Book, Paragraph

1001 VIII, 7 |             of motion: it is the only motion that does not involve a
1002 VIII, 7 |             all it is plain that this motion, motion in respect of place,
1003 VIII, 7 |               plain that this motion, motion in respect of place, is
1004 VIII, 7 |             that are moved and impart motion and the primary source to
1005 VIII, 7 |              which things that are in motion are to be referred.~It is
1006 VIII, 7 |             locomotion is the primary motion. We have now to show which
1007 VIII, 7 |       possible that there should be a motion that is continuous and eternal.
1008 VIII, 7 |               continuous. Every other motion and change is from an opposite
1009 VIII, 7 |     undergoing any particular kind of motion, but though previously existent
1010 VIII, 7 |           been at rest so far as that motion is concerned. It is clear,
1011 VIII, 7 |              thing, that a particular motion will be contrary both to
1012 VIII, 7 |          contrary both to rest and to motion in the contrary direction.
1013 VIII, 7 |            the fact that a particular motion is in a sense the opposite
1014 VIII, 7 |              rest and of the contrary motion, in the same way as that
1015 VIII, 8 |           there should be an infinite motion that is single and continuous,
1016 VIII, 8 |             continuous, and that this motion is rotatory motion. The
1017 VIII, 8 |               this motion is rotatory motion. The motion of everything
1018 VIII, 8 |               is rotatory motion. The motion of everything that is in
1019 VIII, 8 |         locomotions, since, so far as motion in respect of place is concerned,
1020 VIII, 8 |            place is concerned, upward motion is the contrary of downward
1021 VIII, 8 |              the contrary of downward motion, forward motion of backward
1022 VIII, 8 |              downward motion, forward motion of backward motion, and
1023 VIII, 8 |            forward motion of backward motion, and motion to the left
1024 VIII, 8 |               of backward motion, and motion to the left of motion to
1025 VIII, 8 |             and motion to the left of motion to the right, these being
1026 VIII, 8 |         defined single and continuous motion to be motion of a single
1027 VIII, 8 |               continuous motion to be motion of a single thing in a single
1028 VIII, 8 |                first that which is in motion, e.g. a man or a god, secondly
1029 VIII, 8 |            secondly the "when" of the motion, that is to say, the time,
1030 VIII, 8 |               have an indication that motion from A to B is the contrary
1031 VIII, 8 |               to B is the contrary of motion from B to A in the fact
1032 VIII, 8 |             the case of a circle: the motion from A towards B is the
1033 VIII, 8 |              B is the contrary of the motion from A towards G: for even
1034 VIII, 8 |             On the other hand lateral motion is not the contrary of upward
1035 VIII, 8 |            not the contrary of upward motion. But what shows most clearly
1036 VIII, 8 |              clearly that rectilinear motion cannot be continuous is
1037 VIII, 8 |               unless that which is in motion divides the line by coming
1038 VIII, 8 |               point and beginning its motion again: thus the middle-point
1039 VIII, 8 |              of the first part of the motion. This is the case e.g. when
1040 VIII, 8 |               towards G: but when its motion is continuous A cannot either
1041 VIII, 8 |              a starting-point for its motion, A must come to a stand
1042 VIII, 8 |              the same moment D was in motion from the extremity of Z:
1043 VIII, 8 |            case, therefore, where the motion of a thing is continuous,
1044 VIII, 8 |              a continuous rectilinear motion that is eternal.~The same
1045 VIII, 8 |               the time during which a motion is in progress it should
1046 VIII, 8 |             discussed the question of motion we put forward a solution
1047 VIII, 8 |          neither the distance nor the motion will be continuous: for
1048 VIII, 8 |               will be continuous: for motion if it is to be continuous
1049 VIII, 8 |        continuous but an intermittent motion. In the case of reckoning
1050 VIII, 8 |            the course of a continuous motion the traveller has traversed
1051 VIII, 8 |           arguments. Everything whose motion is continuous must, on arriving
1052 VIII, 8 |            case of the other kinds of motion. Now we are to suppose that
1053 VIII, 8 |               G the continuity of its motion is unbroken and will remain
1054 VIII, 8 |             stand at G. Therefore the motion is not a single motion,
1055 VIII, 8 |            the motion is not a single motion, since motion that is interrupted
1056 VIII, 8 |            not a single motion, since motion that is interrupted by stationariness
1057 VIII, 8 |              respect of every kind of motion. If the motion undergone
1058 VIII, 8 |          every kind of motion. If the motion undergone by that which
1059 VIII, 8 |         undergone by that which is in motion is always one of those already
1060 VIII, 8 |           always undergo a particular motion (by this I mean one of the
1061 VIII, 8 |          particular part of the whole motion) must have been previously
1062 VIII, 8 |           that is the opposite of the motion, the state of rest being
1063 VIII, 8 |               rest being privation of motion; then, inasmuch as the two
1064 VIII, 8 |           that is the opposite of the motion from G. The foregoing argument,
1065 VIII, 8 |               makes it plain that the motion in question is not continuous.~
1066 VIII, 8 |              of the time in which the motion takes place we cannot infer
1067 VIII, 8 |               infer continuity in the motion, but only successiveness:
1068 VIII, 8 |          point?~On the other hand, in motion on a circular line we shall
1069 VIII, 8 |         consequence: that which is in motion from A will in virtue of
1070 VIII, 8 |           energy be simultaneously in motion to A (since it is in motion
1071 VIII, 8 |           motion to A (since it is in motion to the point at which it
1072 VIII, 8 |               opposite motions: for a motion to a point and a motion
1073 VIII, 8 |               motion to a point and a motion from that point are not
1074 VIII, 8 |             is nothing to prevent the motion being continuous and free
1075 VIII, 8 |            intermission: for rotatory motion is motion of a thing from
1076 VIII, 8 |                for rotatory motion is motion of a thing from its place
1077 VIII, 8 |            place, whereas rectilinear motion is motion from its place
1078 VIII, 8 |         whereas rectilinear motion is motion from its place to another
1079 VIII, 8 |              the progress of rotatory motion is never localized within
1080 VIII, 8 |           whereas that of rectilinear motion repeatedly is so. Now a
1081 VIII, 8 |               repeatedly is so. Now a motion that is always shifting
1082 VIII, 8 |              can be continuous: but a motion that is repeatedly localized
1083 VIII, 8 |            there cannot be continuous motion in a semicircle or in any
1084 VIII, 8 |              not coincide, whereas in motion over a circle they do coincide,
1085 VIII, 8 |              this is the only perfect motion.~This differentiation also
1086 VIII, 8 |               that the other kinds of motion cannot be continuous either:
1087 VIII, 8 |         sensible things are always in motion are wrong: for their motion
1088 VIII, 8 |           motion are wrong: for their motion must be one or other of
1089 VIII, 8 |               to all motions, that no motion admits of continuity except
1090 VIII, 8 |            continuity except rotatory motion: consequently neither alteration
1091 VIII, 9 |              traversed in rectilinear motion cannot be infinite: for
1092 VIII, 9 |              traversed by anything in motion: for the impossible does
1093 VIII, 9 |            the other hand rectilinear motion on a finite straight line
1094 VIII, 9 |             it turns back a composite motion, in fact two motions, while
1095 VIII, 9 |              the perishable. Again, a motion that admits of being eternal
1096 VIII, 9 |           that does not. Now rotatory motion can be eternal: but no other
1097 VIII, 9 |              be eternal: but no other motion, whether locomotion or motion
1098 VIII, 9 |         motion, whether locomotion or motion of any other kind, can be
1099 VIII, 9 |            the occurrence of rest the motion has perished. Moreover the
1100 VIII, 9 |           have arrived, that rotatory motion is single and continuous,
1101 VIII, 9 |           continuous, and rectilinear motion is not, is a reasonable
1102 VIII, 9 |        reasonable one. In rectilinear motion we have a definite starting-point,
1103 VIII, 9 |           from which that which is in motion can be said to start and
1104 VIII, 9 |            the other hand in circular motion there are no such definite
1105 VIII, 9 |      revolving sphere, while it is in motion, is also in a sense at rest,
1106 VIII, 9 |               well as continuously in motion. Our next point gives a
1107 VIII, 9 |        motions it must be the primary motion (for all things are measured
1108 VIII, 9 |               rotation is the primary motion it is the measure of all
1109 VIII, 9 |              motions. Again, rotatory motion is also the only motion
1110 VIII, 9 |               motion is also the only motion that admits of being regular.
1111 VIII, 9 |            rectilinear locomotion the motion of things in leaving the
1112 VIII, 9 |             is not uniform with their motion in approaching the finishing-point,
1113 VIII, 9 |               the other hand rotatory motion is the only motion whose
1114 VIII, 9 |           rotatory motion is the only motion whose course is naturally
1115 VIII, 9 |          locomotion being the primary motion, this is a truth that is
1116 VIII, 9 |             have ever made mention of motion in their theories: they
1117 VIII, 9 |             their first principles of motion to things that impart motion
1118 VIII, 9 |          motion to things that impart motion of this kind. Thus "separation"
1119 VIII, 9 |             respect of place, and the motion imparted by "Love" and "
1120 VIII, 9 |        motion-they also hold that the motion of natural substance is
1121 VIII, 9 |               of natural substance is motion in respect of place: for
1122 VIII, 9 |           respect of place: for their motion that is accounted for by "
1123 VIII, 9 |            who make Soul the cause of motion: for they say that things
1124 VIII, 9 |              that things that undergo motion have as their first principle "
1125 VIII, 9 |           things move themselves, the motion is motion in respect of
1126 VIII, 9 |             themselves, the motion is motion in respect of place. Finally
1127 VIII, 9 |               say that a thing "is in motion" in the strict sense of
1128 VIII, 9 |             of the term only when its motion is motion in respect of
1129 VIII, 9 |               only when its motion is motion in respect of place: if
1130 VIII, 9 |           place, we say that it is in motion in some particular respect:
1131 VIII, 9 |             do not say that it "is in motion" without qualification.~
1132 VIII, 9 |          argued that there always was motion and always will be motion
1133 VIII, 9 |             motion and always will be motion throughout all time, and
1134 VIII, 9 |             principle of this eternal motion: we have explained further
1135 VIII, 9 |          further which is the primary motion and which is the only motion
1136 VIII, 9 |          motion and which is the only motion that can be eternal: and
1137 VIII, 10|              nothing finite can cause motion during an infinite time.
1138 VIII, 10|             thirdly that in which the motion takes place, namely the
1139 VIII, 10|             the time occupied by this motion cannot be equal to G: for
1140 VIII, 10|               to anything an infinite motion. It is clear, then, that
1141 VIII, 10|               for the finite to cause motion during an infinite time.~
1142 VIII, 10|                in causing any kind of motion. Then that on which the
1143 VIII, 10|              If everything that is in motion with the exception of things
1144 VIII, 10|             thrown, continue to be in motion when their movent is no
1145 VIII, 10|               original thing to be in motion when the original movent
1146 VIII, 10|             moved would have to be in motion simultaneously and also
1147 VIII, 10|               simultaneously to be in motion when the original movent
1148 VIII, 10|              imparting and undergoing motion, we must say further that
1149 VIII, 10|              simultaneously to impart motion and to undergo motion: it
1150 VIII, 10|          impart motion and to undergo motion: it ceases to be in motion
1151 VIII, 10|            motion: it ceases to be in motion at the moment when its movent
1152 VIII, 10|          consecutive with it to be in motion, and of this again the same
1153 VIII, 10|             the same may be said. The motion begins to cease when the
1154 VIII, 10|               only causes it to be in motion. The motion of these last
1155 VIII, 10|               it to be in motion. The motion of these last two-of the
1156 VIII, 10|               and with this the whole motion ceases. Now the things in
1157 VIII, 10|              the things in which this motion is produced are things that
1158 VIII, 10|           admit of being sometimes in motion and sometimes at rest, and
1159 VIII, 10|            sometimes at rest, and the motion is not continuous but only
1160 VIII, 10|            only appears so: for it is motion of things that are either
1161 VIII, 10|              with one another: and so motion of this kind takes place
1162 VIII, 10|           series are moved and impart motion simultaneously, so that
1163 VIII, 10|              appearance of continuous motion in a single thing, and therefore,
1164 VIII, 10|               be moved throughout its motion by the same movent, the
1165 VIII, 10|              there must be continuous motion in the world of things,
1166 VIII, 10|         things, that this is a single motion, that a single motion must
1167 VIII, 10|          single motion, that a single motion must be a motion of a magnitude (
1168 VIII, 10|               single motion must be a motion of a magnitude (for that
1169 VIII, 10|        without magnitude cannot be in motion), and that the magnitude
1170 VIII, 10|          there will not be continuous motion but a consecutive series
1171 VIII, 10|                it is either itself in motion or itself unmoved: if, then,
1172 VIII, 10|           unmoved: if, then, it is in motion, it will have to be subject
1173 VIII, 10|              will be reached at which motion is imparted by something
1174 VIII, 10|             but will be able to cause motion always (for the causing
1175 VIII, 10|            always (for the causing of motion under these conditions involves
1176 VIII, 10|         involves no effort): and this motion alone is regular, or at
1177 VIII, 10|                too, in order that the motion may continue to be of the
1178 VIII, 10|            the movent are those whose motion is quickest, and in this
1179 VIII, 10|            and in this case it is the motion of the circumference that
1180 VIII, 10|               for anything that is in motion to cause motion continuously
1181 VIII, 10|            that is in motion to cause motion continuously and not merely
1182 VIII, 10|                and in either case the motion cannot be a single motion,
1183 VIII, 10|             motion cannot be a single motion, but only a consecutive
1184 VIII, 10|          motions. The only continuous motion, then, is that which is
1185 VIII, 10|              unmoved movent: and this motion is continuous because the
1186 VIII, 10|             the first movent causes a motion that is eternal and does