | respecting perishable plants and animals we have abundant information,
25 I, 5 | we proceed to treat of animals, without omitting, to the
26 I, 5 | examination of the humbler animals. Every realm of nature is
27 I, 5 | common to whole groups of animals, and then to attempt to
28 I, 5 | attributes common to all animals, or to assemblages, like
29 II, 1 | number of the parts of which animals are severally composed are
30 II, 1 | book of Researches about Animals. We have now to inquire
31 II, 1 | the homogeneous parts of animals, such as bone, flesh, and
32 II, 1 | attains its final term.~Animals, then, are composed of homogeneous
33 II, 1 | motions not only of aggregate animals but also of the individual
34 II, 1 | causes, then, some parts of animals are simple and homogeneous,
35 II, 1 | substance which in some animals takes the place of flesh.~
36 II, 1 | heart which in sanguineous animals constitutes this central
37 II, 1 | central part, and in bloodless animals it is that which takes the
38 II, 2 | the homogeneous parts of animals, some are soft and fluid,
39 II, 2 | are not to be found in all animals, some animals only having
40 II, 2 | found in all animals, some animals only having parts analogous
41 II, 2 | are the faeces and, in animals that have a bladder, the
42 II, 2 | the bloods of different animals. For, in the individual,
43 II, 2 | classes, one section of animals is sanguineous, while the
44 II, 2 | nature than many sanguineous animals; and that, of sanguineous
45 II, 2 | and that, of sanguineous animals, those are the most intelligent
46 II, 2 | mode of life of the several animals, or, in other cases, to
47 II, 2 | better or slightly worse. Two animals, for instance, may have
48 II, 2 | of degree. As to why all animals must of necessity have blood
49 II, 2 | of frequent dispute what animals or what parts of animals
50 II, 2 | animals or what parts of animals are hot and what cold. For
51 II, 2 | some maintain that water animals are hotter than such as
52 II, 2 | and again, that bloodless animals are hotter than those with
53 II, 2 | the dejections also of animals, and, among the excretions,
54 II, 3 | that all living things, animals and plants alike, must on
55 II, 3 | clearly devolves, in such animals at least as live on food
56 II, 3 | namely the mouth, and in some animals the so-called oesophagus,
57 II, 3 | stead of a stomach. But animals, with scarcely an exception,
58 II, 3 | nutritive material in such animals as have it; while in bloodless
59 II, 3 | have it; while in bloodless animals the same is the case with
60 II, 3 | the blood in sanguineous animals is to subserve the nutrition
61 II, 4 | found in the blood of some animals but not of all. There are
62 II, 4 | reason the blood of such animals as these never coagulates.
63 II, 4 | Some at any rate of the animals with watery blood have a
64 II, 4 | it is that some bloodless animals, notwithstanding their want
65 II, 4 | ants, and whatever other animals there may be of a like nature.
66 II, 4 | an excess of water makes animals timorous. For fear chills
67 II, 4 | chills the body; so that in animals whose heart contains so
68 II, 4 | also explains why bloodless animals are, as a general rule,
69 II, 4 | instances change colour. Such animals, on the other hand, as have
70 II, 4 | the sensory faculties of animals in many ways. This is indeed
71 II, 5 | that no non-sanguineous animals have either lard or suet;
72 II, 5 | blood. Among sanguineous animals those whose blood is dense
73 II, 5 | is that in those horned animals that have no front teeth
74 II, 5 | other hand in those hornless animals that have front teeth in
75 II, 5 | without sensation. Such animals, again, as are excessively
76 II, 5 | For the same reason fat animals are less prolific than others.
77 II, 5 | blood; so that in these animals there is either no reproductive
78 II, 6 | quite evident in very young animals. For in the embryo the marrow
79 II, 6 | For the viscera also in animals, so long as they are young,
80 II, 6 | suety character. In those animals, therefore, that have horns
81 II, 6 | frangible.~There are some animals that can hardly be said
82 II, 6 | as it is necessary that animals shall have bones or something
83 II, 6 | understand why, in those animals that have strong and compact
84 II, 6 | forming the bones.~Those animals that have fish-spines in
85 II, 6 | existence of marrow, in those animals that have any, and such
86 II, 7 | it resembles the blood of animals and their excrement. The
87 II, 7 | purpose of its presence in animals is no less than the preservation
88 II, 7 | much is plain, that all animals must necessarily have a
89 II, 7 | heat, and has given it to animals to moderate the latter,
90 II, 7 | is the brain again-or, in animals that have no brain, the
91 II, 7 | standing upright from those animals to whom that posture is
92 II, 7 | constituent, behind.~Of all animals, man has the largest brain
93 II, 7 | explains why man, alone of animals, stands erect. For the heat,
94 II, 7 | appearance in appropriate animals. Of these fluids the excremental
95 II, 7 | time to explain in what animals they are found, and what
96 II, 8 | with the substance that, in animals that have no flesh, takes
97 II, 8 | forms the very basis of animals, and is the essential constituent
98 II, 8 | by their hardness; and in animals that have no bones the same
99 II, 8 | cartilage in others.~Now in some animals this supporting substance
100 II, 8 | oysters. For in all these animals the fleshy substance is
101 II, 8 | another and distinct tribe of animals, namely the Tortoises, including
102 II, 8 | strength is concerned. These animals have also a part inside
103 II, 8 | assigned to sanguineous animals their bones or their fish-spines,
104 II, 8 | which obtains in sanguineous animals, as indeed has been already
105 II, 9 | origin of the bones, in all animals that have bones, is what
106 II, 9 | bones of the limbs, in such animals as have these parts, proceed,
107 II, 9 | walls of this are in all animals devoid of bones; in order
108 II, 9 | the bones of viviparous animals, of such, that is, as are
109 II, 9 | proportions are far above other animals, and many of them occasionally
110 II, 9 | requires; and comparing the big animals with each other, this requirement
111 II, 9 | fish-spines.~In those sanguineous animals, on the other hand, that
112 II, 9 | that the movements of these animals shall be of an undulating
113 II, 9 | material. Even in viviparous animals many of the bones are cartilaginous.
114 II, 9 | cartilages of these land animals are without marrow, that
115 II, 9 | the preservation of the animals to which they severally
116 II, 9 | the teeth, which in some animals have but a single function,
117 II, 9 | as is the case with all animals that have sharp interfitting
118 II, 9 | the composition of these animals than in that of the human
119 II, 9 | severally in the bodies of animals. For, as with the heterogeneous
120 II, 10| in importance. For in all animals, at least in all the perfect
121 II, 10| separate consideration. Animals, however, that not only
122 II, 10| diversity is greater in some animals than in others, being most
123 II, 10| to us than those of other animals, we must speak of man first;
124 II, 10| the universe. For, of all animals, man alone stands erect.~
125 II, 10| the very purpose for which animals are provided with a brain
126 II, 10| Vision is so placed in all animals. But such is not invariably
127 II, 10| hind part also. For, in all animals that have a head, it is
128 II, 10| as is the front.~In some animals hearing as well as vision
129 II, 10| blood.~The brain in all animals that have one is placed
130 II, 10| evident enough; for in some animals the tongue is plainly forked.
131 II, 10| their office. For in such animals as have nostrils olfaction
132 II, 10| inspiratory motion. In other animals than man the arrangement
133 II, 13| and both are used by these animals not only in closing the
134 II, 13| safeguard that all these animals blink, and man most of all;
135 II, 13| than in the rest of these animals, because of the greater
136 II, 13| harder than the skin of hairy animals. In these animals, then,
137 II, 13| hairy animals. In these animals, then, the skin on the head
138 II, 13| skin to be rapid. These animals then have no eyelids and,
139 II, 13| a fluid consistency. For animals that move much about have
140 II, 14| 14~All animals that have hairs on the body
141 II, 14| the eyelids; but birds and animals with scale-like plates,
142 II, 14| explained hereafter. Of hairy animals, man alone has lashes on
143 II, 16| As to other sanguineous animals, the Birds, the Serpents,
144 II, 16| placed there.~As for those animals that have no respiration,
145 II, 16| lips, in such sanguineous animals, that is, as have teeth.
146 II, 16| The use of the lips in all animals except man is to preserve
147 II, 16| Their purpose, as in other animals, is to guard the teeth,
148 II, 16| tongue unlike that of other animals, and, in accordance with
149 II, 16| for this being that of all animals man has the most delicate
150 II, 17| roof of the mouth. In land animals it presents but little diversity.
151 II, 17| diversity. But in other animals it is variable, and this
152 II, 17| the Researches concerning Animals.~As to those oviparous and
153 II, 17| oviparous and sanguineous animals that live not in the air
154 II, 17| great distance. In these animals it is forked and has a fine
155 II, 17| doubled.~Even some bloodless animals have an organ that serves
156 II, 17| savours; and in sanguineous animals such an organ is invariably
157 II, 17| interior of the mouth in animals of this character is invariably
158 II, 17| spinous. Secondly, in water animals there is but short space
159 II, 17| upper jaw which in other animals is the immovable one. The
160 II, 17| sensibility is intended to serve animals in the selection of food,
161 II, 17| rest of the mouth. As all animals are sensible to the pleasure
162 II, 17| flies and bees and all such animals, and likewise in some of
163 II, 17| through the skins of other animals. Such, then, in these animals
164 II, 17| animals. Such, then, in these animals is the nature of the tongue,
165 II, 17| as a weapon, so in these animals the tongue serves as a sting.~
166 II, 17| as a sting.~In all other animals the tongue agrees with description
167 III, 1 | different groups. Thus in some animals the teeth serve as weapons;
168 III, 1 | weapons; and while in some animals, as the wild Carnivora,
169 III, 1 | presented by the teeth of other animals, with the exception of those
170 III, 1 | of letter-sounds.~In some animals, however, the teeth, as
171 III, 1 | therefore, tusks to such animals as strike in fighting, and
172 III, 1 | defensive alike, to those animals alone that can use it; or,
173 III, 1 | respiration, in all such animals as breathe and are cooled
174 III, 1 | which are common to all animals for many special purposes,
175 III, 1 | universal function in all animals alike, namely its alimentary
176 III, 1 | Therefore it is that in some animals the mouth is contracted,
177 III, 1 | contracted form belongs to such animals as use the mouth merely
178 III, 1 | invariable form in such animals as are saw-toothed. For
179 III, 1 | fishes as well as to other animals; and thus in such of them
180 III, 1 | seeds and picking up minute animals. In such birds, again, as
181 III, 2 | exist in none but viviparous animals; though in some ovipara
182 III, 2 | and these polydactylous animals possess other means of security.
183 III, 2 | most of the cloven-hoofed animals, and in some of those that
184 III, 2 | There are horns also in all animals that have not been provided
185 III, 2 | has been given to these animals, and in a still greater
186 III, 2 | destroyed by others. Other animals again are protected by the
187 III, 2 | have a cloven hoof.~All animals again, whose horns are but
188 III, 2 | gazelle; for though these animals will stand up against some
189 III, 2 | frightened. There are some other animals besides the Bonasus that
190 III, 2 | same animal.~Most of the animals that have horns are cloven-hoofed;
191 III, 2 | like reasons the horns of animals are, in the great majority
192 III, 2 | latter it is solid. In such animals the horn is set in the centre
193 III, 2 | simultaneously and in the same animals. Again, since the division
194 III, 2 | elsewhere.~Deer are the only animals in which the horns are solid
195 III, 2 | throughout, and are also the only animals that cast them. This casting
196 III, 2 | necessity.~In all other animals the horns are hollow for
197 III, 2 | they are present in some animals, absent from others.~Let
198 III, 2 | the larger the bulk of animals, the greater is the proportion
199 III, 2 | we say that the largest animals have most earthy matter,
200 III, 2 | bone. But in the larger animals there is an excess of it,
201 III, 2 | nutriment which in most animals goes to the former being
202 III, 2 | are naturally horn-bearing animals; but they have been stripped
203 III, 2 | an impediment. In other animals, where this material is
204 III, 3 | head lies the neck, in such animals as have one. This is the
205 III, 3 | instrument by which such animals as breathe inhale and discharge
206 III, 3 | the stomach; so that all animals that are without a neck
207 III, 3 | the channel through which animals imbibe fluid. For there
208 III, 3 | found in all sanguineous animals, but only in such of them
209 III, 3 | such scaly and feathered animals there is no epiglottis,
210 III, 3 | slip into the windpipe.~The animals which have been mentioned
211 III, 3 | peculiar flesh of these animals, and shaped like that of
212 III, 3 | as to the reason why some animals have an epiglottis while
213 III, 4 | peculiar to sanguineous animals, some of which have all
214 III, 4 | part, while no bloodless animals have any at all. Democritus
215 III, 4 | discoverable in bloodless animals was that these animals were
216 III, 4 | bloodless animals was that these animals were too small to allow
217 III, 4 | seen. For, in sanguineous animals, both heart and liver are
218 III, 4 | not precisely alike in all animals, but each creature is provided
219 III, 4 | also differing in different animals. Viscera, then, are peculiar
220 III, 4 | peculiar to sanguineous animals; and therefore are each
221 III, 4 | new-born young of these animals. For in such the viscera
222 III, 4 | then, in all sanguineous animals, and the reason for this
223 III, 4 | given. For that sanguineous animals must necessarily have blood
224 III, 4 | of man, but even in other animals there is a tendency in the
225 III, 4 | in position in different animals, and are not to be counted
226 III, 4 | starting-point of their nature in all animals that have blood. A further
227 III, 4 | is true that sanguineous animals not only have a heart but
228 III, 4 | most perfectly finished animals there is another part, the
229 III, 4 | getting chilled. For in all animals there is comparatively little
230 III, 4 | amount of protection. In all animals but man the heart is placed
231 III, 4 | same position as in other animals; and the reason has been
232 III, 4 | strengthening parts.~In no animals does the heart contain a
233 III, 4 | for the body generally.~In animals of great size the heart
234 III, 4 | three cavities; in smaller animals it has two; and in all has
235 III, 4 | exists in the case of large animals, for in them the heart,
236 III, 4 | warmth.~In the heart of animals there is also a kind of
237 III, 4 | jointings are most distinct in animals of keen sensibility, and
238 III, 4 | the temperaments of the animals. For in animals of low sensibility
239 III, 4 | temperaments of the animals. For in animals of low sensibility the heart
240 III, 4 | pretty nearly all other animals that either are manifestly
241 III, 4 | small in all or most fat animals.~The heart again is the
242 III, 4 | On the other hand, when animals die not by sacrifice but
243 III, 4 | of its existence in such animals as have it.~
244 III, 5 | the sensory soul is in all animals actually one; and this one-ness
245 III, 5 | primarily abides. In sanguineous animals this one-ness is not only
246 III, 5 | whereas in some bloodless animals it is only actual. Where,
247 III, 5 | bilateral; for in all such animals there is a distinguishable
248 III, 5 | visible in all sanguineous animals, while the latter is in
249 III, 5 | fluid which in bloodless animals takes the place of blood,
250 III, 5 | as to the manner in which animals are nourished, and as to
251 III, 5 | the Researches concerning Animals.~So much, then, as concerns
252 III, 6 | an organ found in all the animals of a certain class, because
253 III, 6 | body; and in sanguineous animals, as they are of an especially
254 III, 6 | treatise on Respiration. But animals that breathe are cooled
255 III, 6 | provided with a lung.~All land animals breathe, and even some water
256 III, 6 | breathe, and even some water animals, such as the whale, the
257 III, 6 | spouting Cetacea. For many animals lie half-way between terrestrial
258 III, 6 | future. Moreover, in most animals the lung is separated from
259 III, 6 | differs much in different animals. For in some it is of large
260 III, 6 | inflated. Among terrestrial animals, the oviparous quadrupeds,
261 III, 6 | inhabitants of the air, the animals known as birds. For in all
262 III, 6 | explanation of the fact that these animals are little liable to thirst
263 III, 6 | considerable period.~These animals, speaking generally, are
264 III, 6 | man is the most erect of animals, and the vivipara more erect
265 III, 6 | office; but in one order of animals it is bloodless and has
266 III, 6 | no one term to denote all animals that have a lung; no designation,
267 III, 7 | organs of sense tend in all animals to consist of two parts;
268 III, 7 | such an extent that these animals look as though they had
269 III, 7 | reason of this is, that, in animals that necessarily have a
270 III, 7 | matter of necessity in all animals, though not of very stringent
271 III, 7 | the body.~All sanguineous animals, then, need these two parts;
272 III, 7 | invariably present; and, in those animals that have it, is only present
273 III, 7 | Therefore it is that in some animals the spleen is but scantily
274 III, 7 | the case in such feathered animals as have a hot stomach. Such
275 III, 7 | scaly fishes. These same animals are also without a bladder,
276 III, 7 | the belly. But in those animals that have but little superfluous
277 III, 7 | the other hand, in such animals as have a bladder, and whose
278 III, 7 | collects in the bladder. In animals therefore where this fluid
279 III, 7 | kidneys and bladder exist in animals for one and the same function,
280 III, 8 | to be the thirstiest of animals, and makes them require
281 III, 8 | it comes to pass that all animals whose lung contains blood
282 III, 8 | provided with a bladder. Those animals, on the other hand, that
283 III, 8 | or scaly plates-all these animals, owing to the small amount
284 III, 8 | which are comprised among animals with scaly plates, form
285 III, 8 | and in snakes and other animals with scaly plates, such
286 III, 8 | is the reason why these animals, alone of their kind, have
287 III, 9 | also are wanting in all animals that are clad with feathers
288 III, 9 | in this animal. All other animals, however, whose lung contains
289 III, 9 | This is the case in all animals, excepting the seal. The
290 III, 9 | of these organs.~In all animals that have kidneys, that
291 III, 9 | drawn upwards is in all animals brought into contact with
292 III, 9 | kidneys are fat. But in all animals the right kidney is less
293 III, 9 | for it tends to melt it.~Animals then, as a general rule,
294 III, 9 | reason why sheep are the only animals that suffer in this manner,
295 III, 9 | than others, is that in animals whose fat is composed of
296 III, 9 | pains ensue. As to those animals whose fat consists of suet,
297 III, 9 | so abundant; for of all animals there is none in which the
298 III, 10| called Phrenes in sanguineous animals, all of which have a midriff,
299 III, 10| occur in the case of other animals than man? For that none
300 III, 10| cut seeing that bloodless animals at any rate can live, and
301 III, 12| 12~Some animals have all the viscera that
302 III, 12| of them. In what kind of animals this latter is the case,
303 III, 12| not precisely alike in all animals that have one; nor, in fact,
304 III, 12| Thus the liver is in some animals split into several parts,
305 III, 12| among those sanguineous animals that are viviparous, but
306 III, 12| in both these classes of animals admits of the freest exhalation,
307 III, 12| tortoise, and other similar animals.~The spleen, again, varies
308 III, 12| again, varies in different animals. For in those that have
309 III, 12| elongated in all polydactylous animals. Such, for instance, is
310 III, 12| and in the dog. While in animals with solid hoofs it is of
311 III, 14| parts are present in all animals, for reasons that are self-evident.
312 III, 14| parts uniformly alike in all animals. Thus the stomach is single
313 III, 14| sanguineous and viviparous animals as have teeth in front of
314 III, 14| in all the solid-hoofed animals also, such as horse, mule,
315 III, 14| exists also in the horned animals; the reason being that horn-bearing
316 III, 14| being that horn-bearing animals have no front teeth in the
317 III, 14| constructed like that of animals without upper front teeth,
318 III, 14| ruminates like the horned animals, because its multiple stomach
319 III, 14| resembles theirs. For all animals that have horns, the sheep
320 III, 14| of parts and cavities in animals with such dentition. The
321 III, 14| the Researches concerning Animals.~Birds also present variations
322 III, 14| variations is the same as in the animals just mentioned. For here
323 III, 14| do so. For those horned animals that have no front teeth
324 III, 14| all sharp; so that these animals can divide their food, though
325 III, 14| already been mentioned that in animals with front teeth in both
326 III, 14| than the gut; for in all animals after the stomach comes
327 III, 14| modifications. For in some animals it is uniform, when uncoiled,
328 III, 14| their excrement. But in most animals it is the upper portion
329 III, 14| greater length than in other animals, and much convoluted, are
330 III, 14| larger size of the body. For animals with horns are, as a rule,
331 III, 14| with horns are, as a rule, animals of no small bulk, because
332 III, 14| The gut, except in those animals where it is straight, invariably
333 III, 14| the anus, and is in some animals surrounded by fat, in others
334 III, 14| conversion. Thus is it in those animals which, owing either to their
335 III, 14| all at once.~In all such animals, however, as have to be
336 III, 14| And thus it is that all animals whose food receptacles are
337 III, 14| it is that, in all such animals as we are now considering,
338 III, 14| is a jejunum in all these animals, but it is only plainly
339 III, 15| as rennet is found in all animals that have a multiple stomach,
340 III, 15| stomach, and in the hare among animals whose stomach is single.
341 III, 15| milk which causes all these animals to have rennet; whereas
342 III, 15| have rennet; whereas in animals with a single stomach the
343 III, 15| makes the milk of horned animals coagulate, while that of
344 III, 15| coagulate, while that of animals without horns does not.
345 III, 15| that rennet is formed in animals with multiple stomachs has