IntraText Table of Contents | Words: Alphabetical - Frequency - Inverse - Length - Statistics | Help | IntraText Library |
| Alphabetical [« »] thankful 1 thanks 1 that 712 the 4302 theaet 5 theaetet 1 theaetetus 6 | Frequency [« »] ----- ----- ----- 4302 the 2313 of 2051 in 1618 to | Marcus Tullius Cicero Academica Concordances the |
bold = Main text
Liber, Caput grey = Comment text1 Ded | PUPILS~WHO HAVE READ WITH HIM~THE ACADEMICA,~THIS EDITION~ 2 Ded | AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED~BY~THE EDITOR. ~ ~ 3 Pre | PREFACE.~Since the work of Davies appeared 4 Pre | English scholar has edited the Academica. In Germany the 5 Pre | the Academica. In Germany the last edition with explanatory 6 Pre | Goerenz, published in 1810. To the poverty and untrustworthiness 7 Pre | bear strong evidence; while the work of Davies, though in 8 Pre | deficient when judged by the criticism of the present 9 Pre | judged by the criticism of the present time.~This edition 10 Pre | years ago. I trust that the work in its present shape 11 Pre | undergraduate students of the Universities, and also to 12 Pre | alike in all schools where the philosophical works of Cicero 13 Pre | impart such instruction in the Ancient Philosophy as will 14 Pre | Philosophy as will prepare the way for the completer knowledge 15 Pre | will prepare the way for the completer knowledge now 16 Pre | knowledge now required in the final Classical Examinations 17 Pre | a practical reference to the needs of junior students. 18 Pre | junior students. During the last three or four years 19 Pre | or four years I have read the Academica with a large number 20 Pre | philosophical views and the literary history of the 21 Pre | the literary history of the Academica as could not be 22 Pre | a good text; then to aid the student in obtaining a higher 23 Pre | power to learn thoroughly the philosophy with which Cicero 24 Pre | of Halm which appeared in the edition of Cicero's philosophical 25 Pre | published in 1861 under the editorship of Baiter and 26 Pre | which was interrupted by the death of that editor. I 27 Pre | without carefully weighing the evidence he presents; and 28 Pre | original criticisms upon the text to which I could obtain 29 Pre | which I could obtain access. The result is a text which lies 30 Pre | lies considerably nearer the MSS. than that of Halm. 31 Pre | acknowledged in my notes; the chief are to Madvig's little 32 Pre | and to Baiter's text in the edition of Cicero's works 33 Pre | own, and that only where the conjecttires of other Editors 34 Pre | to depart too widely from the MSS. If any apology be needed 35 Pre | discussing, even sparingly, in the notes, questions of textual 36 Pre | so from a conviction that the very excellence of the texts 37 Pre | that the very excellence of the texts now in use is depriving 38 Pre | its old educational value. The judgment was better cultivated 39 Pre | was better cultivated when the student had to fight his 40 Pre | way through bad texts to the author's meaning and to 41 Pre | meaning and to a mastery of the Latin tongue. The acceptance 42 Pre | mastery of the Latin tongue. The acceptance of results without 43 Pre | results without a knowledge of the processes by which they 44 Pre | obtained is worthless for the purposes of education, which 45 Pre | my best to place before the reader the arguments for 46 Pre | place before the reader the arguments for and against 47 Pre | against different readings in the most important places where 48 Pre | most important places where the text is doubtful.~My experience 49 Pre | examiner has proved to me that the students for whom this edition 50 Pre | they ought to have with the peculiarities and niceties 51 Pre | niceties of language which the best Latin writers display. 52 Pre | striven to guide them to the best teaching of Madvig, 53 Pre | must build. His edition of the De Finibus contains more 54 Pre | illustrating, not merely the language, but also the subject-matter 55 Pre | merely the language, but also the subject-matter of the Academica, 56 Pre | also the subject-matter of the Academica, than all the 57 Pre | the Academica, than all the professed editions of the 58 Pre | the professed editions of the latter work in existence. 59 Pre | work, I have pointed out the authority from whom it was 60 Pre | readers to look out all the references given. It was 61 Pre | material by means of which the student might illustrate 62 Pre | touched upon somewhere in the Academica, it is evidently 63 Pre | studying that subject for the first time. I have therefore 64 Pre | find easily for themselves the information they require, 65 Pre | special way bound up with the Academica. The two books 66 Pre | bound up with the Academica. The two books chiefly referred 67 Pre | referred to in my notes are the English translation of Zeller' 68 Pre | this book is meant), and the Historia Philosophiae of 69 Pre | Philosophiae of Ritter and Preller. The pages, not the sections, 70 Pre | Preller. The pages, not the sections, of the fourth 71 Pre | pages, not the sections, of the fourth edition of this work 72 Pre | teachers ought to place in the hands of pupils who are 73 Pre | work of Cicero. Students at the Universities ought to have 74 Pre | information illustrative of the Academica, which was before 75 Pre | before difficult of access. The present work will, I hope, 76 Pre | work will, I hope, prepare the way for an exhaustive edition 77 Pre | philosophical works with quite the purpose which I have kept 78 Pre | I propose to edit after the same plan some others of 79 Pre | same plan some others of the less known and less edited 80 Pre | is a great gain, even at the cost of some errors, to 81 Pre | more than anything else the unproductiveness of English 82 Pre | any who are interested in the subject.~JAMES S. REID.~ 83 Abbr | D.F. = Madvig's edition of the De Finibus; Opusc. = Opuscula; 84 Int | THE ACADEMICA OF CICERO.~[i] ~ 85 Int, I | constantly at Arpinum, and spent the greater part of his time 86 Int, I | derived that strong love for the old Latin dramatic and epic 87 Int, I | we may conjecture, led the young Cicero to feel the 88 Int, I | the young Cicero to feel the importance of a study of 89 Int, I | serve as a corrective for the somewhat narrow rhetorical 90 Int, I | rhetorical discipline of the time.2~Cicero's first systematic 91 Int, I | philosophy were given him by the Epicurean Phaedrus, then 92 Int, I | then at Rome because of the unsettled state of Athens, 93 Int, I | even before he had assumed the toga virilis. The pupil 94 Int, I | assumed the toga virilis. The pupil seems to have been 95 Int, I | been converted at once to the tenets of the [ii] master.3 96 Int, I | at once to the tenets of the [ii] master.3 Phaedrus remained 97 Int, I | master.3 Phaedrus remained to the end of his life a friend 98 Int, I | and refined style. He is the only Epicurean, with, perhaps, 99 Int, I | Epicurean, with, perhaps, the exception of Lucretius, 100 Int, I | exception of Lucretius, whom the orator ever allows to possess 101 Int, I | lasting impressions from the teaching of Phaedrus. It 102 Int, I | Zeno of Sidon as head of the Epicurean school.5~At this 103 Int, I | B.C.) Cicero also heard the lectures of Diodotus the 104 Int, I | the lectures of Diodotus the Stoic, with whom he studied 105 Int, I | though not exclusively, the art of dialectic.6 This 106 Int, I | Cicero deems so important to the orator that he calls it " 107 Int, I | abbreviated eloquence," was then the monopoly of the Stoic school. 108 Int, I | was then the monopoly of the Stoic school. For some time 109 Int, I | his days with Diodotus in the severest study, but he seems 110 Int, I | have been much attracted by the general Stoic teaching. 111 Int, I | general Stoic teaching. Still, the friendship between the two 112 Int, I | the friendship between the two lasted till the death 113 Int, I | between the two lasted till the death of Diodotus, who, 114 Int, I | according to a fashion set by the Roman Stoic circle of the 115 Int, I | the Roman Stoic circle of the time of Scipio and Laelius, 116 Int, I | seems to have been one of the most accomplished [iii] 117 Int, I | esteem, and admiration.8~In the year 88 B.C. the celebrated 118 Int, I | admiration.8~In the year 88 B.C. the celebrated Philo of Larissa, 119 Int, I | of Larissa, then head of the Academic school, came to 120 Int, I | who fled from Athens on the approach of its siege during 121 Int, I | approach of its siege during the Mithridatic war. Philo, 122 Int, I | versatile genius: unlike the Stoic philosopher, he was 123 Int, I | a perfect master both of the theory and the practice 124 Int, I | master both of the theory and the practice of oratory. Cicero 125 Int, I | wholly, as he tells us, to the brilliant Academic.9 Smitten 126 Int, I | His zeal was quickened by the conviction that the old 127 Int, I | quickened by the conviction that the old judicial system of Rome 128 Int, I | overthrown for ever, and that the great career once open to 129 Int, I | connection with at least three of the most eminent philosophers 130 Int, I | eminent philosophers of the age, who represented the 131 Int, I | the age, who represented the three most vigorous and 132 Int, I | with their spirit, and with the main tenets of each. His 133 Int, I | to lay too much stress on the intimate connection [iv] 134 Int, I | which subsisted between the rhetorical and the ethical 135 Int, I | between the rhetorical and the ethical teaching of the 136 Int, I | the ethical teaching of the Greeks; but there can be 137 Int, I | be little doubt that from the great rhetorician Molo, 138 Int, I | valuable information concerning the ethical part of Greek philosophy.~ 139 Int, I | Greek philosophy.~During the years 88—81 B.C., Cicero 140 Int, I | himself incessantly with the study of philosophy, law, 141 Int, I | Many ambitious works in the last two departments mentioned 142 Int, I | period. On Sulla's return to the city after his conquest 143 Int, I | city after his conquest of the Marian party in Italy, judicial 144 Int, I | appeared as a pleader in the courts, the one philosophic 145 Int, I | a pleader in the courts, the one philosophic orator of 146 Int, I | collision with Sulla through the freedman Chrysogonus, who 147 Int, I | Chrysogonus, who was implicated in the case of Roscius. The silence 148 Int, I | in the case of Roscius. The silence of Cicero is enough 149 Int, I | passionate style of oratory13.~The whole two years 79—77 B.C. 150 Int, I | 79—77 B.C. were spent in the society of Greek philosophers 151 Int, I | philosophers and rhetoricians. The first six months passed 152 Int, I | philosophy, since, with the exception [v] of Demetrius 153 Int, I | at that time resident in the city14. By the advice of 154 Int, I | resident in the city14. By the advice of Philo himself15, 155 Int, I | himself15, Cicero attended the lectures of that clear thinker 156 Int, I | him16, Zeno of Sidon, now the head of the Epicurean school. 157 Int, I | of Sidon, now the head of the Epicurean school. In Cicero' 158 Int, I | was eagerly discussed by the two pupils20. Patro was 159 Int, I | was probably in Athens at the same time, but this is nowhere 160 Int, I | complete familiarity with the Epicurean doctrines.~There 161 Int, I | eminent representatives of the Stoic school then at Athens. 162 Int, I | a mention of [vi] him in the De Oratore, that Cicero 163 Int, I | through Piso. Diodorus, the pupil of Critolaus, is frequently 164 Int, I | this time unknown to him.~The philosopher from whose lessons 165 Int, I | Antiochus of Ascalon, now the representative of a Stoicised 166 Int, I | shall attempt to estimate the influence he exercised over 167 Int, I | sufficient here to say that on the main point which was in 168 Int, I | that he set a high value on the abilities and the learning 169 Int, I | value on the abilities and the learning of Antiochus, especially 170 Int, I | of him as eminent among the philosophers of the time, 171 Int, I | among the philosophers of the time, both for talent and 172 Int, I | pointed style25; in fine, as the most cultivated and keenest 173 Int, I | cultivated and keenest of the philosophers of the age26. 174 Int, I | keenest of the philosophers of the age26. A considerable friendship 175 Int, I | which was strengthened by the fact that many friends of 176 Int, I | fact that many friends of the latter, such as Piso, Varro, 177 Int, I | more or less adhered to the views of Antiochus. It is 178 Int, I | acquainted with Aristus the brother of Antiochus, since 179 Int, I | brother of Antiochus, since in the Academica28 he is mentioned 180 Int, I | Cicero in B.C. 62.~[vii] The main purpose of Cicero while 181 Int, I | chiefly to rhetoric, under the guidance of the most noted 182 Int, I | rhetoric, under the guidance of the most noted Greek teachers, 183 Int, I | was his old friend Molo, the coryphaeus of the Rhodian 184 Int, I | Molo, the coryphaeus of the Rhodian school29. Cicero, 185 Int, I | philosophy, that with Posidonius the pupil of Panaetius, the 186 Int, I | the pupil of Panaetius, the most famous Stoic of the 187 Int, I | the most famous Stoic of the age. To him Cicero makes 188 Int, I | instructor. He speaks of him as the greatest of the Stoics30; 189 Int, I | of him as the greatest of the Stoics30; as a most notable 190 Int, I | to visit whom Pompey, in the midst of his eastern campaigns, 191 Int, I | in Cicero's house. Hecato the Rhodian, another pupil of 192 Int, I | was well acquainted with the works of the former, he 193 Int, I | acquainted with the works of the former, he does not seem 194 Int, I | either personally. ~From the year 77 to the year 68 B.C., 195 Int, I | personally. ~From the year 77 to the year 68 B.C., when the series 196 Int, I | to the year 68 B.C., when the series of letters begins, 197 Int, I | much to philosophy from the first he repeatedly insists; [ 198 Int, I | his style by much study of the Greek writers, and especially 199 Int, I | writers, and especially the philosophers. During the 200 Int, I | the philosophers. During the period then, about which 201 Int, I | philosophy, as well as with the Greeks who from time to 202 Int, I | came to Rome and frequented the houses of the Optimates; 203 Int, I | frequented the houses of the Optimates; to this he added 204 Int, I | his leisure would allow. The letters contained in the 205 Int, I | The letters contained in the first book of those addressed 206 Int, I | Atticus, which range over the years 68—62 B.C., afford 207 Int, I | B.C., afford many proofs of the abiding strength of his 208 Int, I | literary employment. In the earlier part of this time 209 Int, I | for sale; expressing at the same time in the strongest 210 Int, I | expressing at the same time in the strongest language his loathing 211 Int, I | books, to which he looks as the support of his old age34. 212 Int, I | support of his old age34. In the midst of his busiest political 213 Int, I | working his hardest for the consulship, his heart was 214 Int, I | his heart was given to the adornment of his Tusculan 215 Int, I | intellect, but never his heart.~The year 62 released him from 216 Int, I | year 62 released him from the consulship and enabled him 217 Int, I | tastes. To this year belong the publication of his speeches, 218 Int, I | crowded, he says, with the maxims of philosophy35; 219 Int, I | maxims of philosophy35; the history of his consulship, 220 Int, I | consulship, in Latin and Greek, the Greek version which he sent 221 Int, I | Isocrates and Aristotle; and the poem on his consulship, 222 Int, I | reading with enthusiasm the works of Dicaearchus, and 223 Int, I | Cicero. It was in Greece at the time, and Cicero thus writes 224 Int, I | my love for you, use all the endeavours of your friends, 225 Int, I | these facts, because of the idea now spread abroad that 226 Int, I | considerable. He was certainly the most learned Roman of his 227 Int, I | learned Roman of his age, with the single exception of Varro. 228 Int, I | time. He especially studied the political writings of [x] 229 Int, I | political writings of [x] the Greeks, such as Theophrastus 230 Int, I | historical memoirs after the fashion, of Theopompus40.~ 231 Int, I | fashion, of Theopompus40.~The years from 59—57 B.C. were 232 Int, I | his return from exile, in the year 56, he describes himself 233 Int, I | He spent great part of the year 55 at Cumae or Naples " 234 Int, I | or Naples "feeding upon" the library of Faustus Sulla, 235 Int, I | library of Faustus Sulla, the son of the Dictator42. Literature 236 Int, I | Faustus Sulla, the son of the Dictator42. Literature formed 237 Int, I | bust of Aristotle, than in the ivory chair of office. Towards 238 Int, I | chair of office. Towards the end of the year, he was 239 Int, I | office. Towards the end of the year, he was busily engaged 240 Int, I | he was busily engaged on the De Oratore, a work which 241 Int, I | with Greek philosophy43. In the following year (54) he writes 242 Int, I | returns unreservedly to the life most in accordance 243 Int, I | accordance with nature, that of the student44. During this year 244 Int, I | this year he was again for the most part at those of his 245 Int, I | At this time was written the De Republica, a work to 246 Int, I | especially mentioned as one of the authors [xi] read at this 247 Int, I | read at this time46. In the year 52 B.C. came the De 248 Int, I | In the year 52 B.C. came the De Legibus, written amid 249 Int, I | professedly modelled on Plato and the older philosophers of the 250 Int, I | the older philosophers of the Socratic schools.~In the 251 Int, I | the Socratic schools.~In the year 51 Cicero, then on 252 Int, I | own pleasure and that of the Athenians. He stayed in 253 Int, I | Athenians. He stayed in the house of Aristus, the brother 254 Int, I | in the house of Aristus, the brother of Antiochus and 255 Int, I | lasting, if we may judge from the affectionate mention in 256 Int, I | affectionate mention in the Brutus47. Cicero also speaks 257 Int, I | interfered to prevent Memmius, the pupil of the great Roman 258 Int, I | prevent Memmius, the pupil of the great Roman Epicurean Lucretius, 259 Int, I | Lucretius, from destroying the house in which Epicurus 260 Int, I | somewhat disappointed with the state of philosophy at Athens, 261 Int, I | at Athens, Aristus being the only man of merit then resident 262 Int, I | then resident there49. On the journey from Athens to his 263 Int, I | to his province, he made the acquaintance of Cratippus, 264 Int, I | taught at Athens as head of the Peripatetic school50. At 265 Int, I | society51. He was by far the greatest, Cicero said, of 266 Int, I | greatest, Cicero said, of all the Peripatetics he had himself 267 Int, I | indeed equal in merit to the most eminent of that school52.~ 268 Int, I | eminent of that school52.~The care of that disordered 269 Int, I | employ Cicero's thoughts till the end of 50. [xii] Yet he 270 Int, I | some memorial of himself at the beautiful city, and anxiously 271 Int, I | foolish to build a προπυλον at the Academia, as Appius, his 272 Int, I | done at Eleusis53. It seems the Athenians of the time were 273 Int, I | It seems the Athenians of the time were in the habit of 274 Int, I | Athenians of the time were in the habit of adapting their 275 Int, I | ancient statues to suit the noble Romans of the day, 276 Int, I | suit the noble Romans of the day, and of placing on them 277 Int, I | date he carefully discusses the errors Atticus had pointed 278 Int, I | Atticus had pointed out in the books De Republica54. His 279 Int, I | he spoke of conferring on the city some signal favour55. 280 Int, I | school of eloquence, to the two boys Marcus and Quintus, 281 Int, I | philosophers, among them Xeno the friend of Atticus58.~On 282 Int, I | thoughts about literature. The letters which belong to 283 Int, I | several times contrasts the statesmen of the time with 284 Int, I | contrasts the statesmen of the time with the Scipio he 285 Int, I | statesmen of the time with the Scipio he had himself drawn 286 Int, I | he had himself drawn in the De Republica59; when he 287 Int, I | Plato's description of the tyrant is present to [xiii] 288 Int, I | when, he deliberates about the course he is himself to 289 Int, I | take, he naturally recals the example of Socrates, who 290 Int, I | refused to leave Athens amid the misrule of the thirty tyrants61. 291 Int, I | Athens amid the misrule of the thirty tyrants61. It is 292 Int, I | curious to find Cicero, in the very midst of civil war, 293 Int, I | of civil war, poring over the book of Demetrius the Magnesian 294 Int, I | over the book of Demetrius the Magnesian concerning concord62; 295 Int, I | reconciled to Caesar in the year 46 he returned with 296 Int, I | his days of prosperity66. The tenor of all his letters 297 Int, I | letters at this time is the same: see especially the 298 Int, I | the same: see especially the remaining letters to Varro 299 Int, I | and also to Sulpicius67. The Partitiones Oratoriae, the 300 Int, I | The Partitiones Oratoriae, the Paradoxa, the Orator, and 301 Int, I | Oratoriae, the Paradoxa, the Orator, and the Laudatio 302 Int, I | Paradoxa, the Orator, and the Laudatio Catonis, to which 303 Int, I | were all finished within the year. Before the end of 304 Int, I | within the year. Before the end of the year the Hortensius 305 Int, I | year. Before the end of the year the Hortensius and 306 Int, I | Before the end of the year the Hortensius and the De Finibus 307 Int, I | year the Hortensius and the De Finibus had probably 308 Int, I | commenced. [xiv] Early in the following year the Academica, 309 Int, I | Early in the following year the Academica, the history of 310 Int, I | following year the Academica, the history of which I shall 311 Int, I | written.~I have now finished the first portion of my task; 312 Int, I | I have shown Cicero as the man of letters and the student 313 Int, I | as the man of letters and the student of philosophy during 314 Int, I | his life which preceded the writing of the Academica. 315 Int, I | preceded the writing of the Academica. Even the evidence 316 Int, I | writing of the Academica. Even the evidence I have produced, 317 Int, I | as might be obtained from the actual philosophical works 318 Int, I | He was entitled to repel the charge made by some people 319 Int, I | charge made by some people on the publication of his first 320 Int, I | publication of his first book of the later period—the Hortensius— 321 Int, I | book of the later period—the Hortensius—that he was a 322 Int, I | mere tiro in philosophy, by the assertion that on the contrary 323 Int, I | by the assertion that on the contrary nothing had more 324 Int, I | his thoughts throughout the whole of a wonderfully energetic 325 Int, I | wonderfully energetic life69. Did the scope of this edition allow 326 Int, I | was extensive. So far as the Academica is concerned, 327 Int, I | substantial accuracy; of the success of the defence I 328 Int, I | accuracy; of the success of the defence I must leave the 329 Int, I | the defence I must leave the reader to judge. During 330 Int, I | reader to judge. During the progress of this work I 331 Int, I | work I shall have to expose the groundlessness of many feelings 332 Int, I | of mentioning [xv] than the present. It is this. Cicero, 333 Int, I | present. It is this. Cicero, the philosopher, is made to 334 Int, I | philosopher, is made to suffer for the shortcomings of Cicero the 335 Int, I | the shortcomings of Cicero the politician. Scholars who 336 Int, I | to be obliged to instance the illustrious Mommsen, who 337 Int, I | illustrious Mommsen, who speaks of the De Legibus as "an oasis 338 Int, I | Legibus as "an oasis in the desert of this dreary and 339 Int, I | based on facts irrelevant to the matter in hand, I beg all 340 Int, I | free themselves in reading the Academica. ~ 341 Int, II | II. The Philosophical Opinions of 342 Int, II | to define with clearness the position of Cicero as a 343 Int, II | historical examination of the later Greek schools—the 344 Int, II | the later Greek schools—the Stoic, Peripatetic, Epicurean 345 Int, II | merely as they came from the hands of their founders, 346 Int, II | it, but as Posidonius and the other pupils of Panaetius 347 Int, II | propounded it; not merely the Epicureanism of Epicurus, 348 Int, II | Phaedrus, Patro, and Xeno; the doctrines taught in the 349 Int, II | the doctrines taught in the Lyceum by Cratippus; the 350 Int, II | the Lyceum by Cratippus; the new Academicism of Philo 351 Int, II | Arcesilas and Carneades; the medley of Academicism, Peripateticism, 352 Int, II | forward by Antiochus in the name of the Old [xvi] Academy. 353 Int, II | Antiochus in the name of the Old [xvi] Academy. A systematic 354 Int, II | attempt to distinguish between the earlier and later forms 355 Int, II | tested by comparing them with the assertions made by ancient 356 Int, II | ancient authorities about the earlier representatives 357 Int, II | earlier representatives of the school. Should any discrepancy 358 Int, II | genuine by those who were at the head of the school in his 359 Int, II | who were at the head of the school in his day. The criticism 360 Int, II | of the school in his day. The criticism of Madvig even 361 Int, II | notes on several passages of the Academica70. As my space 362 Int, II | space forbids me to attempt the thorough inquiry I have 363 Int, II | describe in rough outline the relation in which Cicero 364 Int, II | in which Cicero stands to the chief schools.~The two main 365 Int, II | stands to the chief schools.~The two main tasks of the later 366 Int, II | schools.~The two main tasks of the later Greek philosophy were, 367 Int, II | as Cicero often insists, the establishment of a criterion 368 Int, II | would suffice to distinguish the true from the false, and 369 Int, II | distinguish the true from the false, and the determination 370 Int, II | true from the false, and the determination of an ethical 371 Int, II | ethical standard71. We have in the Academica Cicero's view 372 Int, II | Academica Cicero's view of the first problem: that the 373 Int, II | the first problem: that the attainment of any infallible 374 Int, II | here would be to anticipate the text of the Lucullus as 375 Int, II | to anticipate the text of the Lucullus as well as my notes. 376 Int, II | substantial agreement with the New Academic school, and 377 Int, II | schools. As he himself says, the doctrine that absolute knowledge 378 Int, II | knowledge is impossible was the one Academic tenet against 379 Int, II | tenet against which all the other schools [xvii] were 380 Int, II | Academic, Cicero followed the New Academy.~It is easy 381 Int, II | arrogance73. Philosophers of the highest respectability had 382 Int, II | respectability had held the most opposite opinions on 383 Int, II | most opposite opinions on the same subjects. To withhold 384 Int, II | seemed most probable, was the only prudent course74. Cicero' 385 Int, II | toleration, and repelled him from the fury of dogmatism. He repeatedly 386 Int, II | repeatedly insists that the diversities of opinion which 387 Int, II | diversities of opinion which the most famous intellects display, 388 Int, II | Milton to Mill, to show that the free conflict of opinion 389 Int, II | is necessary [xviii] to the progress of philosophy, 390 Int, II | as a warning example, and the baneful effects of authority 391 Int, II | authority are often depicted79. The true philosophic spirit 392 Int, II | of every question, after the example of the Old Academy 393 Int, II | question, after the example of the Old Academy and Aristotle80. 394 Int, II | belief are mere busybodies81. The Academics glory in their 395 Int, II | carry this freedom, that in the fifth book of the Tusculan 396 Int, II | that in the fifth book of the Tusculan Disputations, he 397 Int, II | entirely at variance with the whole of the fourth book 398 Int, II | variance with the whole of the fourth book of the De Finibus, 399 Int, II | whole of the fourth book of the De Finibus, and when the 400 Int, II | the De Finibus, and when the discrepancy is pointed out, 401 Int, II | his former statements, on the score that he is an Academic 402 Int, II | probabilius videtur84." The Academic sips the best of 403 Int, II | videtur84." The Academic sips the best of every school85. 404 Int, II | every school85. He roams in the wide field of philosophy, 405 Int, II | field of philosophy, while the Stoic dares not stir a foot' 406 Int, II | away from Chrysippus86. The Academic is only anxious 407 Int, II | rid himself and others of the mists of error87. This spirit 408 Int, II | is even found in Lucullus the Antiochean88. While professing, 409 Int, II | Cicero indignantly repels the charge that the Academy, 410 Int, II | indignantly repels the charge that the Academy, though claiming 411 Int, II | though claiming to seek for the truth, has no truth to follow89. 412 Int, II | has no truth to follow89. The probable is for it the true.~ 413 Int, II | The probable is for it the true.~Another consideration 414 Int, II | evident adaptability to the purposes of oratory, and 415 Int, II | purposes of oratory, and the fact that eloquence was, 416 Int, II | eloquence was, as he puts it, the child of the Academy90. 417 Int, II | he puts it, the child of the Academy90. Orators, politicians, 418 Int, II | their best nourishment in the teaching of the Academic 419 Int, II | nourishment in the teaching of the Academic and Peripatetic 420 Int, II | and Peripatetic masters91. The Stoics and Epicureans cared 421 Int, II | power of expression. Again, the Academic tenets were those 422 Int, II | tenets were those with which the common sense of the world 423 Int, II | which the common sense of the world could have most sympathy92. 424 Int, II | could have most sympathy92. The Academy also was the school 425 Int, II | The Academy also was the school which had the most 426 Int, II | was the school which had the most respectable pedigree. 427 Int, II | philosophies were plebeian93. The philosopher who best preserved 428 Int, II | philosopher who best preserved the Socratic tradition was most 429 Int, II | Carneades94.~In looking at the second great problem, that 430 Int, II | second great problem, that of the ethical standard, we must 431 Int, II | considered by nearly all the later philosophers as of 432 Int, II | importance compared with the first. Philosophy was emphatically 433 Int, II | emphatically defined as the art of [xx] conduct (ars 434 Int, II | This is equally true of the Pyrrhonian scepticism and 435 Int, II | Pyrrhonian scepticism and of the dogmatism of Zeno and Epicurus. 436 Int, II | or ramparts within which the ordinary life of the school 437 Int, II | which the ordinary life of the school was carried on. These 438 Int, II | chiefly in case of attack by the enemy; in time of peace 439 Int, II | time of peace ethics held the supremacy. In this fact 440 Int, II | instance one passage in the beginning of the Academica 441 Int, II | passage in the beginning of the Academica Posteriora95, 442 Int, II | Varro with having deserted the Old Academy for the New, 443 Int, II | deserted the Old Academy for the New, and admits the charge. 444 Int, II | for the New, and admits the charge. How is this to be 445 Int, II | statements that he never recanted the doctrines Philo had taught 446 Int, II | deal much with ethics. On the other hand, in the works 447 Int, II | ethics. On the other hand, in the works which Cicero had written 448 Int, II | written and published before the Academica, wherever he had 449 Int, II | been on its ethical side. The works themselves, moreover, 450 Int, II | Peripatetic writers, who, in the rough popular view which 451 Int, II | single school, denoted by the phrase "Vetus Academia." 452 Int, II | he brought dialectic to the front, and pronounced boldly 453 Int, II | regard him as a deserter from the Old Academy to the New. 454 Int, II | from the Old Academy to the New. This view is confirmed 455 Int, II | This view is confirmed by the fact that for many years 456 Int, II | years before Cicero wrote, the Academic dialectic had found 457 Int, II | expositor. So much was this the case, that when Cicero wrote 458 Int, II | that when Cicero wrote the Academica he was charged 459 Int, II | with constituting himself the champion of an exploded 460 Int, II | apart from his dialectic. In the sphere of morals he felt 461 Int, II | sphere of morals he felt the danger of the principle 462 Int, II | morals he felt the danger of the principle of doubt. Even 463 Int, II | principle of doubt. Even in the De Legibus when the dialogue 464 Int, II | Even in the De Legibus when the dialogue turns on a moral 465 Int, II | moral question, he begs the New Academy, which has introduced 466 Int, II | Again, Antiochus, who in the dialectical dialogue is 467 Int, II | dialogue is rejected, is in the De Legibus spoken of with 468 Int, II | Cicero. He was fascinated by the Stoics almost beyond the 469 Int, II | the Stoics almost beyond the power of resistance. In 470 Int, II | something like shame of the treatment they had received 471 Int, II | treatment they had received at the hands of Arcesilas and Carneades. 472 Int, II | fear lest they should be the only true philosophers [ 473 Int, II | kind of magnificence about the Stoic utterances on morality, 474 Int, II | allured Cicero more than the barrenness of the Stoic 475 Int, II | more than the barrenness of the Stoic dialectic repelled 476 Int, II | find him going farther in the direction of Stoicism than 477 Int, II | great question which divided the philosophers of the time 478 Int, II | divided the philosophers of the time was, whether happiness 479 Int, II | was capable of degrees. The Stoics maintained that it 480 Int, II | them, explicitly rejecting the position of Antiochus, that 481 Int, II | happy, but could not be the happiest possible102. He 482 Int, II | happiest possible102. He begs the Academic and Peripatetic 483 Int, II | balbutire) and to allow that the happiness of the wise man 484 Int, II | allow that the happiness of the wise man would remain unimpaired 485 Int, II | even if he were thrust into the bull of Phalaris103. In 486 Int, II | another place he admits the purely Stoic doctrine that 487 Int, II | of words, stole them from the Old Academy. This is Cicero' 488 Int, II | Antiochus who, in stealing the doctrines of Zeno, ever 489 Int, II | however, regarded chiefly the ethics of Zeno with this 490 Int, II | xxiii] regarded chiefly the dialectic. It is just in 491 Int, II | It is just in this that the difference between Antiochus 492 Int, II | Antiochus and Cicero lies. To the former Zeno's dialectic 493 Int, II | true and Socratic, while the latter treated it as un-Socratic, 494 Int, II | looking upon Socrates as the apostle of doubt106. On 495 Int, II | apostle of doubt106. On the whole Cicero was more in 496 Int, II | accepted without reserve the Stoic paradoxes, Cicero 497 Int, II | Antiochus subscribed to the Stoic theory that all emotion 498 Int, II | Cicero was inconsistent. In the De Finibus he argued that 499 Int, II | De Finibus he argued that the difference between the Peripatetic 500 Int, II | that the difference between the Peripatetic and Stoic ethics