13 L’espressione
"animale donatore" ha in questo testo un significato
esclusivamente tecnico e traduce, nella maniera più diretta e sintetica
possibile, l’inglese "source animal"; fuori da tale contesto,
infatti, l’aggettivo "donatore", che implica in se stesso il concetto
di libertà e di capacità di consenso, risulterebbe improprio
poichè riferito all’animale, che ovviamente non ha tali caratteristiche.
14 Cfr.
Platt J.L., Fischel R.J., Matas A.J., et al., Immunopathology of hyperacute
xenograft rejection in a swine-to-primate model, Transplantation 1991,
52:214-220; Dalmasso A.P., Vercellotti G.M., Fischel R.J., et al., Mechanisms
of complement activation in the hyperacute rejection of porcine organs
transplanted into primate recipients, Am J Pathol 1992, 140:1157-66.
15 Cfr.
Good A.H., Cooper D.K.C., Malcom A.J. et al., Identification of carbohydrate
structures which bind human antiporcine antibodies: implications for discordant
xenografting in man, Transplant Proc 1992, 24:559-60; Sandrin M.S., Vaughan
H.A., Dabkowski P.L., et al., Anti-pig IgM antibodies in human serum react
predominantly with Gal(a1-3)Gal epitopes, PNAS 1993, 90:11391-5.
16 Cfr.
Leventhal J.R., John R., Fryer J.P., et al., Removal of baboon and human
antiporcine IgG and IgM natural antibodies by immunoadsorption: Results of in
vitro and in vivo studies, Transplantation 1995, 59:294-300; Cooper D.K.C.,
Lexer G., Rose A.G., et al., Effects of cyclosporine and antibody adsorption
on pig cardiac xenograft survival in the baboon, J. Heart. Transplant. 1988, 7:238-46; Latinne D., Soares M., Havaux
X., et al., Depletion of IgM xenoreactive natural antibodies by injection of
anti-mu monoclonal antibodies, Immunol Rev 1994, 141:95-125; Rydberg L.,
Hallberg E., Bjorck S., et al., Studies on the removal of anti-pig
xenoantibodies in the human by plasmapheresis/immunoadsorption,
Xenotransplantation 1995, 2:253-63.
17 Cfr.
Gewurz H., Clark D.S., Finstad J., et al., Role of the complement system in
graft rejections in experimental animals and man, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966,
129:673-713; Pruitt S.K., Kirk D.A., Bollinger R.R., et al., The effect of
soluble complement receptor type1 on hyperacute rejection of porcine
xenografts, Transplantation 1994, 57:363-70; Kobayashi T., Neethling F.A.,
Koren E., et al., In vitro and in vivo investigation of anticomplement
agents FUT-175 and K76COOH, in the prevention of hyperacute rejection following
discordant xenotransplantation in a nonhuman primate model, Trans Proc
1996, 28:604; Kroshus T.J., Rollins S.A., Dalmasso A.P., et al., Complement
inhibition with an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody prevents acute cardiac tissue
injury in an ex vivo model of pit-to-human xenotransplantation,
Transplantation 1995, 60:1194-202.
18 Cfr.
Bach F.H., Turman M.A., Vercellotti G.M., et al., Accommodation: a working
paradigm for progressing toward clinical discordant xenografting, Transplant
Proc. 1991;23: 205-7; Dalmasso A.P., Vercellotti G.M., Platt J.L., Bach F:H., Inhibition
of complement mediated endothelial cell cytotoxicity by decay accelerating
factor. Potential for prevention of xenograft hyperacute
rejection, Transplantation 1991; 52:530-3.
19 Cfr.
Diamond L.E., Quinn C.M., Martin M.J., et al., A human CD46 transgenic pig
model system for the study of discordant xenotransplantation,
Transplantation 2001; 7: 132; Cozzi E., White D.J.G., The generation of
transgenic pigs as potential organ donors for humans, Nature Medicine 1995,
1:964-6; Fodor W.L., Williams B.L., Matis L.A., et al., Expression of a
functional human complement inhibitor in a transgenic pig as a model for the
prevention of xenogeneic hyperacute organ rejection, Proc Natl Acad Sci
1994, 91:11153-7; McCurry K.R., Kooyman D.L., Alvarado C.G., et al., Human
complement regulatory proteins protect swine-to-primate cardiac xenografts from
tumoral injury, Nature Med 1995, 1:423-7; Cowan P.J., Aminian A., Barlow
H., et al., Renal xenografts from triple-transgenic pigs are not
hyperacutely rejected but cause coagulopathy in non-immunosuppressed baboons,
Transplantation 2000, 69:2504-15; Lavitrano M, Forni M, Varzi V, et al., Sperm-mediated
gene transfer: production of pigs transgenic for a human regulator of
complement activation, Transplant Proc 1997;29:3508-9.
20 Cfr.
Sandrin M.S., Fodor W.L., Mouhtouris E., et al., Enzymatic remodeling of the
carbohydrate surface of a xenogenic cell substantially reduces human antibody
binding and complement-mediated cytolysis, Nature Medicine 1995, 1:1261-7.
21 Cfr.
Soares M.P., Lin Y., Sato K., et al., Pathogenesis of and potential
therapies for delayed xenograft rejection, Opin Organ Transplant 1999 4:80-8.
22 Cfr. Hancock W.W., Delayed
xenograft rejection, World J.Surg. 1997, 21:917-23; Platt
J.L., Lin S.S. and McGregor C.G.A., Acute vascular rejection,
Xenotransplantation 1998, 5:169-175.
23 Cfr.
Cozzi E., Bhatti F., Schmoeckel M. et al., Long-term survival of nonhuman
primates receiving life-supporting transgenic porcine kidney xenografts,
Transplantation 2000, 70:15-21; Vial C.M., Ostlie D.J., Bhatti FN. et al., Life
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baboon, J Heart Lung Transplant 2000, 19:224-9.
24 Cfr. Bach F.H., Xenotransplantation:
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25 Cfr.
Yamada A., Auchincloss H.Jr., Cell-mediated xenograft rejection, Current
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26 Cfr. Auchincloss H.Jr., Sachs D.H.,
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27 Cfr. Bach F.H., Ferran C., Soares
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