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| Alphabetical [« »] fewer 2 fields 1 fight 6 figure 230 figure-if 1 figures 57 find 6 | Frequency [« »] 250 must 236 by 235 universal 230 figure 225 same 210 should 202 other | Aristotle Prior Analytics IntraText - Concordances figure |
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1 I, 4 | related, it is clear in this figure when a syllogism will be 2 I, 4 | there is a syllogism in this figure with a particular conclusion, 3 I, 4 | all the syllogisms in this figure are perfect (for they are 4 I, 4 | conclusions are proved by this figure, viz. universal and particular, 5 I, 4 | affirmative and negative. Such a figure I call the first.~ 6 I, 5 | of either, I call such a figure the second; by middle term 7 I, 5 | be perfect anyhow in this figure, but it may be valid whether 8 I, 5 | belong to no N: for the first figure has again been formed. But 9 I, 5 | reached by means of the first figure. Again if M belongs to all 10 I, 5 | all the syllogisms in this figure are imperfect: for all are 11 I, 5 | attained by means of this figure, but all are negative, whether 12 I, 6 | none, of it, I call such a figure the third; by middle term 13 I, 6 | cannot be perfect in this figure either, but it may be valid 14 I, 6 | a syllogism in the first figure is produced. It is possible 15 I, 6 | It is clear then in this figure also when a syllogism will 16 I, 6 | we shall have the first figure again, if the premiss RS 17 I, 6 | It is clear then in this figure also when a syllogism will 18 I, 6 | all the syllogisms in this figure are imperfect (for all are 19 I, 6 | conclusion by means of this figure, whether negative or affirmative.~ 20 I, 7 | perfect by means of the first figure. For all are brought to 21 I, 7 | In both ways the first figure is formed: if they are made 22 I, 7 | conversion produces the first figure: if they are proved per 23 I, 7 | about by means of the first figure, e.g. in the last figure, 24 I, 7 | figure, e.g. in the last figure, if A and B belong to all 25 I, 7 | syllogisms in the first figure. Those in the second figure 26 I, 7 | figure. Those in the second figure are clearly made perfect 27 I, 7 | impossibile. In the first figure particular syllogisms are 28 I, 7 | them by means of the second figure, reducing them ad impossibile, 29 I, 7 | know by means of the second figure. Similarly also demonstration 30 I, 7 | as we saw) is the middle figure. Consequently, since all 31 I, 7 | syllogisms in the middle figure can be reduced to universal 32 I, 7 | syllogisms in the first figure, and since particular syllogisms 33 I, 7 | syllogisms in the first figure can be reduced to syllogisms 34 I, 7 | syllogisms in the middle figure, it is clear that particular 35 I, 7 | syllogisms in the first figure. Syllogisms in the third 36 I, 7 | Syllogisms in the third figure, if the terms are universal, 37 I, 7 | syllogisms in the first figure: and these (we have seen) 38 I, 7 | syllogisms in the first figure: consequently also the particular 39 I, 7 | syllogisms in the third figure may be so reduced. It is 40 I, 7 | syllogisms in the first figure.~We have stated then how 41 I, 7 | how syllogisms of the same figure are constituted in themselves, 42 I, 8 | predication. But in the middle figure when the universal statement 43 I, 8 | and again in the third figure when the universal is affirmative 44 I, 8 | syllogisms is in the appropriate figure.~ 45 I, 9 | result both through the first figure and through the third that 46 I, 10| 10~In the second figure, if the negative premiss 47 I, 10| have obtained the first figure. Neither then is B possible 48 I, 10| is converted, the first figure results. But it has been 49 I, 10| in the case of the first figure that if the negative major 50 I, 11| 11~In the last figure when the terms are related 51 I, 11| B is under C. The first figure then is formed. A similar 52 I, 11| in the case of the first figure, that if the negative premiss 53 I, 11| BC is converted the first figure is formed, and the universal 54 I, 14| always results in the first figure, whether they are affirmative 55 I, 15| possible also in the first figure to bring about the impossibility, 56 I, 15| a syllogism in the third figure: but this is impossible. 57 I, 17| 17~In the second figure whenever both premisses 58 I, 18| proving by means of the first figure that B may belong to no 59 I, 18| shall again have the first figure. But if both premisses are 60 I, 19| conclusion is drawn by the first figure that B may belong to no 61 I, 19| thus we have the first figure. Similarly if the minor 62 I, 20| 20~In the last figure a syllogism is possible 63 I, 20| For we have got the first figure. And A if may possibly belong 64 I, 20| we shall have the first figure again by conversion. But 65 I, 20| shall again have the first figure by means of conversion. 66 I, 20| We shall have the first figure again if the particular 67 I, 20| shall again have the first figure by conversion. But if both 68 I, 21| we shall have the first figure, and the conclusion that 69 I, 21| the premisses in the first figure is problematic, the conclusion 70 I, 21| problematic: for the first figure is obtained once more, and 71 I, 21| premiss is problematic in that figure the conclusion also will 72 I, 21| completed by means of the first figure. So it is clear that we 73 I, 22| it resulted in the first figure. A similar proof may be 74 I, 22| We shall have the first figure once more: and-since the 75 I, 22| stand thus in the first figure, the conclusion (as we found) 76 I, 22| we shall have the first figure, and the negative premiss 77 I, 22| perfect by means of the first figure, so that a result which 78 I, 22| which follows in the first figure follows also in the third. 79 I, 22| It is clear then in this figure also when and how a syllogism 80 I, 22| that all syllogisms in this figure are imperfect, and that 81 I, 22| perfect by means of the first figure.~ 82 I, 23| syllogisms in the first figure and are reduced to them. 83 I, 23| the relation to B; for the figure will be the same whether 84 I, 23| perfected by means of the first figure and is reducible to the 85 I, 23| universal syllogisms in this figure.~ 86 I, 26| conclusion is established in each figure, and in how many moods this 87 I, 26| proved by means of the first figure only and by this in only 88 I, 26| proved both through the first figure and through the second, 89 I, 26| first and through the last figure, in one mood through the 90 I, 26| the problem proved in each figure, and the number of the figures 91 I, 28| a syllogism in the first figure results, sometimes a syllogism 92 I, 28| the extremes. So the first figure is formed. And A will belong 93 I, 28| the same. This is the last figure: for G becomes the middle 94 I, 28| Thus we have both the first figure and the middle figure; the 95 I, 28| first figure and the middle figure; the first, because A belongs 96 I, 28| belongs to all E: the middle figure because D belongs to no 97 I, 28| identical. This is the last figure: for A will belong to no 98 I, 28| and F, we have the middle figure with both premisses affirmative: 99 I, 28| with H, we have the first figure with its minor premiss negative. 100 I, 28| the first or in the middle figure. But no syllogism is possible 101 I, 28| we shall have the middle figure: for B will belong to all 102 I, 32| we shall have the first figure: if it both is a predicate 103 I, 32| of something, the middle figure: if other things are predicated 104 I, 32| other predicated, the last figure. For it was thus that we 105 I, 32| middle term placed in each figure. It is placed similarly 106 I, 32| thesis is established in each figure, and in which the universal, 107 I, 32| we shall recognize the figure by the position of the middle 108 I, 34| similar way in the middle figure: "it is not possible that 109 I, 34| to any man". In the third figure the fallacy results in reference 110 I, 42| are reached through one figure, but one through one figure, 111 I, 42| figure, but one through one figure, another through another. 112 I, 42| problem is proved in every figure, but certain problems in 113 I, 42| certain problems in each figure, it is clear from the conclusion 114 I, 42| from the conclusion in what figure the premisses should be 115 I, 45| proved in more than one figure, if they have been established 116 I, 45| been established in one figure by syllogism, can be reduced 117 I, 45| can be reduced to another figure, e.g. a negative syllogism 118 I, 45| negative syllogism in the first figure can be reduced to the second, 119 I, 45| syllogism in the middle figure to the first, not all however 120 I, 45| to no C. Thus the first figure; but if the negative statement 121 I, 45| we shall have the middle figure. For B belongs to no A, 122 I, 45| you will have the middle figure.~The universal syllogisms 123 I, 45| syllogisms in the second figure can be reduced to the first, 124 I, 45| you will have the first figure. For B will belong to no 125 I, 45| reduction to the first figure will be possible, e.g. if 126 I, 45| you will have the first figure. For B will belong to no 127 I, 45| syllogisms in the third figure cannot all be resolved into 128 I, 45| syllogisms in the first figure can be resolved into the 129 I, 45| all B: so that the third figure is formed. Similarly if 130 I, 45| the syllogisms in the last figure one only cannot be resolved 131 I, 45| Consequently we shall get the first figure, if A belongs to all C, 132 I, 45| transition to the other figure is made.~One of the syllogisms 133 I, 45| syllogisms in the middle figure can, the other cannot, be 134 I, 45| resolved into the third figure. Whenever the universal 135 I, 45| Syllogisms in the third figure can be resolved into the 136 I, 45| resolved into the middle figure, whenever the negative statement 137 I, 45| resolved into the first figure, and that when syllogisms 138 I, 45| are reduced to the first figure these alone are confirmed 139 I, 46| constructively by means of the first figure. For the expression "it 140 II, 1 | negative. In the second figure it will be possible to infer 141 II, 3 | 3~In the middle figure it is possible in every 142 II, 4 | 4~In the last figure a true conclusion may come 143 II, 5 | for we obtain the first figure and A is middle. But if 144 II, 6 | 6~In the second figure it is not possible to prove 145 II, 6 | C: for we get the second figure, with B as middle. But if 146 II, 6 | we shall have the first figure. For C belongs to all A 147 II, 7 | 7~In the third figure, when both premisses are 148 II, 7 | but the conclusion in this figure is always particular, so 149 II, 7 | all to prove through this figure the universal premiss. But 150 II, 7 | clear then that in the first figure reciprocal proof is made 151 II, 7 | this belongs. In the middle figure, when the syllogism is universal, 152 II, 7 | possible through the second figure and through the first, but 153 II, 7 | and the last. In the third figure all proofs are made through 154 II, 7 | clear also that in the third figure and in the middle figure 155 II, 7 | figure and in the middle figure those syllogisms which are 156 II, 8 | proved through the last figure. In a word it is not possible 157 II, 9 | 9~In the second figure it is not possible to refute 158 II, 9 | will always be in the third figure, and in this figure (as 159 II, 9 | third figure, and in this figure (as we saw) there is no 160 II, 9 | to all C, since the first figure is produced. If B belongs 161 II, 9 | belongs not to all B: the figure is the last. But if the 162 II, 9 | also happened in the first figure, " if the conclusion is 163 II, 10| 10~In the third figure when the conclusion is converted 164 II, 10| the first or in the middle figure. But if the conclusion is 165 II, 10| syllogism results in each figure when the conclusion is converted; 166 II, 10| clear that in the first figure the syllogisms are formed 167 II, 10| refuted through the middle figure, the premiss which concerns 168 II, 10| the major through the last figure. In the second figure syllogisms 169 II, 10| last figure. In the second figure syllogisms proceed through 170 II, 10| refuted through the first figure, the premiss which concerns 171 II, 10| through the last. In the third figure the refutation proceeds 172 II, 10| refuted through the first figure, the premiss which concerns 173 II, 10| minor through the middle figure.~ 174 II, 11| how it is effected in each figure, and what syllogism results. 175 II, 11| D; thus we get the first figure. If then it is supposed 176 II, 11| cannot be proved in the first figure per impossibile.~But the 177 II, 12| clear then that in the first figure all problems except the 178 II, 12| results as in the first figure.~Again suppose that A belongs 179 II, 12| be formed in the middle figure.~ 180 II, 13| all be formed in the last figure. Suppose that A does not 181 II, 13| plain that in the middle figure an affirmative conclusion, 182 II, 13| conclusion, and in the last figure a universal conclusion, 183 II, 14| syllogism is formed in the first figure, the truth will be found 184 II, 14| in the middle or the last figure, if negative in the middle, 185 II, 14| is formed in the middle figure, the truth will be found 186 II, 14| syllogism is formed in the last figure, the truth will be found 187 II, 14| all B, through the first figure. Then the hypothesis must 188 II, 14| But this is the middle figure, if C belongs to all A and 189 II, 14| also we have the middle figure. Again suppose it has been 190 II, 14| all C, we have the last figure. And it is clear from these 191 II, 14| been proved in the middle figure that A belongs to all B. 192 II, 14| all B, we have the first figure. Similarly if it has been 193 II, 14| all B, so that the first figure results. If the syllogism 194 II, 14| for thus we get the first figure.~Again suppose it has been 195 II, 14| been proved in the third figure that A belongs to all B. 196 II, 14| premisses form the first figure. Similarly if the demonstration 197 II, 14| and this is the middle figure. Similarly if the demonstration 198 II, 14| and this is the middle figure.~It is clear then that it 199 II, 15| 15~In what figure it is possible to draw a 200 II, 15| are opposed, and in what figure this is not possible, will 201 II, 15| contradictories.~In the first figure no syllogism whether affirmative 202 II, 15| middle term in the first figure is not predicated of both 203 II, 15| not opposed.~In the middle figure a syllogism can be made 204 II, 15| contradictories.~In the third figure an affirmative syllogism 205 II, 15| in reference to the first figure; but a negative syllogism 206 II, 15| Similarly in the third figure. So it is clear in how many 207 II, 16| be begged in the middle figure), because the terms in negative 208 II, 19| thesis is proved in each figure. This will not escape us 209 II, 21| angles, if we know that the figure is a triangle. Similarly 210 II, 25| squaring, E for rectilinear figure, F for circle. If there 211 II, 25| made equal to a rectilinear figure by the help of lunules), 212 II, 26| is proved from the first figure, the latter from the third. 213 II, 26| so that we get the first figure, or that the knowable and 214 II, 26| this proof is in the third figure: for it is true of C (the 215 II, 26| the latter from the third figure.~In general if a man urges 216 II, 26| Thus we must have the first figure: for the term which embraces 217 II, 26| these. And we have the third figure: for the particular term 218 II, 26| possible, since the second figure cannot produce an affirmative 219 II, 26| objection in the middle figure would require a fuller argument, 220 II, 26| reason also this is the only figure from which proof by signs 221 II, 26| elicited from the first figure or a negative objection 222 II, 27| be taken as in the first figure or the second or the third. 223 II, 27| has milk is in the first figure: for to have milk is the 224 II, 27| comes through the last figure. Let A stand for good, B 225 II, 27| come through the middle figure: for since paleness follows 226 II, 27| proceeds through the first figure is irrefutable if it is 227 II, 27| proceeds through the last figure is refutable even if the 228 II, 27| proceeds through the middle figure is always refutable in any 229 II, 27| proved through the first figure is most generally accepted 230 II, 27| is possible in the first figure if the middle term is convertible