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| Aristotle On Sophistical Refutations IntraText - Concordances (Hapax - words occurring once) |
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1 10| 10~It is no true distinction 2 11| 11~Moreover, to claim a "Yes" 3 12| 12~So much, then, for apparent 4 13| 13~Paradoxes, then, you should 5 14| 14~We have said before what 6 15| 15~With a view then to refutation, 7 16| 16~We have now therefore dealt 8 17| 17~First then, just as we say 9 18| 18~Inasmuch as a proper solution 10 19| 19~Of the refutations, then, 11 20| 20~It is evident also how one 12 21| 21~Accentuation gives rise 13 22| 22~It is clear also how one 14 23| 23~It is a general rule in 15 24| 24~In dealing with arguments 16 25| 25~Those arguments which depend 17 26| 26~Refutations that depend 18 27| 27~As to refutations that depend 19 28| 28~Also, those refutations 20 29| 29~In the case of any refutations 21 30| 30~To meet those refutations 22 31| 31~With regard to those who 23 32| 32~With regard to solecisms, 24 33| 33~We must also observe that 25 34| 34~As to the number, then, 26 8 | 8~Since we know on how many 27 9 | 9~The number of considerations 28 1 | and it is at this kind of ability that those aim whom we call 29 12| only what he thinks, create abundant opportunity for drawing 30 5 | because it so happens (accidit) that the person from whom 31 34| from which, this will be accomplished, and also from what sources 32 11| the art of examination an accomplishment of the same kind as geometry, 33 1 | makes them; and of these accomplishments the one depends on the faculty 34 1 | some of them do not really achieve this, though they seem to 35 4 | free man", and "God-like Achilles left fifty a hundred men".~ 36 1 | too those who are not well acquainted with the force of names 37 25| thief is an evil thing, acquiring things is also evil: what 38 4 | other denotes a certain action. In the same manner also 39 4 | not belong to the class of actions at all as though it did 40 1 | discussion to bring in the actual things discussed: we use 41 7 | respect or manner or time as adding nothing to the meaning, 42 17| how precisely he may have addressed his argument to the very 43 24| however, be prepared to adduce an example of the kind of 44 16| and also our distinctions adequate of the forms of dishonesty 45 5 | then", they say, "he has admitted that Coriscus is different 46 27| the opposite way from that adopted in refutations on side issues.~ 47 5 | to show that a man is an adulterer, they take hold of some 48 5 | of some consequence of an adulterous life, viz. that the man 49 34| discoveries generally make advance that is small at first though 50 4 | more than one meaning, e.g. aetos and the "dog"; (2) when 51 31| nose but something (e.g. an affection) belonging to a nose: hence, 52 13| which they are the states or affections or what not, indicated as 53 25| contraries and opposites and an affirmative and a negative to belong 54 17| expression: and this he is both affirming and denying at once. "But 55 33| and "Which cow will calve afore?" "Neither, but both behind;" 56 | afterwards 57 4 | Also, in the passage about Agamemnon’s dream, they say that Zeus 58 15| contentiousness, for when agitated everybody is less able to 59 34| that has been said long ago, whereas on the subject 60 15| are left behind they look ahead less. Moreover, there is 61 3 | must grasp the number of aims entertained by those who 62 23| show in what sense it is alive: if, on the other hand, 63 | Almost 64 | along 65 7 | phrase is thought not to alter its meaning-with any phrase, 66 6 | question or the term as altered is not the same as was intended. 67 11| whichever he likes of the two alternatives in the question: for they 68 | am 69 4 | three varieties of these ambiguities and amphibolies: (1) When 70 4 | is equal: for it is that amount and more besides. For the 71 2 | has been discussed in the Analytics, while that of dialectic 72 8 | an essential attribute, and-a branch of the last-that 73 24| expression that this is "of so and-so" (="so-and-so’s") has not 74 23| sophist has proved it to be animate, say how it is inanimate. 75 34| Inasmuch, however, as it is annexed to it, on account of the 76 11| there is the method whereby Antiphon squared the circle. Or again, 77 9 | depend, that are merely apparent-apparent, I mean, not to everybody, 78 7 | Moreover, in many cases appearances point to this-and the claim 79 17| for the latter is no more applicable to the one than to the other: 80 33| is the same in all their applications or different; for some think 81 22| what is a common predicate applying to a class universally is 82 33| but the same argument is apt to be thought by some to 83 20| are good things to learn, aren't they?" "Yes." "The knowledge, 84 6 | proof, an argument which argued per accidens could not be 85 17| the object of contentious arguers, though less so nowadays 86 33| you bound?" "To the yard arm"; and "Which cow will calve 87 14| putting the question be arranged in a certain manner with 88 17| unambiguous contradiction arrived at from certain views, there 89 34| practically all the other arts: for those who discovered 90 17| difference? If, however, he is to ascribe to the one person the simple 91 24| when an attribute should be ascribed to a thing, in cases where 92 14| apply to chattels: e.g. askos ("wineskin") is a masculine 93 22| same time, and in the same aspect." Again, "Is any mode of 94 33| of Zeno and Parmenides by asserting that "One" and "Being" are 95 17| true opinions and general assertions) or like the doctrine "the 96 4 | expression. Of this we may assure ourselves both by induction, 97 11| that range of consequences attaching to the subject which a man 98 15| first. One should also lead attacks sometimes against positions 99 34| wondered at that the art has attained considerable dimensions. 100 5 | source of the deceptions that attend opinions based on sense-perception. 101 5 | be honey because honey is attended by a yellow colour: also, 102 5 | contradict one and the same attribute-not merely the name, but the 103 14| a masculine, and "she" (aute) feminine; but "this" (touto), 104 15| universal, still you should avail yourself of the resemblance 105 33| examine than the period available.~ 106 17| so: for in that way one avoids the impression of being 107 3 | opponent in the discussion to babbling-i.e. to constrain him to repeat 108 4 | his prayer", but that he bade the dream grant it. Instances 109 27| one, then, thanks to the badness of arguments of that kind, 110 12| definite subject is a good bait for these purposes: for 111 31| of a snub nose, and of a bandy leg, but when added to either 112 31| snub" and in the latter "bandyshaped"; i.e. it makes no difference 113 31| say that it is white. The bare word "double", one may perhaps 114 11| contentious reasoner, because he bases his false diagram on the 115 7 | when he takes speech as the basis of his inquiry: moreover 116 19| others contain a conclusion bearing a number of senses: e.g. 117 1 | sacrifice; and some people are beautiful thanks to their beauty, 118 1 | beautiful thanks to their beauty, while others seem to be 119 | becomes 120 14| masculine noun, and kline ("bed") a feminine. For this reason 121 5 | ways, as it is possible to beg the original point; they 122 33| for it has murdered the beggar and the merchant." Is he 123 34| those who discovered the beginnings of them advanced them in 124 20| same as to say "I saw a man being-beaten-with-my-eyes". Also there is the argument 125 11| philosophy of being. For all beings are not contained in any 126 | besides 127 15| beside them makes things look big to men, both relatively 128 5 | For people often suppose bile to be honey because honey 129 22| kind: "Could a man strike a blow with a hand which he has 130 1 | merely seem to be so by blowing and rigging themselves out 131 20| born", but not "You are born-in-the-present-moment"." Again, "Could you do 132 1 | is composed, and how many branches there happen to be of this 133 6 | aforesaid modes of fallacy into breaches of the definition of a refutation. 134 5 | length but not double in breadth. Or, it may be, they show 135 25| time to be a keeper and a breaker of his oath?" "Can the same 136 25| break his oath, and then breaks it, keeps this particular 137 20| pronounced, according to its breathing, as eros and eros is a case 138 4 | expression is like "cutting" or "building": yet the one denotes a 139 22| Then "he is cut", "he is burnt", "he is struck by some 140 1 | well, just as people who calculate suppose in regard to their 141 12| Law: it is so that both Callicles is drawn as arguing in the 142 23| e.g. if you find yourself calling something inanimate, despite 143 14| e.g. "What is this?" "It is Calliope"; "it is a log"; "it is 144 33| arm"; and "Which cow will calve afore?" "Neither, but both 145 16| sources whence fallacies came, and also our distinctions 146 4 | wish that you the enemy may capture". Also the thesis, "There 147 15| everybody is less able to take care of himself. Elementary rules 148 17| one should then be most careful to add that "it seems" so: 149 33| diction; e.g. "The man got the cart down from the stand"; and " 150 34| little way, whereas the celebrities of to-day are the heirs ( 151 33| if the contradictory is changed about, makes all the resulting 152 33| in the first place, is characterized by an initial uncertainty 153 5 | and not white." Or if both characters belong in a particular respect, 154 14| designation proper to a chattel, e.g. xulon ("log"), schoinion (" 155 8 | proved, in violation of the clause "without reckoning in the 156 34| questioner. We have also cleared up the problems concerning 157 6 | what refutation is.~The clearest cases of all, however, are 158 22| if one were to call the clement he has isolated not an individual 159 15| the latter sense, as e.g. Cleophon does in the Mandrobulus. 160 1 | counting, those who are not clever in manipulating their counters 161 6 | of a "doublet", not of a "cloak". For the former conclusion 162 5 | it were, because of the closeness of the expression, i.e. 163 12| these matters to have a collection of the special "theses" 164 5 | is attended by a yellow colour: also, since after rain 165 4 | whereas if one does not combine them, it means that when 166 5 | to-be, and to live is to come-to-be. But this is impossible: 167 25| he obeys one particular command. The argument is similar, 168 9 | stated that the diagonal is commensurate with the side of the square, 169 14| It is possible both to commit it, and to seem to do so 170 7 | inquiring into a problem in company with others than when we 171 34| a satisfactory condition compared with the other inquiries 172 26| sketched above, be met by comparing together the conclusion 173 34| so it is smallest in its compass and therefore most difficult 174 2 | of the arguments used in competitions and contests.~ 175 3 | entertained by those who argue as competitors and rivals to the death. 176 34| then, has been adequately completed is clear. But we must not 177 1 | of which this faculty is composed, and how many branches there 178 11| investigation of premisses comprises the whole of this study.~ 179 13| nose, there is therefore a "concave-nose nose".~People sometimes 180 17| other tricks of that kind, conceal even a genuine refutation, 181 10| answerer towards the points he concedes. Next, all of them may be 182 24| or absolutely. "Yet it is conceivably possible to find a real 183 22| this being granted, were to conclude that "a man could give what 184 4 | certain quality-i.e. a certain condition-while the other denotes a certain 185 5 | omit some one of the said conditions and give a merely apparent 186 34| not only to be able to conduct an examination dialectically 187 14| types, and the methods for conducting them aforesaid. But it makes 188 11| is merely apparent in its conformity to the subject-matter, so 189 15| a distinction, if their confutation is just about to take place, 190 5 | but the same name-and to confute it from the propositions 191 25| see in which of the two connexions the word "absolutely" is 192 34| that the art has attained considerable dimensions. Of this inquiry, 193 25| absolutely, should be solved by considering the conclusion in relation 194 6 | scientists with reasonings constituted per accidens; and the scientists 195 24| any and every fault that constitutes a solution: for it is possible 196 3 | discussion to babbling-i.e. to constrain him to repeat himself a 197 14| the same sort between a construction with "is" (esti) or with " 198 13| e.g. "odd" is a "number containing a middle": but there is 199 33| ought not to be held in contempt. For whenever some question 200 19| unambiguous manner, one should contend that what he has negated 201 15| Moreover, there is anger and contentiousness, for when agitated everybody 202 2 | used in competitions and contests.~ 203 5 | definition. For to refute is to contradict one and the same attribute-not 204 1 | it to a single point of contrast it is the business of one 205 34| have made their several contributions to it: and therefore it 206 12| that one should never put a controversial question straight away, 207 5 | relation of consequence is convertible. For whenever, suppose A 208 33| all of which are equally convincing: for this will produce an 209 19| escapes one, one should correct it at the end by making 210 17| case, so that our object in correcting them must be to dispel the 211 24| towards them, but do know Corsicus, they assert that they do 212 1 | Accordingly just as, in counting, those who are not clever 213 17| to be true to answer even countless different questions when 214 22| relation, e.g. that it is not coupled with any other. It is therefore 215 33| the yard arm"; and "Which cow will calve afore?" "Neither, 216 12| say only what he thinks, create abundant opportunity for 217 4 | Homer against those who criticize as unnatural his expression 218 22| the words "to drink the cup" he denotes not what he 219 9 | those of the refutations current on that subject. For a refutation 220 4 | and the "dog"; (2) when by custom we use them so; (3) when 221 4 | its expression is like "cutting" or "building": yet the 222 10| figure through its being a cycle it lies in the proof. An 223 34| nothing else of an earlier date to speak of at all, but 224 22| X walks through a whole day." No, rather the words denote 225 11| For this reason, too, it deals with everything: for every " 226 16| 16~We have now therefore dealt with the sources of questions, 227 17| often depends.~If one is debarred from these defences one 228 15| the object of this is to deceive.~To counter those who refuse 229 7 | secondly a man is liable to be deceived, even when inquiring by 230 5 | is also the source of the deceptions that attend opinions based 231 11| subject-matter, so that it is deceptive and plays foul. For just 232 25| unjust." Also, should one decide in favour of him who says 233 25| own?" "Yes." "But whatever decisions a man comes to on the strength 234 23| the other hand, one has declared it to be inanimate and the 235 5 | and either confess their defeat by failing to answer the 236 6 | manner, we ought to set "Defective definition" as a common 237 15| ways of stating it make the defence too easy, you should state 238 17| one is debarred from these defences one must pass to the argument 239 34| to an argument we shall defend our thesis in the same manner 240 15| Lycophron did when ordered to deliver a eulogy upon the lyre. 241 33| accepted as possible it demolishes a conclusion that is accepted 242 9 | one might refute him by demonstrating that it is incommensurate. 243 9 | number, so that obviously demonstrations may be infinite too. Now 244 2 | so. The subject, then, of demonstrative arguments has been discussed 245 22| when asked, that a term denoting a substance does not belong 246 17| distinctions, because of the dense crowd of persons who propose 247 5 | as though the refutation depended upon it. This kind of thing 248 10| discuss proof as well before describing false refutation: for a 249 10| actually been made that the description "dependent on mere expression" 250 5 | man were to grant that the descriptions "white" and "naked" and " 251 14| end in o and n, have the designation proper to a chattel, e.g. 252 15| question negatively, as though desirous of the opposite answer, 253 33| by no means to be lightly despised, but the argument is quite 254 17| whether the soul of animals is destructible or immortal), accordingly ( 255 14| where he who calls it a "destructor" (oulomenon) commits no 256 14| a man who calls wrath a "destructress" (oulomenen) commits a solecism, 257 34| it is easier to add and develop the remainder in connexion 258 34| much more useful than the development which later springs out 259 9 | whereas it is the business of dialecticians so to examine the refutation 260 14| concealment, as in the case of dialectics. Following then upon what 261 2 | 2~Of arguments in dialogue form there are four classes:~ 262 22| will no longer have ten dice even though he has only 263 4 | letters who learn the letters dictated to them". For to "learn" 264 10| that while he who argues didactically should not ask questions 265 16| resemblances and what kind of differences occur between things and 266 31| nothing prevents it from differentiating its meaning; in fact it 267 6 | is an accident, only it differs from the accident in this, 268 10| point whence our argument digressed, are mathematical reasonings 269 34| has attained considerable dimensions. Of this inquiry, on the 270 11| better to take a walk after dinner, because of Zeno’s argument, 271 1 | others seem to be so, by dint of embellishing themselves. 272 15| demand "Against what are you directing your effort?", since one 273 15| Moreover, just as in rhetorical discourses, so also in those aimed 274 34| programme was, then, to discover some faculty of reasoning 275 15| you should examine the discrepancies of the answerer’s position 276 10| Refutation without first discussing Proof: for a refutation 277 16| adequate of the forms of dishonesty in putting questions. But 278 12| honest poverty rather than in dishonourable riches; but they wish the 279 25| of his oath: nor is the disobedient man "obedient", though he 280 17| correcting them must be to dispel the appearance of it. For 281 17| answer at all, although among disputants such remarks are loosely 282 11| reasoning is foul fighting in disputation: for in the former case 283 16| questioning in contentious disputations: next we have to speak of 284 6 | consist in our failure to dissect the definition of "proposition". 285 1 | obtain only, as it were, a distant view of these things. For 286 10| question except by suggesting a distinction-suppose one’s question to be speaking 287 6 | contradiction, which is the distinctive mark of a refutation, is 288 17| certainly, if the questioner distinguishes his meaning adequately, 289 4 | meaning is not the same if one divides the words and if one combines 290 4 | so forth with the other divisions previously’ laid down. For 291 11| a proper argument for a doctor, because Zeno’s argument 292 17| belongs to the animal kingdom, doesn't he?" Yes. "Then man is 293 1 | most prolific and usual domain is the argument that turns 294 7 | this is practically next door to the understanding of 295 5 | that the man is smartly dressed, or that he is observed 296 22| any one uses the words "to drink the cup" he denotes not 297 7 | premiss" and of "proof" is due to the aforesaid reason.~ 298 34| we had nothing else of an earlier date to speak of at all, 299 5 | be given, e.g. "Does the earth consist of sea, or the sky?" 300 17| embarrass the questioner most effectually.~ 301 14| esti) or with "being" (to einai). Also, Solecism resembles 302 13| then, you should seek to elicit by means of these common-place 303 12| an elementary rule for eliciting some fallacy or paradox 304 24| merely suppose we express it elliptically: for we express "Give me 305 17| are not put clearly but elliptically-it is upon this that the consequent 306 33| while others appear to elude the most expert (and it 307 17| doing so one is likely to embarrass the questioner most effectually.~ 308 1 | seem to be so, by dint of embellishing themselves. So it is, too, 309 4 | Thus (e.g.) some people emend Homer against those who 310 11| persons and sophists both employ the same arguments, but 311 15| stated before’ should be employed. One resource, on the other 312 11| every "theory" of anything employs also certain common principles. 313 17| contentious reasonings and in the encounter with ambiguity. The proper 314 30| who gives a simple answer encounters no obstacle even though 315 4 | amphiboly: "I wish that you the enemy may capture". Also the thesis, " 316 11| from them. All, then, are engaged in refutation; for they 317 16| in other things speed is enhanced by training, so it is with 318 33| merchant." Is he a Good enough-King?" "No, indeed; a Rob-son": 319 34| view, but also the aim of ensuring that in standing up to an 320 8 | is ignorant: for sophists entangle the scientist as well with 321 3 | grasp the number of aims entertained by those who argue as competitors 322 27| kind, one should make one’s error recoil upon the questioner, 323 17| impossible for an answerer to escape being refuted in a sense: 324 24| indistinguishable and one in essence is it generally agreed that 325 17| for the one there is no established name.~Since, again, in regard 326 5 | secure the statement that the Ethiopian is black, and were then 327 15| when ordered to deliver a eulogy upon the lyre. To counter 328 20| there is the argument of Euthydemus proving "Then you know now 329 20| way in which he can". But evidently they do not solve it properly: 330 20| thing-to-learn, so that evil is an evil-thing-to-learn, although the knowledge 331 24| though it is not one of the evils-but in that case the apparently 332 11| he is a dialectician who examines by the help of a theory 333 17| conclusion, and plead in excuse for refusing to grant him 334 9 | incommensurate. Accordingly, to exhaust all possible refutations 335 12| Ought one to do what is expedient or what is just?" and "Is 336 34| work for a long time in experimental researches. If, then, it 337 34| The reason of this we have explained; for this, too, was why 338 5 | that he might be thought to expose himself to an apparent refutation 339 5 | answer the question, or are exposed to an apparent refutation. 340 18| a proper solution is an exposure of false reasoning, showing 341 34| our students, the task of extending us your pardon for the shortcomings 342 33| what is omitted is some extraneous question, then it is by 343 33| assumptions required to be extremely contrary to the general 344 17| they often find themselves faced by a paradox. Accordingly, 345 1 | this inquiry, and the other factors that contribute to this 346 12| law by leading him to the facts of nature: for in both ways 347 33| the one with the sharpest fang. Now perplexity is twofold, 348 16| is likely to incur this fate of himself also on many 349 17| answer in correction of the faultiness of the proposition as put: 350 16| then to see and solve its faults, as it is to be able to 351 25| Also, should one decide in favour of him who says what is 352 33| therefore one is bound to feel perplexed. An argument, 353 34| obviate any pain in the feet, were then not to teach 354 32| Can "he" be a she" (a female)?", and then again, "Well, 355 3 | paradox, solecism, and fifthly to reduce the opponent in 356 4 | God-like Achilles left fifty a hundred men".~An argument 357 33| of this that they often fight about their terms, e.g. 358 15| instead of putting their final proposition as a question, 359 12| opposites, and justice is a fine thing by a legal standard, 360 20| same, whereas this will not fit all cases of the kind nor 361 3 | to the death. These are five in number, refutation, fallacy, 362 8 | one and so depends upon a flaw in the premiss, and that 363 24| from having a number of flaws; but it is not the exposition 364 4 | so belong. Thus (e.g.) "flourishing" is a word which in the 365 25| thing?" "Yes." "But to the fool who does not use it aright 366 1 | well acquainted with the force of names misreason both 367 18| questions and when not: for to foresee traps is difficult, whereas 368 17| Moreover, whenever one foresees any question coming, one 369 9 | considerations depends the formation, through the common first 370 4 | by an active word, and so forth with the other divisions 371 17| that where the premiss put forward is not clear, one must not 372 34| coming next after the first founders, then Thrasymachus after 373 33| puts its conclusion on all fours with the propositions asked; 374 3 | lead him into paradox, or fourthly to reduce him to solecism, 375 12| put the question without framing it with reference to any 376 4 | made thee a slave once a free man", and "God-like Achilles 377 17| formerly, would have been fulfilled, namely that the person 378 4 | himself say "We grant him the fulfilment of his prayer", but that 379 7 | deemed to belong in the fullest sense. For this reason, 380 25| the injured party to say fully the things he has suffered; 381 8 | question, which was the function of the art of examination. 382 11| offered in proof of a truth-e.g. Hippocrates’ figure or 383 13| which not only have relative genera, but are also themselves 384 19| premiss: for this was not the goal of the argument but only 385 4 | slave once a free man", and "God-like Achilles left fifty a hundred 386 24| it, e.g. "Give me "Sing, goddess, of the wrath...""~ 387 25| are unjust, the victory goes to him who speaks unjust 388 1 | really silver and others gold, while others are not and 389 1 | made of yellow metal look golden. In the same way both reasoning 390 22| that case any one, after granting that it is not possible 391 21| acuter and when spoken with a graver accent.~ 392 33| is one which produces the greatest perplexity: for this is 393 11| then no longer have had any grounds from which to argue any 394 26| Yes." "But a thing might grow from three to four cubits 395 15| that he has to be on his guard at the same time either 396 6 | like verbal forms (for we habitually speak of everything as though 397 34| previous labours that have been handed down from others have been 398 10| prevent the same thing also happening to us in cases where there 399 7 | of expression. For it is hard to distinguish what kind 400 17| number of premisses, the harder it is to draw a conclusion 401 30| does one, as it happens, no harm despite the fact that the 402 20| he has not the power to harp-while-not-harping; merely, when he is not 403 33| the reasoning leads the hearer astray, while with others 404 34| speeches to be learned by heart, some rhetorical, others 405 33| ones produce the keenest heart-searching. Now a syllogistic argument 406 28| has none, so that if the heaven has not come to be, it is 407 34| celebrities of to-day are the heirs (so to speak) of a long 408 14| menis ("wrath") and pelex ("helmet") are masculine: according 409 34| of all sorts: for he has helped him to meet his need, but 410 | her 411 | Herein 412 15| often produced by the most highly sophistical of all the unfair 413 11| in proof of a truth-e.g. Hippocrates’ figure or the squaring 414 5 | Yes." "Then if any one hits A and B, he will strike 415 11| something, but of one who is holding an examination. For the 416 15| the words the objection holds, but not against the other, 417 12| pleasure, and to live in honest poverty rather than in dishonourable 418 33| the man in the street (for humorous phrases nearly all depend 419 4 | God-like Achilles left fifty a hundred men".~An argument depending 420 7 | why a man is liable to be hurried into assent to the fallacy 421 20| divide the expression: for "I-saw-a-man-being-beaten with my eyes" is not the 422 6 | one thing only (e.g. the identity of a yellow thing and honey 423 24| we express "Give me the Iliad" by quoting half a line 424 17| animals is destructible or immortal), accordingly (1) it is 425 34| professing that he would impart a form of knowledge to obviate 426 34| meet his need, but has not imparted an art to him. Moreover, 427 34| that they trained people by imparting to them not the art but 428 7 | those that depend upon an imperfection in the definition of a refutation, 429 17| the tacit understandings implied in our statements, e.g. 430 17| No": whereas nowadays the improper forms in which questioners 431 12| be done both properly and improperly, as was said before.’ Again, 432 22| Callias is. Nor is the case improved one whit even if one were 433 17| uncertainty. Also what is incidentally the object of contentious 434 16| perceive it, is likely to incur this fate of himself also 435 32| reason, also, no solecism is incurred, suppose any one asks, " 436 9 | certain stamp; for it is an indefinite task if one is to inquire 437 27| refutation must be proved independently of the original point. Secondly, 438 24| all cases. For since it is indeterminate when an attribute should 439 5 | absolutely. Thus e.g. "Suppose an Indian to be black all over, but 440 15| where there is no term to indicate the universal, still you 441 13| affections or what not, indicated as well in their definition, 442 22| of a statement or opinion indicates not a substance but a quality: 443 24| only to things that are indistinguishable and one in essence is it 444 1 | are infinite in number. Inevitably, then, the same formulae, 445 34| it is most potent in its influence, so it is smallest in its 446 12| puts it from the wish for information: for the process of inquiry 447 33| is characterized by an initial uncertainty whether it has 448 25| see, it is just for the injured party to say fully the things 449 12| suffer injustice or to do an injury?" You should lead people, 450 12| it preferable to suffer injustice or to do an injury?" You 451 9 | indefinite task if one is to inquire how many are the considerations 452 34| compared with the other inquiries that have been developed 453 7 | claim is made that if is inseparable from B, so also is B from 454 5 | whenever what is not a cause is inserted in the argument, as though 455 34| then, it seems to you after inspection that, such being the situation 456 12| what appears to be to their interest: e.g. they say that a man 457 12| either case they are bound to introduce a paradox; for they will 458 12| process of inquiry thus invited gives room for an attack.~ 459 1 | refutation is reasoning involving the contradictory of the 460 17| change will make the position irrefutable.~Moreover, whenever one 461 25| Is it possible for what is-not to be? "No." But, you see, 462 22| isolated; though it is not the isolation which creates the "third 463 17| being refuted on a side issue is minimized. If, on the 464 27| adopted in refutations on side issues.~ 465 12| paradox-for this was the second item of the sophist’s programme-in 466 12| and law are opposites, and justice is a fine thing by a legal 467 25| unjust, and what takes place justly to what takes place unjustly? " 468 4 | his expression to men ou kataputhetai ombro. For they solve the 469 33| incisive ones produce the keenest heart-searching. Now a syllogistic 470 34| speak of at all, but were kept at work for a long time 471 12| paradoxical to the many that a king should be happy. To lead 472 14| is a masculine noun, and kline ("bed") a feminine. For 473 2 | the subject is bound to know-in what manner, has been defined 474 31| was the "knowledge of the knowable". In the case of terms that 475 4 | knowledge belongs to both the knower and the known. Also, "There 476 14| but "being Coriscus" (Kopiskon). It happens in the same 477 14| be "him": e.g. "Coriscus (Kopiskos) is", but "being Coriscus" ( 478 34| the results of previous labours that have been handed down 479 17| the smaller one: for the larger the number of premisses, 480 8 | attribute, and-a branch of the last-that which depends upon the consequent: 481 16| many occasions. Thirdly and lastly, they further contribute 482 16| to us, we are often too late for the right moment. Sometimes 483 33| and where the reasoning leads the hearer astray, while 484 4 | Also, "He now if he has learnt his letters". Moreover, 485 | least 486 33| solution about, but even leaves it vague whether it is on 487 12| justice is a fine thing by a legal standard, but not by that 488 18| whereas to see them at one’s leisure is easier.~ 489 15| refutation, one resource is length-for it is difficult to keep 490 17| shown, approaching it in the light of the aforesaid distinction 491 33| it is by no means to be lightly despised, but the argument 492 17| Granted"; for in that way the likelihood of being refuted on a side 493 11| man to grant whichever he likes of the two alternatives 494 8 | may be dependent on some limit of extent or on one or other 495 7 | involved; for we treat the limitation to the particular thing 496 1 | discussions and when they listen to others. For this reason, 497 17| of names that are used literally one is bound to answer either 498 1 | sense; e.g. things made of litharge and tin seem to be of silver, 499 17| disputants such remarks are loosely deemed to be answers, because 500 16| depends, we still are at a loss to split the argument apart.~