Book, Paragraph

  1      I, 1 |               next define a premiss, a term, and a syllogism, and the
  2      I, 1 |       inclusion or noninclusion of one term in another as in a whole,
  3      I, 1 |                mean by predicating one term of all, or none, of another.~
  4      I, 1 |              the sequel.~I call that a term into which the premiss is
  5      I, 1 |               by this, that no further term is required from without
  6      I, 1 |          stated as premisses.~That one term should be included in another
  7      I, 1 |             first. And we say that one term is predicated of all of
  8      I, 1 |               found of which the other term cannot be asserted: "to
  9      I, 3 |                the former case the one term necessarily does not belong
 10      I, 4 |         perfect syllogism. I call that term middle which is itself contained
 11      I, 4 |              extremes I mean both that term which is itself contained
 12      I, 4 |            will be A.~But if the first term belongs to all the middle,
 13      I, 4 |             middle to none of the last term, there will be no syllogism
 14      I, 4 |          formed when neither the first term belongs to any of the middle,
 15      I, 4 |                a syllogism.~But if one term is related universally,
 16      I, 4 |            with reference to the major term either affirmatively or
 17      I, 4 |            with reference to the minor term affirmatively: but whenever
 18      I, 4 |               in relation to the minor term, or the terms are related
 19      I, 4 |                impossible. I call that term the major in which the middle
 20      I, 4 |           middle is contained and that term the minor which comes under
 21      I, 4 |              with respect to the minor term either affirmatively or
 22      I, 4 |              all C is B. For the major term may be predicable both of
 23      I, 4 |               some of which the middle term cannot be attributed. Suppose
 24      I, 4 |          predicated-swan and snow: the term inanimate is predicated
 25      I, 5 |           figure the second; by middle term in it I mean that which
 26      I, 5 |            from the middle. The middle term stands outside the extremes,
 27      I, 5 |      number-substance being the middle term.~Nor is a syllogism possible
 28      I, 5 |     consequence follows.~If the middle term is related universally to
 29      I, 5 |             result whenever the middle term is related universally to
 30      I, 5 |             one possible if the middle term belongs to some of each
 31      I, 6 |                           6~But if one term belongs to all, and another
 32      I, 6 |            figure the third; by middle term in it I mean that of which
 33      I, 6 |               nearer to it. The middle term stands outside the extremes,
 34      I, 6 |       universally or not to the middle term.~If they are universal,
 35      I, 6 |   inanimate-inanimate being the middle term.~It is clear then in this
 36      I, 6 |               will be possible. If one term is related universally to
 37      I, 6 |               former cases. But if one term is affirmative, the other
 38      I, 6 |            possible whenever the minor term is affirmative. For if R
 39      I, 6 |              here.~But if the negative term is universal, whenever the
 40      I, 6 |               middle in both being the term wild.~Nor is a syllogism
 41      I, 7 |        relating the minor to the major term, e.g. if A belongs to all
 42      I, 8 |              must hold of some of that term in which this part is included:
 43      I, 11|         considering the terms. Let the term A be "good", let that which
 44      I, 11|         signifies be "animal", let the term C be "horse". It is possible
 45      I, 11|              is possible then that the term good should belong to no
 46      I, 11|               it is necessary that the term animal should belong to
 47      I, 11|              not possible, take as the term "awake" or "asleep": for
 48      I, 13|         indefinite, because the middle term is uncertain; but they are
 49      I, 14|                 to be possible for one term to belong to all of another".
 50      I, 14|                possibly fall under the term B is left out of account.
 51      I, 14|              are as assumed, the major term is both possible for none
 52      I, 15|           horse. Further let the major term be "animal", the middle "
 53      I, 15|        conclusion establishes that one term does not necessarily belong
 54      I, 15|                any instance of another term. But we must take our terms
 55      I, 17|            also we must understand the term "possible" in the conclusion,
 56      I, 20| horse-man-white—white being the middle term.~
 57      I, 23|            another, unless some middle term is taken, which is somehow
 58      I, 23|            whether there is one middle term or many.~It is clear then
 59      I, 25|        premisses by one (for the extra term must either be added outside
 60      I, 25|                odd: for along with one term one premiss is added, if
 61      I, 25|             one premiss is added, if a term is added from any quarter.
 62      I, 25|              the premisses. For if one term is added, conclusions will
 63      I, 25|              in relation to the single term last added, but in relation
 64      I, 25|               rest, e.g. if to ABC the term D is added, two conclusions
 65      I, 25|               And similarly too if the term is inserted in the middle:
 66      I, 25|                 for in relation to one term only, a syllogism will not
 67      I, 27|            does not follow the highest term universally must not be
 68      I, 27|           dealing with the subordinate term (for these attributes have
 69      I, 27|              dealing with the superior term; for what follows animal
 70      I, 27|              things which the superior term follows, those things which
 71      I, 27|              things which the inferior term follows, e.g. take as subjects
 72      I, 28|             question. Whenever the one term has to belong to none of
 73      I, 28|      antecedents of A itself: for if a term follows the primary antecedents,
 74      I, 28|               E, whenever an identical term is found among the Cs and
 75      I, 28|                This will be the middle term; A and E will be the extremes.
 76      I, 28|               for G becomes the middle term. And A will belong to no
 77      I, 28|               question: for the middle term must belong to the one,
 78      I, 28|                cannot belong to either term: for no syllogism is produced
 79      I, 28|                cannot belong to either term are identical, e.g. C and
 80      I, 28|            investigation is the middle term, and the middle term must
 81      I, 28|            middle term, and the middle term must be not diverse but
 82      I, 29|          necessary to find some common term other than the subjects
 83      I, 29|          premisses and find the middle term. Consequently a syllogism
 84      I, 31|         positive statement, the middle term through which the syllogism
 85      I, 31|              middle. Let animal be the term signified by A, mortal by
 86      I, 31|                as middle the universal term, and as extremes that which
 87      I, 32|               terms. We must take that term as middle which is stated
 88      I, 32|            figures.~If then the middle term is a predicate and a subject
 89      I, 32|               that we found the middle term placed in each figure. It
 90      I, 32|              universal: for the middle term is determined in the same
 91      I, 32|              Clearly then, if the same term is not stated more than
 92      I, 32|           cannot be made: for a middle term has not been taken. Since
 93      I, 32|             the position of the middle term.~
 94      I, 33|         syllogism. Let A represent the term "being eternal", B "Aristomenes
 95      I, 34|             condition and taken as the term.~
 96      I, 35|               the mediation of another term: for the triangle in virtue
 97      I, 35|                there will be no middle term for the proposition AB,
 98      I, 36|                      36~That the first term belongs to the middle, and
 99      I, 36|              another or that the first term will be predicated of the
100      I, 36|              is predicated of the last term. The same holds if the premisses
101      I, 36|               sometimes that the first term is stated of the middle,
102      I, 36|                not stated of the third term, e.g. if wisdom is knowledge,
103      I, 36|        knowledge. Sometimes the middle term is stated of the third,
104      I, 36|            Sometimes neither the first term is stated of the middle,
105      I, 36|             good is a genus. The first term then is predicated of the
106      I, 38|                                   38~A term which is repeated in the
107      I, 38|          should be joined to the first term. Let A stand for "knowledge
108      I, 38|               predicate of justice the term "good that it is good" is
109      I, 38|   qualification, we must put as middle term "that which is", but if
110      I, 38|                it is good", the middle term must be "that which is something".
111      I, 38|             good: for ex hypothesi the term "something" indicates the
112      I, 40|              pleasure is the good, the term must be "the good", but
113      I, 40|             that pleasure is good, the term will be "good". Similarly
114      I, 41|              is said of all of a third term, so also is A: but if B
115      I, 41|               said of all of the third term, there is no necessity that
116      I, 43|          definition, we must take as a term the point to which the argument
117      I, 43|         disturbed by the length of the term: e.g. if a man proves that
118      I, 45|                C, C must be made first term. For C belongs to no A,
119      I, 45|             and A to some C, the first term must be B: for B belongs
120      I, 45|                and so C will be middle term. Similarly if the negative
121      I, 45|               A. A therefore is middle term. But when A belongs to all
122      I, 46|              assumed in respect to one term.~ ~
123     II, 1 |              subordinate to the middle term or to the conclusion may
124     II, 1 |              subordinate to the middle term may be inferred, not however
125     II, 1 |              subordinate to the middle term is proved (as we saw) from
126     II, 2 |               is laid down as a single term, be supposed that it is
127     II, 2 |               man. Consequently if one term is taken to belong to none
128     II, 2 |             does belong, and the other term is taken to belong to all
129     II, 2 |            middle, and animal as first term, and it is assumed that
130     II, 2 |              if man be taken as middle term and it is assumed that A
131     II, 3 |      conclusion will be true whichever term the negative statement concerns.~(
132     II, 5 |             proof possible. If another term is taken as middle, the
133     II, 5 |       demonstrated through B as middle term, and again the proposition
134     II, 8 |              or the middle to the last term. For it is necessary, if
135     II, 8 |              of C, through B as middle term. If then it should be assumed
136     II, 11|            syllogism results whichever term the assumed premiss concerns;
137     II, 15|                subject, and the middle term in the first figure is not
138     II, 15|              universal: for the middle term is always that which is
139     II, 17|            must be connected with that term which is predicate in the
140     II, 17|            must be connected with that term which is subject in the
141     II, 19|              not to grant him the same term twice over in his premisses,
142     II, 19|              be drawn without a middle term, and that term which is
143     II, 19|                a middle term, and that term which is stated more than
144     II, 19|               drawn through one middle term, he ought to begin with
145     II, 21|          former case, where the middle term does not belong to the same
146     II, 21|               in respect of the middle term is not contrary to the knowledge
147     II, 21|               in respect of one middle term contrary to that in respect
148     II, 23|                e.g. if B is the middle term between A and C, it consists
149     II, 23|     convertible with B, and the middle term is not wider in extension,
150     II, 23|                where there is a middle term the syllogism proceeds through
151     II, 23|            proceeds through the middle term; when there is no middle
152     II, 23|                when there is no middle term, through induction. And
153     II, 23|                latter proves the major term to belong to the third term
154     II, 23|            term to belong to the third term by means of the middle,
155     II, 23|           syllogism through the middle term is prior and better known,
156     II, 24|                example" when the major term is proved to belong to the
157     II, 24|               the middle by means of a term which resembles the third.
158     II, 24|            middle belongs to the third term, and that the first belongs
159     II, 24|             the relation of the middle term to the extreme should be
160     II, 24|                subordinate to the same term, and one of them is known.
161     II, 24|              as we saw) that the major term belongs to the middle, and
162     II, 24|                conclusion to the minor term, whereas argument by example
163     II, 25|            argument in which the first term clearly belongs to the middle,
164     II, 25|              of the middle to the last term is uncertain though equally
165     II, 25|          intermediate between the last term and the middle are few.
166     II, 25|              since we have taken a new term, being so far without knowledge
167     II, 25|                 If there were only one term intermediate between E and
168     II, 26|              the first figure: for the term which embraces the original
169     II, 26|             subject becomes the middle term.~If the objection is particular,
170     II, 26|      contradiction with reference to a term relatively to which the
171     II, 26|             figure: for the particular term assumed is middle, e.g.
172     II, 27|             the position of the middle term in the figures. For it may
173     II, 27|                have milk is the middle term. Let A represent to be with
174     II, 27|              them designate the middle term as the index (for people
175     II, 27|                us know, and the middle term above all has this character),
176     II, 27|                derived from the middle term the index: for that which
177     II, 27|             first figure if the middle term is convertible with the
178     II, 27|                is wider than the third term and not convertible with