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| Aristotle On youth and old age, on life and death, on breathing IntraText - Concordances (Hapax - words occurring once) |
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1 1 | 1~WE must now treat of youth 2 10| 10~Democritus, however, does 3 11| 11~The theory found in the 4 12| 12~It is certain, however, 5 13| 13~Empedocles also gives an 6 14| 14~We have already stated that 7 15| 15~Some animals occupy the 8 16| 16~Concerning the bloodless 9 17| 17~Every animal in order to 10 18| 18~Among water-animals the 11 19| 19~An account must next be 12 2 | 2~All perfectly formed animals 13 20| 20~Empedocles is then in error 14 21| 21~The explanation of the admission 15 22| 22~In order to understand the 16 23| 23~To be born and to die are 17 24| 24~Generation is the initial 18 25| 25~It is hence also clear why 19 26| 26~In connexion with the heart 20 27| 27~Respiration takes place 21 3 | 3~The same phenomenon is evident 22 4 | 4~Thus if, on the one hand, 23 5 | 5~However, it is to be noticed 24 6 | 6~Everything living has soul, 25 7 | 7~A few of the previous physical 26 8 | 8~Democritus of Abdera and 27 9 | 9~Further, the assertion that 28 20| originating on dry land, they have abandoned it and migrated to the water. 29 8 | 8~Democritus of Abdera and certain others who have 30 11| perceptible, while we were not able to detect the thoracic influx 31 20| afterwards change their place of abode to the water; for they are 32 23| and there is an entire absence of feeling when the soul’ 33 17| quadrupeds this covering is absent, but its office is discharged 34 6 | it is taken in, whereas abstinence from food produces heat 35 2 | after the vitals have been abstracted: tortoises, for example, 36 26| formation of vapour is more abundant.~All the veins pulse, and 37 23| heat, as happens in fevers, accelerate the breathing owing to the 38 9 | organs, and that they did not accept the doctrine that there 39 26| abscess. That, however, is accompanied by pain, because the change 40 11| though it were a contingent accompaniment of life. Yet it evidently 41 27| from it, while the most accomplished investigators into nature 42 13| is.~But, if Empedocles is accounting only for respiration through 43 5 | happens is that the heat, accumulating in great quantity, quickly 44 3 | the dominating organ to achieve the final result, as of 45 3 | parts are ancillary to the activity of the heart. It is the 46 | actually 47 16| one purpose one organ is adapted and one single means of 48 10| Democritus would make them add fire to fire.~ 49 12| respiration, as it were, adding fuel to the fire, while 50 15| the air is for a long time adequate for the purposes of refrigeration 51 11| because what enters does not adequately perform its cooling function, 52 13| away into the far recesses~Admits a stream of air rushing 53 22| according as the breath is admitted or expelled. If air is limited 54 23| of the organ, and not an affection derived from a foreign source. 55 26| in fear, for when one is afraid the upper parts become cold, 56 | afterwards 57 6 | sufficiently well kept alive by the aid which their nutriment and 58 16| air, in others fluid, that aids the maintenance of life. 59 26| occurs, for example, in the ailment known as "spasms"" and in 60 20| explanation which Empedocles aims at establishing, yet his 61 20| maintained by an environment akin to it. There is a difference 62 2 | plants and insects are alike.~It is true that the nutritive 63 | along 64 27| each a blood-vessel lying alongside, so that the whole lung 65 10| other physical philosophers, altogether fails to attain to any such 66 3 | exercised by the other parts are ancillary to the activity of the heart. 67 10| external air should enter and annul the expulsive movement, 68 | another 69 13| going this way through the apertures of the nostrils and some 70 26| phenomena, which, though apparently of the same nature, are 71 23| they are before the root appears.~It is always to some lack 72 3 | performing, and a different one appertaining to the stomach. But it is 73 6 | it will require further application on our part-to give an account 74 1 | the sense in which that applies to the universe, while in 75 17| and in almost all cases arranged in a saw-like fashion, for 76 22| heart a tube of a sinewy, arterial character runs to the centre 77 23| imperfect also they may be ascribed in nearly the same but not 78 1 | Let us for the present set aside the other divisions or faculties 79 13| that he is talking, we must ask how it tallies with the 80 9 | Nature does. If they had asked for what purpose respiration 81 1 | possess multiple and disparate aspects, for being animal and living 82 7 | the facts. Moreover they assert that all animals respire-which 83 3 | develop first. We have already asserted in our treatise on The Parts 84 9 | 9~Further, the assertion that they draw in air out 85 10| internal. Neither does he assign the cause of the beginning 86 10| together by the surrounding atmosphere thrusting them out, respiration, 87 2 | which the middle remains attached. This can be seen to occur 88 3 | situated at the point of attachment (to the plant), an intermediate 89 10| philosophers, altogether fails to attain to any such explanation. 90 7 | unsubstantiated charges against authors no longer alive.~First then, 91 1 | animal qua animal cannot avoid being alive. But a thing 92 2 | by means of which they bear the whole trunk, to wit 93 26| beats, and hence they also beat continuously and simultaneously 94 26| heart. The heart always beats, and hence they also beat 95 2 | of superior construction behave differently because their 96 14| one exists for the other’s behoof-as a vessel or receptacle for 97 8 | formed in the mouth, for he believes there is air in the water.~ 98 20| has, on the other hand, a beneficial effect on excess of heat, 99 13| Again, when animals are bereft of respiration through the 100 13| magnitude of the difficulties besetting the theories of other writers 101 | besides 102 13| blustering wind with swelling billow wild.~But when the blood 103 3 | the middle. All seeds are bivalvular, and the place of junction 104 5 | when inserted in a large blaze just as is the case with 105 6 | such seasons are said to be blighted or star-stricken. Hence 106 27| which it passes, have each a blood-vessel lying alongside, so that 107 13| theory that there are certain blood-vessels, which, while containing 108 14| directly formed. Likewise the bloodvessels must have the same originating 109 18| and all others that have a blowhole. They have no feet, yet 110 15| way that children do by blowing through the holes of a reed 111 13| tender blood,~Enters the blustering wind with swelling billow 112 23| 23~To be born and to die are common to 113 5 | coals are confined in a brazier. If they are kept covered 114 13| blood leaps up, backward it breathes. As when~With water-clock 115 16| and similar animals both bring forth on land and sleep 116 4 | open to her, Nature always brings to pass the best. Now if 117 13| water-clock of polished bronze a maiden sporting,~Sets 118 5 | fire ceases to be may be brought about by the same cause, 119 9 | being suffocated in water, bubbles are formed of the air which 120 3 | true of the buds; for the bud is in a way the starting-point 121 3 | particularly true of the buds; for the bud is in a way 122 14| close at hand and the thing burning does not have a fresh supply 123 13| leading to the outer air, the calibre of which is fine in contrast 124 10| those particles which he calls mind and soul. Hence, when 125 27| full-blooded lung. The numerous canal-like ducts in the lung, into 126 10| it, and by their action cancel the pressure, thus preventing 127 5 | large one, but of itself the candle flame is consumed when inserted 128 2 | All those also that are capable of progression have additional 129 4 | too, if possible, as in capacity), just as the flute and 130 11| surrounding air, which being carried on enters the very place 131 15| involved in their construction, causing a rising and falling movement, 132 22| gill, and by means of the ceaseless flow of water through the 133 3 | with subordinate offices.~Certainly, however, all saguineous 134 18| Among water-animals the cetaceans may give rise to some perplexity, 135 3 | organs may possibly initiate changes, whereas with the upper 136 1 | erect stature, belongs the characteristic of having his upper parts 137 7 | to make unsubstantiated charges against authors no longer 138 5 | reason is that the opposite, checking digestion, prevents the 139 17| for they are debarred from chewing their food.~ 140 4 | governing organ takes the chief share in this process. Hence, 141 15| we said, in the way that children do by blowing through the 142 5 | continuously by the so-called "choker", they are quickly extinguished, 143 13| frequent channels pierce,~Cleaving the extreme nostrils through; 144 13| process to what occurs in a clepsydra.~Thus all things outwards 145 23| Finally things come to a climax, and the fire goes out from 146 13| the hand of flesh being closed,~The outer air that entrance 147 9 | windpipe; rather the stomach is closely juxtaposed to the mouth, 148 5 | illustration what occurs when coals are confined in a brazier. 149 15| humming noise, like wasps, cockchafers, and crickets. They make 150 4 | necessity, life must be coincident with the maintenance of 151 5 | the case with any other combustible. The reason is that the 152 13| maiden sporting,~Sets on her comely hand the narrow of the tube~ 153 5 | added, for fire is ever coming into being and rushing just 154 15| in fishes. What occurs is comparable to the suffocation of a 155 7 | are not correct and show a comparative lack of acquaintance with 156 13| of the breath results. He compares this process to what occurs 157 27| topics is now practically complete. But health and discase 158 6 | lasts until digestion is completed and so cools it. If the 159 3 | exercising an additional and completing function. Hence in sanguineous 160 10| that what surrounds should compress and at the same time by 161 26| substance, fleeing away, by its concentration in the heart produces palpitation. 162 27| account of their causes is concerned. The extent to which these 163 27| their studies so far as to conclude with an account of medical 164 4 | natural heat elaborate and concoct the nutriment, the governing 165 26| until the matter formed by concoction is discharged. There is 166 5 | what occurs when coals are confined in a brazier. If they are 167 27| for both heart and lungs conform pretty well to this shape. 168 20| dissolves that which cold congeals. Again, a thing composed 169 14| instruments and consequent congelation by excess of cold cause 170 4 | whole body possess some connate warmth of constitution, 171 5 | the bodily heat must be conserved (as is necessary if life 172 10| puts it.~But if we must consider that our previous account 173 20| each special case received consideration. Though in one respect there 174 3 | connexion. Apart from these considerations, if the life is always located 175 9 | exists in animals, and had considered this with reference to the 176 1 | food enters we call upper, considering it by itself and not relatively 177 11| that respiration should consist in the entrance of heat, 178 20| dissolves that of which the consistency is due to the hot and the 179 14| called the heart. The blood constitutes the nutriment from which 180 19| refrigeration. As for the constraining and efficient cause, we 181 27| This organ we must to be constructed like the bellows in a smithy, 182 22| means of passages, we must consult both dissections and the 183 5 | uses up its nutriment and consumes it all before more is sent 184 23| just as though the heart contained a tiny feeble flame which 185 27| certain extent, at least conterminous. For physicians of culture 186 11| treat it as though it were a contingent accompaniment of life. Yet 187 2 | the organs on which the continuance of life depends, for some 188 5 | goes out, in the other it continues alive for a considerable 189 27| and keeps this organ in continuous motion; it is for this reason 190 23| and cannot be expanded or contracted. Finally things come to 191 10| the air around is cold and contracts and solidifies the body, 192 13| withdraws her hand. But then in contrariwise~Once more the air comes 193 13| calibre of which is fine in contrast to the size of the solid 194 17| operations there is a similar contrivance in the respiring animals 195 10| this purpose that Nature so contrives it, for he, like the other 196 10| they must do so in order to cool themselves, just when the 197 6 | digestion is completed and so cools it. If the surrounding air 198 1 | essential reality cannot be corporeal, yet manifestly it must 199 1 | be down; for there is a correspondence between the roots in a plant 200 3 | bloodless animals also what corresponds to the heart must develop 201 10| can no longer enter and counteract the compression. Death is 202 22| hot. The heat of the blood counteracts the refrigeration and, when 203 20| fire live in the water to counterbalance the excess of heat in their 204 13| outer air that entrance craves restrains the flood~At the 205 23| containing the source of the creature’s essential nature. This 206 16| water-snakes and frogs and crocodiles and hemydes, both sea—and 207 13| air,~Until she frees the crowded stream. But then indeed~ 208 15| refrigeration in such animals as the crustacea and the polyps. It does 209 27| conterminous. For physicians of culture and refinement make some 210 20| Excess in a bodily state is cured by a situation or season 211 18| their shaggy parts, while cuttlefish and the polyps employ for 212 4 | observed to be warm, but when dead and deprived of life they 213 17| saw-like fashion, for they are debarred from chewing their food.~ 214 4 | body. But it follows by deduction also; for we see that in 215 10| in every animal, we must deem that this explains death 216 15| others), and these have a deep indentation beneath the 217 13| when within the vessel’s deeps the water~Remains, the opening 218 5 | cause, for, when there is a deficiency of nutriment and the warmth 219 20| order that, since they are deficient in cold and fluid, they 220 4 | diverse. Thus if animal is defined by the possession of sensitive 221 8 | respiration, while saying nothing definite about the lungless animals, 222 15| they have less scope for deflection towards either extreme. 223 10| compression. Death is the departure of those forms owing to 224 4 | warm, but when dead and deprived of life they are the opposite. 225 27| natural science, and claim to derive their principles from it, 226 20| footless. He, however, when describing their original structure 227 2 | food; or again they may be destitute of other organs as well.~ 228 20| opposing quality would quickly destroy it, seeing that heat dissolves 229 22| dissections, and for precise details we must refer to Natural 230 11| while we were not able to detect the thoracic influx and 231 11| by pushing, by no means determines how, in the case of the 232 13| through the nostrils, no detrimental result ensues, but, when 233 3 | corresponds to the heart must develop first. We have already asserted 234 21| there is little scope for deviation from the normal amount of 235 | did 236 15| suffice, and the animal dies of suffocation if it does 237 27| extent to which these two differ and investigate diverse 238 2 | superior construction behave differently because their constitution 239 13| nature and magnitude of the difficulties besetting the theories of 240 14| certain heat. Not even the digesting process to which is due 241 15| and are to be found by digging. For all animals that have 242 27| expansion of this organ. When it dilates the outer air must rush 243 27| the organ to dilate, so diminution causes contraction, and 244 13| the narrow of the tube~And dips it in the frail-formed water’ 245 14| organs of the animal are directly formed. Likewise the bloodvessels 246 17| the tongue serves both for discerning tastes and for speech, so 247 18| before the brain and thence discharges water.~It is for the very 248 9 | the lungs, they would have discovered the reason more speedily.~ 249 27| admission of water.~Our discussion of life and death and kindred 250 1 | yet possess multiple and disparate aspects, for being animal 251 2 | of the organs on division display slight sensitiveness because 252 20| constituted and the states and dispositions of that material. For example, 253 2 | in some also it is more distinctly marked off than in others. 254 1 | is by sensation that we distinguish animal from what is not 255 2 | of other organs as well.~Divisible animals are like a number 256 1 | surrounding universe, while downward is that part by which the 257 9 | the part of the body which draws in the air, but in the fishes 258 23| the gills in the other get dried up, these organs become 259 20| account of their excess of dryness, just as it does the things 260 17| order to prevent itself from dying, refrigeration; and so Nature 261 23| these organs become hard and earthy and incapable of movement, 262 13| towards the body’s outmost edge,~Which, at their mouths, 263 22| Respiration is the means of effecting refrigeration, of which 264 19| for the constraining and efficient cause, we must believe that 265 3 | result, as of the physician’s efforts to be directed towards health, 266 23| Under the imperfect I class eggs and seeds of plants as they 267 27| heart, they contract and eject the water. Continually as 268 4 | means of their natural heat elaborate and concoct the nutriment, 269 4 | the body, viz. that which elaborates and that which receives 270 5 | river, but so speedily as to elude observation.~Clearly therefore, 271 3 | and stem of growing things emerge; the starting-point is in 272 11| to wit the admission and emission of the breath), but treat 273 7 | produces a cooling effect and enables the animal to remain immersed 274 26| liquid, while in boiling it ends in the escape of the fluid 275 18| snore. Further, if they are entangled in nets they soon die of 276 27| collapses the air which entered must pass out again. When 277 12| however, that we must not entertain the notion that it is for 278 23| cause death, and there is an entire absence of feeling when 279 6 | becomes hot, but by the entry of food a motion is set 280 14| perishing is due to violence equally in living and in lifeless 281 13| throughout the limbs,~Whene’er it shrinks away into the 282 21| which a lung is found, and especially in those in which it is 283 19| must be assigned to the essence of the animal both in man 284 20| which Empedocles aims at establishing, yet his account is not 285 | ever 286 | Everything 287 | everywhere 288 18| be rationally explained.~Examples of such animals are dolphins 289 26| explains why pulsation in youth exceeds that in older people, for 290 | except 291 20| in order to correct such excesses; but, while states of the 292 9 | seems to be suffocated by excessive respiration. Again, if all 293 3 | functions relative to nutrition exercised by the other parts are ancillary 294 3 | that has supreme control, exercising an additional and completing 295 10| to the expulsive pressure exerted by the surrounding air. 296 8 | and, on the other, of the exhalation of breath; but, about the 297 8 | respiring creatures must both exhale and inhale the air, and 298 26| is produced by the heat expanding the fluid, of which the 299 22| the breath is admitted or expelled. If air is limited in amount 300 27| respiration, the outward expiration, and this double movement 301 11| Further, the method of explaining involves a fiction. It is 302 3 | can be clearly seen to extend to the heart, and hence 303 16| and are so internally, not externally merely (the Selachia are 304 10| prevents the soul from being extruded from the body. Nevertheless, 305 23| creatures the cause is its failure in the organ containing 306 15| construction, causing a rising and falling movement, produces friction 307 10| respiration, we always breathe faster. But, when the air around 308 26| diseases. It occurs also in fear, for when one is afraid 309 23| the heart contained a tiny feeble flame which the slightest 310 23| is an entire absence of feeling when the soul’s connexion 311 23| morbid heat, as happens in fevers, accelerate the breathing 312 | few 313 11| of explaining involves a fiction. It is said that when the 314 12| are we to describe this fictitious process of the generation 315 20| things that are excessively fiery. They would migrate thither 316 1 | animal and a living thing, we find that in all beings endowed 317 8 | theories are untenable. Firstly, they state only what is 318 15| songless variety have no fissure there.~Animals also which 319 26| and the hot substance, fleeing away, by its concentration 320 15| even small creatures like flies and bees, for they can swim 321 20| its cold but owing to its fluidity.~Thus the natural character 322 4 | in capacity), just as the flute and that which plays it-the 323 18| discharge water through the folds beside their shaggy parts, 324 11| way of thinking it will follow that we breathe out before 325 4 | divisions of the body. But it follows by deduction also; for we 326 2 | or the receptacle of the food-is cut off, retain life in 327 9 | reason given by Diogenes is foolish, for he says that in air 328 27| the centre of the natural force.~Thus on increase of bulk 329 9 | as happens, e.g. when one forces a tortoise or a frog or 330 9 | formed of the air which is forcibly discharged, as happens, 331 23| affection derived from a foreign source. In the case of plants 332 13| raised in the manner of a forge-bellows when the breath is drawn 333 26| people, for in the young the formation of vapour is more abundant.~ 334 23| which harden the lung by forming tumours or waste residues, 335 16| similar animals both bring forth on land and sleep on shore 336 13| tube~And dips it in the frail-formed water’s silvery sheen;~Not 337 13| but the air,~Until she frees the crowded stream. But 338 26| and the animals die of the fright and morbid disturbance.~ 339 9 | one forces a tortoise or a frog or any other animal of a 340 7 | oviparous animals, e.g. the frog-tribe, have a spongy lung. Also 341 16| class of water-snakes and frogs and crocodiles and hemydes, 342 6 | year, there being severe frost, plants shrivel, or if, 343 21| and that it is the most fully charged with blood of all 344 1 | in which the senses when functioning must meet, and this must 345 6 | and therefore these media furnish the source and means of 346 26| fluid, of which the food furnishes a constant supply. It occurs 347 9 | does it occur in the other. Furthermore, why do fishes, if they 348 10| compression by the surrounding air gains the upper hand, and, the 349 13| restrains the flood~At the gates of the sounding narrow,~ 350 27| investigators into nature generally push their studies so far 351 3 | in grafts and cuttings. Genesis from seeds always starts 352 22| to the extremity of each gill, and by means of the ceaseless 353 13| 13~Empedocles also gives an account of respiration 354 5 | put on again they remain glowing for a long time. Banking 355 13| through; thus, while the gore~Lies hid, for air is cut 356 4 | concoct the nutriment, the governing organ takes the chief share 357 5 | the heat, accumulating in great quantity, quickly uses up 358 3 | that both root and stem of growing things emerge; the starting-point 359 2 | like a number of animals grown together, but animals of 360 8 | operations and so leave out the half of the matter. For what 361 3 | intermediate part belonging to both halves. It is from this part that 362 4 | that which plays it-the hand-are diverse. Thus if animal 363 10| however, occurs not by haphazard but, when natural, owing 364 8 | draw it in, and this must happen in alternation. Hence, as 365 23| up, these organs become hard and earthy and incapable 366 23| severed. All diseases which harden the lung by forming tumours 367 17| windpipe and hence can take no harm from liquid lodging in this 368 6 | shrivel, or if, in the extreme heats of summer the moisture drawn 369 15| for then the lung causes a heaving motion of this kind. In 370 13| thus, while the gore~Lies hid, for air is cut a thoroughfare 371 2 | constitution is a unity of the highest possible kind. Hence some 372 7 | the animal is forced to hold its breath for too long 373 15| of a respiring animal by holding its mouth, for then the 374 15| do by blowing through the holes of a reed covered by a fine 375 18| employ for this purpose the hollow above the head. There is, 376 20| constitute a thing of wax or of ice, she would not preserve 377 5 | source of warmth. Take as an illustration what occurs when coals are 378 13| means of the nostrils he imagines he is dealing with what 379 14| this region which is the immediate vehicle of this principle. 380 17| prevent their food from impeding these operations there is 381 23| all things that are not imperfectly developed; to the imperfect 382 9 | means of the mouth is an impossibility, for, not having a lung, 383 13| when the breath is drawn in-it is quite reasonable that 384 23| become hard and earthy and incapable of movement, and cannot 385 15| and these have a deep indentation beneath the waist, in order 386 15| possess greater warmth and are indented at the waist, but the songless 387 18| position of the blow-hole is an indication of this, for it leads to 388 2 | both by observation and by inference that the source of the nutritive 389 23| explained by the natural inferiority of their constitution, as 390 7 | Hence, when once it is inflated, it itself, by means of 391 11| able to detect the thoracic influx and the return outwards 392 8 | consists, on the one hand, of inhalation, and, on the other, of the 393 8 | creatures must both exhale and inhale the air, and if none of 394 3 | other organs may possibly initiate changes, whereas with the 395 27| since facts show that their inquiries are, to a certain extent, 396 13| down the air rushes in and inspiration occurs; when the blood rises, 397 12| appear to occur in the other instances.~ 398 14| division of an animal by instruments and consequent congelation 399 23| all whose vitality is not intense live for a long time after 400 11| warmth issued, through the interstices of the porous flesh; and 401 24| of its decay, while the intervening time is the prime of life.~ 402 27| which these two differ and investigate diverse provinces must not 403 27| while the most accomplished investigators into nature generally push 404 11| the method of explaining involves a fiction. It is said that 405 27| to be full of blood. The inward passage of the air is called 406 11| whence the internal warmth issued, through the interstices 407 11| said that when the hot air issues from the mouth it pushes 408 27| the air is cold, but on issuing it is warm owing to its 409 4 | flute and that which plays it-the hand-are diverse. Thus if 410 22| centre where the gills all join. This then is the largest 411 9 | rather the stomach is closely juxtaposed to the mouth, so that they 412 9 | when respiring animals are killed by being suffocated in water, 413 27| discussion of life and death and kindred topics is now practically 414 26| example, in the ailment known as "spasms"" and in other 415 16| and hemydes, both sea—and land-tortoises, and seals.~All these and 416 6 | a motion is set up which lasts until digestion is completed 417 6 | star-stricken. Hence the practice of laying beneath the roots stones 418 3 | hence the others also must lead to it, for in it the other 419 13| by it, but have passages leading to the outer air, the calibre 420 18| indication of this, for it leads to none of the organs which 421 | least 422 8 | in both operations and so leave out the half of the matter. 423 23| so long as the shell is left, a fact to be explained 424 2 | the whole trunk, to wit legs and feet and whatever parts 425 14| equally in living and in lifeless objects, for the division 426 5 | is in rapid alternation lifted up and put on again they 427 22| admitted or expelled. If air is limited in amount and unchanged 428 27| just so long as the animal lives and keeps this organ in 429 16| scales, e.g. tortoises, lizards, and snakes. The former 430 17| take no harm from liquid lodging in this organ, only from 431 15| extreme. But some insects are longer-lived though bloodless, like all 432 23| also.~The source of life is lost to its possessors when the 433 | made 434 13| Such then is the nature and magnitude of the difficulties besetting 435 13| surface pressing,~Until the maid withdraws her hand. But 436 13| water-clock of polished bronze a maiden sporting,~Sets on her comely 437 9 | the organ they employ? The main reason why these writers 438 8 | Anaxagoras and Diogenes both maintain that all breathe, and state 439 20| the constitution is best maintained by an environment akin to 440 20| terrestrial, as Empedocles maintains, and of why some possess 441 | makes 442 13| respiration without, however, making clear what its purpose is, 443 21| lung respire most is hence manifest; the more heat there is, 444 1 | cannot be corporeal, yet manifestly it must exist in some bodily 445 2 | also it is more distinctly marked off than in others. All 446 14| surrounding cold both when in mass and (though more speedily) 447 6 | air, and therefore these media furnish the source and means 448 24| the initial participation, mediated by warm substance, in the 449 27| conclude with an account of medical principles.~ ~ 450 27| and refinement make some mention of natural science, and 451 27| of the scientist, and not mercly of the physician, in so 452 11| described.~Further, the method of explaining involves a 453 20| excessively fiery. They would migrate thither not on account of 454 20| they have abandoned it and migrated to the water. But again 455 9 | the water they take in a moderate amount. But that should 456 6 | extreme heats of summer the moisture drawn from the ground cannot 457 18| the very same reason that molluscs and crustaceans admit water-I 458 27| their chest because the motive principle of the organ described 459 13| outmost edge,~Which, at their mouths, full many frequent channels 460 23| example, do so and make movements with their feet, so long 461 13| upwards and downwards, when it moves down the air rushes in and 462 23| they may be ascribed in nearly the same but not an identical 463 5 | must be conserved (as is necessary if life is to continue), 464 18| if they are entangled in nets they soon die of suffocation 465 | next 466 20| thing composed of salt or nitre would not be taken and placed 467 15| all that make a humming noise, like wasps, cockchafers, 468 17| inwards. In lungless and non-respiring animals it is employed in 469 11| heated breath. It is also nonsense that respiration should 470 21| scope for deviation from the normal amount of their vital fire; 471 3 | animals, and in plants we note it both in their propagation 472 5 | 5~However, it is to be noticed that there are two ways 473 12| we must not entertain the notion that it is for purposes 474 27| through it that they are nourished. But when it increases it 475 1 | This organ, then, must be numerically one and the same and yet 476 27| a full-blooded lung. The numerous canal-like ducts in the 477 8 | the water must meet and obstruct each other. Further, when 478 3 | towards health, and not to be occupied with subordinate offices.~ 479 24| owing to lapse of time, and occurring at the end of life. In plants 480 22| gills by means of water. For ocular evidence as to how the heart 481 17| windpipe is situated before the oesophagus, through which food passes 482 17| covering is absent, but its office is discharged by a contraction 483 3 | occupied with subordinate offices.~Certainly, however, all 484 | often 485 26| in youth exceeds that in older people, for in the young 486 4 | heart, and, in the bloodless ones, in the corresponding part 487 13| deeps the water~Remains, the opening by the hand of flesh being 488 20| in a hot place, for the opposing quality would quickly destroy 489 12| shall repeat what I said in opposition to the previous theories. 490 20| however, when describing their original structure says that, though 491 20| water-animals should in every case originate on dry land, and afterwards 492 | otherwise 493 13| stretch towards the body’s outmost edge,~Which, at their mouths, 494 10| to respire, the air from outside can no longer enter and 495 | own 496 8 | manner in which fishes and oysters respire. Anaxagoras says 497 26| however, is accompanied by pain, because the change produced 498 23| Hence in old age death is painless, for no violent disturbance 499 11| cold. When it is hot we pant in breathing, for, because 500 15| They make a sound as if of panting by means of air, for, in