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Book, Paragraph
1 I, I | composed, in order that we may see in what the different 2 I, II | and female, that the race may continue (and this is a 3 I, II | ruler and subject, that both may be preserved. For that which 4 I, II | forthwith a lover of war; he may be compared to an isolated 5 I, II | intelligence and virtue, which he may use for the worst ends. 6 I, IV | by nature a slave; and he may be said to be another’s 7 I, IV | possession. And a possession may be defined as an instrument 8 I, V | and another is ruled, they may be said to have a work); 9 I, V | condition. At all events we may firstly observe in living 10 I, VI | way right on their side, may be easily seen. For the 11 I, VI | what nature, though she may intend it, cannot always 12 I, VII | the freeman. Still there may be a science for the master 13 I, VII | duties. And such a knowledge may be carried further, so as 14 I, VIII| such a manner that they may obtain with greater facility 15 I, VIII| thus the life of a shepherd may be combined with that of 16 I, VIII| way which the needs of men may require. Property, in the 17 I, VIII| milk. In like manner we may infer that, after the birth 18 I, VIII| number or size, and riches may be defined as a number of 19 I, IX | object of barter. The same may be said of all possessions, 20 I, IX | others too much. Hence we may infer that retail trade 21 I, IX | having to consider how they may be accumulated. Indeed, 22 I, IX | he who is rich in coin may often be in want of necessary 23 I, IX | be wealth of which a man may have a great abundance and 24 I, X | which nature supplies; he may be compared to the weaver 25 I, XI | Secondly, husbandry, which may be either tillage or planting, 26 I, XI | or of any animals which may be useful to man. These 27 I, XI | who cares for such matters may refer to their writings. 28 I, XII | rule. For although there may be exceptions to the order 29 I, XII | titles of respect, which may be illustrated by the saying 30 I, XIII| virtue of slaves. A question may indeed be raised, whether 31 I, XIII| virtue. A similar question may be raised about women and 32 I, XIII| or note So in general we may ask about the natural ruler, 33 I, XIII| what is evil, and how we may pursue the good and good 34 II, I | what is good and useful may be brought to light. And 35 II, I | have all things, as far as may be, in common, or some only 36 II, II | not obvious that a state may at length attain such a 37 II, II | individual; for the family may be said to be more than 38 II, III | result at which Socrates aims may be in some degree accomplished; 39 II, III | sense in which each does so may be a fine thing, but it 40 II, III | however small a fraction he may himself be of the whole 41 II, V | common or not? This question may be discussed separately 42 II, V | is at present universal, may there not be an advantage 43 II, V | are possible: (1) the soil may be appropriated, but the 44 II, V | appropriated, but the produce may be thrown for consumption 45 II, V | nations. Or (2), the soil may be common, and may be cultivated 46 II, V | soil may be common, and may be cultivated in common, 47 II, V | the soil and the produce may be alike common.~When the 48 II, V | to a certain extent and may be carried further. For, 49 II, V | property.~Such legislation may have a specious appearance 50 II, V | a point at which a state may attain such a degree of 51 II, V | principle in numbers, which may exist only in the whole, 52 II, VI | In framing an ideal we may assume what we wish, but 53 II, VI | conception. Further, a man may live temperately and yet 54 II, VI | temperately and liberally he may; and therefore the practice 55 II, VI | among ourselves, whatever may be the number of citizens, 56 II, VI | originally all the lots may have been of different sizes: 57 II, VI | that a man’s whole property may be increased fivefold, but 58 II, VI | political duties, while the rest may do as they like, and the 59 II, VII | of property, the amount may be either too large or too 60 II, VII | small, and the possessor may be living either in luxury 61 II, VII | not the only reason—they may desire superfluities in 62 II, VII | tyrants in order that they may not suffer cold; and hence 63 II, VII | more powerful neighbors may be tempted by it, while 64 II, VII | equalizes land, whereas a man may be rich also in slaves, 65 II, VII | these observations any one may judge how far Phaleas was 66 II, VIII| proposals to which objection may be taken is the threefold 67 II, VIII| they be loyal citizens? It may be said that those who have 68 II, VIII| be enacted by law, for it may encourage informers, and 69 II, VIII| a public service, a man may introduce measures which 70 II, VIII| difference of opinion, and it may sometimes seem desirable 71 II, VIII| survivors of some destruction, may be supposed to have been 72 II, VIII| and in certain cases laws may be changed; but when we 73 II, IX | every family, the state may be considered as about equally 74 II, IX | women is bad, half the city may be regarded as having no 75 II, IX | the law now stands, a man may bestow his heiress on any 76 II, IX | not free from defects. It may be said that the elders 77 II, IX | Sparta they are so. But (it may be replied), "All magistracies 78 II, X | Cosmi.~The same criticism may be made about the Cretan, 79 II, XI | and elders, if unanimous, may determine whether they will 80 II, XI | them, and any one who likes may oppose it; now this is not 81 III, I | term? For here again there may be a difference of opinion. 82 III, I | other accidental manner, we may say, first, that a citizen 83 III, I | being sued; for this right may be enjoyed under the provisions 84 III, I | those which I have mentioned may be raised and answered about 85 III, I | dicast or ecclesiast. It may, indeed, be argued that 86 III, I | magistrates decide all causes. We may, indeed, modify our definition 87 III, III | democracies, for they too may be founded on violence, 88 III, III | soil and the population may be separated, and some of 89 III, III | some of the inhabitants may live in one place and some 90 III, III | with a wall. Like this, we may say, is Babylon, and every 91 III, III | the fact. This difficulty may, however, with advantage 92 III, III | becomes different, then it may be supposed that the state 93 III, III | although the members of both may be identical. And in this 94 III, III | the constitution, and it may be called or not called 95 III, IV | good man.~The same question may also be approached by another 96 III, IV | as composed of unlikes, may be compared to the living 97 III, IV | although in some cases they may; for the virtue of a ruler 98 III, IV | But, on the other hand, it may be argued that men are praised 99 III, IV | how to perform these, but may employ others in the execution 100 III, IV | but only true opinion; he may be compared to the maker 101 III, IV | From these considerations may be gathered the answer to 102 III, V | they are not foreigners. May we not reply, that as far 103 III, V | citizen; but a mechanic may, for an actual majority 104 III, V | that the privileged class may deceive their fellow inhabitants.~ 105 III, V | statesman and those who have or may have, alone or in conjunction 106 III, VI | no reason why the trainer may not sometimes practice gymnastics, 107 III, VI | office; in that case we may be sure that they would 108 III, VII | language. One man or a few may excel in virtue; but as 109 III, VII | kind of virtue, though they may in military virtue, for 110 III, IX | vice in states. Whence it may be further inferred that 111 III, X | thereby increased. Some one may say that it is bad in any 112 III, XI | Most of these questions may be reserved for another 113 III, XI | when they meet together may very likely be better than 114 III, XI | differ from brutes? But there may be bodies of men about whom 115 III, XI | although individually they may be worse judges than those 116 III, XI | required. This difficulty may be solved in the same manner 117 III, XI | practice of democracies may be really defensible. For 118 III, XI | for this reason the many may claim to have a higher authority 119 III, XII | lies upon the surface, and may be illustrated from the 120 III, XII | although either of these may be a greater good than the 121 III, XII | art of flute-playing, and may excel flute-playing in a 122 III, XII | this principle any good may be compared with any other. 123 III, XII | other. For if a given height may be measured wealth and against 124 III, XII | freedom, height in general may be so measured. Thus if 125 III, XII | or free-born, or rich, may with good reason claim office; 126 III, XIII| excellence of race. Virtue, too, may be truly said to have a 127 III, XIII| others. Again, the many may urge their claim against 128 III, XIII| to be very few in number: may we consider their numbers 129 III, XIII| make up a state? Objections may be urged against all the 130 III, XIII| government, however good they may be, he too, upon the same 131 III, XIII| is sometimes put forward may be met in a similar manner. 132 III, XIII| political capacity. Such an one may truly be deemed a God among 133 III, XIII| view to their own interests may adopt this policy, those 134 III, XIII| likewise. The same thing may be observed in the arts 135 III, XIII| the choir. Monarchs, too, may practice compulsion and 136 III, XIV | although good for some, may not be bad for others. But 137 III, XIV | Aesymnetia or dictatorship. This may be defined generally as 138 III, XV | government, so that this matter may be dismissed for the present. 139 III, XV | the heart of man. Yes, it may be replied, but then on 140 III, XV | But, you will say, there may be parties among them, whereas 141 III, XV | against himself. To which we may answer that their character 142 III, XV | about him by whose aid he may be able to coerce the refractory? 143 III, XVI | democracy or aristocracy, there may be a general holding office 144 III, XVI | equal is unjust. Nay, there may indeed be cases which the 145 III, XVI | he who bids the law rule may be deemed to bid God and 146 III, XVI | written laws, and a man may be a safer ruler than the 147 III, XVII| XVII~But may not all this be true in 148 IV, I | further to say how a state may be constituted under any 149 IV, I | and, when formed, how it may be longest preserved; the 150 IV, II | is suited. For democracy may meet the needs of some better 151 IV, III | best form of government: we may compare the severer and 152 IV, IV | of organs, but that there may be differences in them—I 153 IV, IV | is just. And as the soul may be said to be more truly 154 IV, IV | citizens, or of the same—for it may often happen that the same 155 IV, IV | for example, the warrior may also be a husbandman, or 156 IV, IV | classes already mentioned may be added day-laborers, and 157 IV, IV | on both sides; and there may be other classes as well. 158 IV, IV | well. The notables again may be divided according to 159 IV, V | acquires a qualification may obtain a share. Another 160 IV, V | and habits of the people may be administered democratically, 161 IV, V | established constitution may incline to democracy, but 162 IV, V | incline to democracy, but may be administered in an oligarchical 163 IV, VI | has been already said we may safely infer that there 164 IV, VII | and reputation for virtue may be found. And so where a 165 IV, VIII| constitutional government may be described generally as 166 IV, VIII| laws which they obey; they may obey bad laws as well as 167 IV, VIII| well as good. And there may be a further subdivision; 168 IV, VIII| further subdivision; they may obey either the best laws 169 IV, IX | which fusions of government may be affected. In the first 170 IV, IX | elements. Or (2) a mean may be taken between the enactments 171 IV, IX | democracy when the same state may be termed either a democracy 172 IV, X | speak, in order that it may have its place in our inquiry ( 173 IV, XI | the others nothing, there may arise an extreme democracy, 174 IV, XI | oligarchy; or a tyranny may grow out of either extreme— 175 IV, XI | a particular government may be preferable, but another 176 IV, XI | preferable, but another form may be better for some people.~ 177 IV, XII | and what kind of men. I may begin by assuming, as a 178 IV, XII | superiority of numbers. Quality may exist in one of the classes 179 IV, XII | example, the meanly-born may be more in number than the 180 IV, XII | than the rich, yet they may not so much exceed in quantity 181 IV, XIII| upon oath, but the poor may. (3) In the law courts the 182 IV, XIII| through fear of the fines they may avoid registering themselves, 183 IV, XIV | various ways in which all may share in the government; 184 IV, XIV | in the government; they may deliberate, not all in one 185 IV, XV | varieties of them, and then we may proceed to determine which 186 IV, XV | citizens are numerous, many may hold office. And so it happens 187 IV, XV | answering to them as well, and may the same be suitable to 188 IV, XV | others? For in some states it may be convenient that the same 189 IV, XV | people in order that they may not be diverted from their 190 IV, XV | against the democracy. They may be appointed either (a) 191 IV, XV | these several varieties may be coupled, I mean that ( 192 IV, XV | mean that (C) some officers may be elected by some, others 193 IV, XV | For either (A 1 a) all may appoint from all by vote, 194 IV, XV | through; or the citizens may be in all cases eligible 195 IV, XV | some that appoint, they may do so either (B 1 a) from 196 IV, XVI | justice is disputed; and there may be a fourth court (d) in 197 IV, XVI | different kinds of homicide may be tried either by the same 198 IV, XVI | have distinguished, they may be appointed by vote or 199 IV, XVI | the judges who decide them may be appointed, some by vote, 200 IV, XVI | from a part only; for they may be appointed from some by 201 IV, XVI | judge in all causes; or they may be appointed from some by 202 IV, XVI | judge in all causes; or they may be elected in some cases 203 IV, XVI | judging the same causes, may be composed of members some 204 IV, XVI | the modes of appointment may be combined; I mean, that 205 IV, XVI | combined; I mean, that some may be chosen out of the whole 206 IV, XVI | example, the same tribunal may be composed of some who 207 V, I | by what means each state may be best preserved: these 208 V, I | oligarchy, for example, may become more or less oligarchical, 209 V, I | other forms of government may be more or less strictly 210 V, I | maintained. Or the revolution may be directed against a portion 211 V, I | people themselves. And we may further remark that a government 212 V, II | constitutions generally. They may be said to be three in number; 213 V, II | inferiors; pretensions which may and may not be just. Inferiors 214 V, II | pretensions which may and may not be just. Inferiors revolt 215 V, II | revolt in order that they may be equal, and equals that 216 V, II | equal, and equals that they may be superior. Such is the 217 V, II | mentioned, viewed in one way may be regarded as seven, and 218 V, III | proportion, that symmetry may be preserved; but loses 219 V, III | as well as of quantity, may even take the form of another 220 V, III | parts, of which some one may often grow imperceptibly; 221 V, III | And this disproportion may sometimes happen by an accident, 222 V, III | government.~Again, the revolution may be facilitated by the slightness 223 V, III | mean that a great change may sometimes slip into the 224 V, III | ditch, though ever so small, may break a regiment, so every 225 V, IV | revolutions the occasions may be trifling, but great interests 226 V, IV | force and by fraud. Force may be applied either at the 227 V, V | by Thrasymachus. And we may observe that in most states 228 V, V | against the rich that they may have their wealth to confiscate.~ 229 V, VI | outside the governing class may be further subdivided. Sometimes, 230 V, VI | quite a small number, there may be a demagogue among them, 231 V, VI | Hundred); or (b) the oligarchs may play the demagogue with 232 V, VI | the people, although they may be required to have a high 233 V, VI | from within; of this we may see an example at Pharsalus, 234 V, VI | accident. The qualification may have been originally fixed 235 V, VII | oligarchy. But the process may be reversed, and aristocracy 236 V, VII | reversed, and aristocracy may change into democracy. This 237 V, VIII| as well as aristocracies may last, not from any inherent 238 V, VIII| those who are of equal rank may share in them. Indeed, equals 239 V, VIII| order that the citizens may be on their guard, and, 240 V, VIII| aristocracy. And this result may be accomplished when there 241 V, IX | must also differ. There may be a doubt, however, when 242 V, IX | which all men possess.~It may, however, be asked what 243 V, IX | the public interest. But may not men have both of them 244 V, IX | not always attend to them, may they not be equally negligent 245 V, IX | Speaking generally, we may say that whatever legal 246 V, IX | straightness to a hook or snub may still be of good shape and 247 V, IX | from the most perfect form, may yet be a good enough government, 248 V, IX | oligarchical. For there may be a want of self-discipline 249 V, X | insult (and there are many) may stir up anger, and when 250 V, X | say truly; and the tale may be true, if not of him, 251 V, X | extreme form of democracy, may be assumed to affect tyranny; 252 V, X | in which the destruction may come about; (1) when the 253 V, XI | and many similar devices may be gathered from the Persians 254 V, XI | order that his subjects may have something to do and 255 V, XI | slaves in order that they may betray their masters; for 256 V, XI | him. All that we have said may be summed up under three 257 V, XI | whole policy of a tyrant may be summed up, and to one 258 V, XI | other of them all his ideas may be referred: (1) he sows 259 V, XI | nature of this latter method may be gathered from a comparison 260 V, XI | state purposes, and that he may form a fund in case of war, 261 V, XI | therefore whatever virtues he may neglect, at least he should 262 V, XI | men to see them, that they may admire their happy and blessed 263 V, XI | should be raised, that they may look sharply after one another. 264 V, XII | military ability. If report may be believed, he crowned 265 V, XII | which latter particular he may very likely be not far wrong, 266 V, XII | not far wrong, for there may well be some men who cannot 267 V, XII | before, and yet the oligarchy may change an the same into 268 V, XII | majority; and a democracy may change into an oligarchy, 269 VI, I | for the popular element may consist of husbandmen, or 270 VI, III | expedient. But, although it may be difficult in theory to 271 VI, IV | this form of government may be regarded as a democracy, 272 VI, IV | portions that even the poor may have more than the amount 273 VI, IV | permitted to slaves (which may be to a certain extent advantageous) 274 VI, V | however badly constituted, may last one, two, or three 275 VI, V | possible, in such quantities as may enable them to purchase 276 VI, V | latter, that the people may participate in them, and 277 VI, V | the former, that the state may be better administered. 278 VI, V | administered. A like result may be gained by dividing the 279 VI, VI | well provided with sailors may undergo many mishaps and 280 VI, VII | for this state of things may be found in the practice 281 VI, VII | oligarchies like theirs may be well described as petty 282 VI, VIII| carefully consider which offices may properly be united and which 283 VI, VIII| One office of this sort may be enough in small places, 284 VI, VIII| necessary offices, which may be summed up as follows: 285 VII, I | natural order of things, those may be expected to lead the 286 VII, I | argument, the happy state may be shown to be that which 287 VII, I | or temperate.~Thus much may suffice by way of preface: 288 VII, II | in most cities the laws may be said generally to be 289 VII, II | regard to justice, for there may be might where there is 290 VII, II | but only the animals which may be hunted for food or sacrifice, 291 VII, II | eatable. And surely there may be a city happy in isolation, 292 VII, II | races of men and communities may participate in a good life, 293 VII, II | of government should aim may be properly made a matter 294 VII, III | accepting these premises, may still maintain that supreme 295 VII, III | as well as other things, may take place by sections; 296 VII, IV | limit of population. We may argue on grounds of reason, 297 VII, IV | of a mile long; yet there may be a ship of a certain size, 298 VII, IV | necessaries, as a nation may be, it is not a state, being 299 VII, IV | political community: it may indeed, if it somewhat exceed 300 VII, V | extent it should be such as may enable the inhabitants to 301 VII, VI | which is likely to accrue may be easily guarded against 302 VII, VI | pronounce and determine who may hold communication with 303 VII, VI | with one another, and who may not.~There can be no doubt 304 VII, VII | most easily lead to virtue may be expected to be both intelligent 305 VII, VIII| services which every state may be said to need. For a state 306 VII, IX | as we were saying, all may be shared by all, or not 307 VII, X | without number; for necessity may be supposed to have taught 308 VII, X | grow up by degrees. And we may infer that in political 309 VII, X | citizen having two lots, they may all of them have land in 310 VII, XI | of them, great reservoirs may be established for the collection 311 VII, XI | their notions; and they may see the cities which prided 312 VII, XI | superiority of the besiegers may be and often is too much 313 VII, XI | cities surrounded by walls may either take advantage of 314 VII, XII | in carrying them out. We may talk about them as much 315 VII, XIII| for the means and the end may agree or disagree. Sometimes 316 VII, XIII| the means which they use may not effect the desired end. 317 VII, XIII| creation of good. A good man may make the best even of poverty 318 VII, XIII| therefore we can only say: May our state be constituted 319 VII, XIV | and by what means this may be accomplished, and what 320 VII, XIV | sole aim, a doctrine which may be refuted by argument and 321 VII, XV | leisure and cultivation may be promoted, not only by 322 VII, XV | The rational principle may be mistaken and fail in 323 VII, XV | ideal of life, and there may be a like evil influence 324 VII, XVI | children whom he is rearing may be as good as possible, 325 VII, XVI | that their procreative life may terminate at the same period, 326 VII, XVI | same period, and that they may not differ in their bodily 327 VII, XVI | Almost all these objects may be secured by attention 328 VII, XVI | birth takes place soon, as may reasonably be expected, 329 VII, XVI | and life have begun; what may or may not be lawfully done 330 VII, XVI | have begun; what may or may not be lawfully done in 331 VII, XVII| the manner of rearing them may be supposed to have a great 332 VII, XVII| from their natural warmth, may be easily trained to bear 333 VIII, III | concerning music a doubt may be raised—in our own day 334 VIII, III | to us; for their opinion may be gathered from the fact 335 VIII, III | them. With a like view they may be taught drawing, not to 336 VIII, III | purchases, or in order that they may not be imposed upon in the 337 VIII, IV | rivals did not. Hence we may infer that what is noble, 338 VIII, IV | period of life which follows may then be devoted to hard 339 VIII, V | already raised; these we may now resume and carry further; 340 VIII, V | perfect or end. But perhaps it may be said that boys learn 341 VIII, V | even granting that music may form the character, the 342 VIII, V | performances of others? We may illustrate what we are saying 343 VIII, V | jest. But these matters may be left for the present.~ 344 VIII, V | intellectual enjoyment, for it may be reckoned under all three, 345 VIII, V | on this ground alone we may assume that the young ought 346 VIII, V | the pleasure’s sake, it may be well at times to let 347 VIII, V | toils and pains. And we may infer this to be the reason 348 VIII, V | whether, having this use, it may not also have a nobler one? 349 VIII, V | all ages and characters), may it not have also some influence 350 VIII, VI | suitable for different ages may be easily answered; nor 351 VIII, VI | when they are older they may be spared the execution; 352 VIII, VI | From these principles we may also infer what instruments 353 VIII, VI | but with still more reason may we say that she rejected 354 VIII, VII | with more precision); music may also serve (3) for for enjoyment, 355 VIII, VII | performances of others we may admit the modes of action 356 VIII, VII | therefore professional musicians may be allowed to practice this 357 VIII, VII | we said before; though we may include any others which