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  1     Pre              |        philosophical works of Cicero are studied, but especially
  2     Pre              |             other than those to Halm are sufficiently acknowledged
  3     Pre              |  acknowledged in my notes; the chief are to Madvig's little book
  4     Pre              |              processes by which they are obtained is worthless for
  5     Pre              |              referred to in my notes are the English translation
  6     Pre              |          fourth edition of this work are quoted. These books, with
  7     Pre              |              the hands of pupils who are studying a philosophical
  8     Pre              |           and omissions from any who are interested in the subject.~
  9     Int,       I     |           Cicero's later works there are several references to his
 10     Int,       I     |            which belong to this time are very pathetic. Cicero several
 11     Int,      II     |     concerning any particular school are generally tested by comparing
 12     Int,      II     |         baneful effects of authority are often depicted79. The true
 13     Int,      II     |         dogmatic statement of belief are mere busybodies81. The Academics
 14     Int,      II     |            freedom of judgment. They are not compelled to defend
 15     Int,      II     |             in tone of all his works are the Tusculan Disputations
 16     Int,      II     |             the fact.~Very few words are necessary in order to characterize
 17     Int,     III     |            any value, Cicero's works are of equal value, for it is
 18     Int,     III     |       writers of these two centuries are therefore undeserving of
 19     Int,     III     |               These Roman Epicureans are continually reproached [
 20     Int,      IV     |           reasons adduced by Krische are convincing149. It is clear
 21     Int,      IV     |             in question is that they are simply the two books, entitled
 22     Int,      IV     |             and the Priora Academica are the compositions in question.
 23     Int,      IV     |            the letters of Cicero. We are quite certain that the book
 24     Int,      IV     |         Hortensius and the Academica are mentioned together in such
 25     Int,      IV     |              συνταξις, and Academia, are merely descriptive203; so
 26     Int,      IV     |          called his Academia, but we are certain from the letters
 27     Int,      IV     |    frequently quoted. The four books are expressly referred to by
 28     Int,      IV     |            dialogue and the Lucullus are among those genuine Optimates
 29     Int,      IV     |           the passages where the two are mentioned, that no very
 30     Int,      IV     |       character, life, and influence are often depicted in even extravagant
 31     Int,      IV     |        literature and philosophy. We are especially told that even
 32     Int,      IV     |            merely superficial260. We are thus relieved from the necessity
 33     Int,      IV     |           character and attainments, are too well known to need mention
 34     Int,      IV     |        Cicero when he wrote the work are kept carefully out of sight.
 35     Int,      IV     |        Natura Deorum and other works are shadowed forth284. In another
 36     Int,      IV     |            person. All his arguments are explicitly stated to be
 37     Int,      IV     |       composition293. Many allusions are made to recent events, such
 38     Int,      IV     |        philosophical [lxi] opinions, are alone needed here. The first
 39     Int,      IV     |            in the letters to Atticus are in the same strain. Cicero
 40     Int,      IV     |         approximation300. Still they are all cold, forced and artificial;
 41     Int,      IV(300)|                Ad Fam. IX. 1—8. They are the only letters from Cicero
 42     Int,      IV     |            Nonius' quotations, which are always from the second edition,
 43     Not,       1     |            ipsum (Ad Att. II. 1, 11) are not in point. Of course
 44     Not,       1     |           expels the words. Yet they are thoroughly like Cic. (cf.
 45     Not,       1     |            meaning these alterations are intended to secure. Interrogatio
 46     Not,       1     | interrogatiuncula and conclusiuncula are almost convertible terms.
 47     Not,       1     |            of definition, the causae are the res efficientes, for
 48     Not,       1     |              accusatives of pronouns are omitted before the infinitive,
 49     Not,       1     |             similar passages in Cic. are explained as anacolutha
 50     Not,       1     |            D.F. (p. 785, ed. 2), and are connected with other instances
 51     Not,       1     |   consistency, and clearness of mind are bound up in this word, cf.
 52     Not,       1     |                Quae quo: these words are evidently wrong. Halm after
 53     Not,       1     |               XIII. 48 where Varro's are mentioned. †Philosophe scribere:
 54     Not,       1     |    humanitatis." The words, however, are almost convertible; see
 55     Not,       1     |     researches into the Latin tongue are meant. Multis locis incohasti:
 56     Not,       1     |        involutis: physical phenomena are often spoken of in these
 57     Not,       1     |           tantum. Tam, tum and tamen are often confused in MSS.,
 58     Not,       1     |      copiosus: these characteristics are named to account for the
 59     Not,       1     |            Five ancient philosophers are generally included in this
 60     Not,       1     |            ultimate bases of the two are quite different. In rejecting
 61     Not,       1     |            natural advantages. These are of three kinds, mental,
 62     Not,       1     |             and external. The bodily are described (19); then the
 63     Not,       1     |           D.F. V. 38 the διανοητικαι are called non voluntariae,
 64     Not,       1     |         Stoics 258, 276. The phrases are sometimes said to be Peripatetic,
 65     Not,       1     |      corporis. These last insertions are not necessary, as may be
 66     Not,       1     |            humani, hominibus, humana are striking. For the last,
 67     Not,       1     |           XIX. 3. Cetera autem: what are these cetera? They form
 68     Not,       1     |              within the summum bonum are necessary to enrich it and
 69     Not,       1     |              honestique: these words are redolent of the Stoa. Earum
 70     Not,       1     |              force and matter, which are never actually found apart,
 71     Not,       1     |             found apart, though they are thought of as separate.
 72     Not,       1     |                These formed entities are either primary or secondary.
 73     Not,       1     |              Air, fire, water, earth are primary, the two first having
 74     Not,       1     |             matter, matter and space are infinitely subdivisible (
 75     Not,       1     |            Providence, Fate, Fortune are only different titles for
 76     Not,       1     |           fashion. Both words (which are joined below) simply mark
 77     Not,       1     | philosophical significance here, but are simply specimens of words
 78     Not,       1     |            the words with which they are syntactically connected,
 79     Not,       1     |           his ortae: the Greek terms are ‛απλα and συνθετα, see Arist.
 80     Not,       1     |              22, 3. The partes mundi are spoken of in most of the
 81     Not,       1     |               God, Matter, Universe, are interchangeable terms with
 82     Not,       1     |      κινεισθαι τα παντα, etc., which are scattered thickly over the
 83     Not,       1     |              Classic Greek Prose, as are ετυμος and all its derivatives. (
 84     Not,       1     |         Specimens of Stoic etymology are given in N.D. II. and ridiculed
 85     Not,       1     |      Πολεμωνι εφιλο τιμηθησαν. Dates are against the theory, see
 86     Not,       1     |          about 350, though the dates are uncertain. Dissereret: was
 87     Not,       1     |            only treat such points as are involved in the special
 88     Not,       1     |            pressed, the αποπροηγμενα are made of a subdivision of
 89     Not,       1     |              be pressed, the sumenda are made to include both producta
 90     Not,       1     |             pudor modestia pudicitia are said coerceri, the writer'
 91     Not,       1     |           rapidly to the vices which are opposite to these virtues.~
 92     Not,       1     |           for accusing Cicero. There are difficulties connected with
 93     Not,       1     |              and ‛ικανη απαξια which are not satisfactorily treated
 94     Not,       1     |              virtutes more perfectae are Aristotle's ηθικαι αρεται.
 95     Not,       1     |        Zeller 228 sq.). All emotions are reasonless; ‛ηδονη or laetitia
 96     Not,       1     |            general Stoic fatalism we are not told. Opinionisque iudicio
 97     Not,       1     |          universe of which the stars are mere nodes, and with which
 98     Not,       1     |         thing from which it proceeds are often confused. Comprehensionem:
 99     Not,       1     |              and incapable of proof, are the bases of all proof. (
100     Not,       1     |               nihil sciri: the verbs are all equivalent; cf. D.F.
101     Not,       1     |             parts of the verb dicere are however often thus repeated
102     Not,       2     |              used of the Stoics, who are said re concinere, verbis
103     Not,       2     |            aspects of the same thing are pointed to here as invalidating
104     Not,       2     |             untrustworthy the senses are. A similar argument occurs
105     Not,       2     |              sober and when drunken, are brought forward to prove
106     Not,       2     |            noticed in Luc. 81, which are unable to see that which
107     Not,       2     |          indications of its contents are preserved in the work of
108     Not,       2     |         contents of the former which are to be gathered from the
109     Not,       2     |      Indications of Book II. in Aug. are scarce, but to it I refer
110     Not,       2     |           senses by Cic. in Book II. are difficult to fix, as they
111     Not,       2     |            from other sources. These are the translation of σοφισματα
112     Not,       2     |          into dialogues of the kind. Are they then, when they meet,
113     Not,       2     |              of dogma; other schools are enslaved to authority (8).
114     Not,       2     |             Ph. Tetrilius: some MSS. are said to have Tetrinius,
115     Not,       2     |            from his copy." De and ex are common in Cic. after audire,
116     Not,       2     |              Catulus the elder, they are made clear by 18. Academicos:
117     Not,       2     |          Academicos: i.e. novos, who are here treated as the true
118     Not,       2     |           authorities concerning him are quoted by Zeller 506. It
119     Not,       2     |          words impressum effictumque are equivalent to εναπεσφραγισμενη
120     Not,       2     |          minime volt: several things are clear, (1) that Philo headed
121     Not,       2     |               Summary. If the senses are healthy and unimpaired,
122     Not,       2     |       perceptions of the mind, which are in a certain way perceptions
123     Not,       2     |        memory, and all kinds of arts are at once rendered impossible (
124     Not,       2     |            to light (26). Syllogisms are rendered useless, philosophy
125     Not,       2     |              and περιστερας τραχηλος are frequently mentioned, along
126     Not,       2     |           chief authorities for this are given in R. and P. 343,
127     Not,       2     |              in Gk. σκια and σκιασμα are opposed to λαμπρα; cf. also
128     Not,       2     |               Illud est album: these are αξιωματα, judgments of the
129     Not,       2     |           οροι, and this among them, are amusingly ridiculed, Pyrrh.
130     Not,       2     |          attempts to translate τελος are made in D.F. I. 11, 29,
131     Not,       2     |        συνακτικος λογος, which terms are of frequent occurrence.
132     Not,       2     |             what is rectum in morals are the two main tasks of philosophy.
133     Not,       2     |           grasped. Similar arguments are very frequent in Sextus,
134     Not,       2     |           the statements in the text are in no sense arguments, they
135     Not,       2     |             no sense arguments, they are mere assertions, as Sext.
136     Not,       2     |       sensation with the Stoics, who are perhaps imitated here, were
137     Not,       2     |             Recondit: so the εννοιαι are called αποκειμεναι νοησεις (
138     Not,       2     |              εννοιαι or κοιναι which are the προληψεις, and those
139     Not,       2     |              and those εννοιαι which are the conscious product of
140     Not,       2     |              virtus, perfecta ratio, are almost convertible terms
141     Not,       2     |         probably true, the Academics are not open to the criticism
142     Not,       2     |          whose vision true and false are confused." Cf. κοινη φαντασια
143     Not,       2     |         synchronous sensations which are able to turn him aside (
144     Not,       2     |            written it. The two verbs are both trans. of καταλαμβανεσθαι;
145     Not,       2     |               35. Neminem etc.: they are content to make strong statements
146     Not,       2     |              the sceptics throughout are supposed to rob people of
147     Not,       2     |             they proceed. Sensations are partly true, partly false,
148     Not,       2     |          perceptions, while the true are always of a form which the
149     Not,       2     |         assume. Now sensations which are indistinguishable from false
150     Not,       2     |            Two admissions, they say, are universally made, (1) false
151     Not,       2     |    perceptions, (2) sensations which are indistinguishable from false,
152     Not,       2     |             to prove, (1) sensations are partly true, partly false, (
153     Not,       2     |         perceptions into those which are sensations, and those which
154     Not,       2     |          sensations, and those which are deduced from sensations;
155     Not,       2     |           causes it. Here the things are meant; two things are supposed
156     Not,       2     |         things are meant; two things are supposed to cause two sensations
157     Not,       2     |            show that human faculties are not perfect enough to discern
158     Not,       2     |              Again to say that there are false sensations is to say
159     Not,       2     |      sensations is to say that there are true ones; you acknowledge
160     Not,       2     |            Sumpta: the two premisses are in Gk. called together λημματα,
161     Not,       2     |              from those which either are mere phantoms or, having
162     Not,       2     |             by which these phenomena are surrounded, (2) their faith
163     Not,       2     |              mere phantom sensations are often seen in dreams, why
164     Not,       2     |           interrogatio and conclusio are convertible. I may add that
165     Not,       2     |            in Sextus pure syllogisms are very frequently called ερωτησεις,
166     Not,       2     |              Inaniter: cf. 34. There are two ways in which a sensation
167     Not,       2     |           efficere) sensations which are false, but probable (as
168     Not,       2     |   manufacture false sensations which are so probable as to closely
169     Not,       2     |           autem sunt, etc.: if there are false sensations which are
170     Not,       2     |           are false sensations which are probable (as the Stoics
171     Not,       2     |              our dreaming sensations are as vivid as our waking ones.
172     Not,       2     |              that the two sensations are merged into one, but merely
173     Not,       2     |              things in their essence are divisible into sharply-defined
174     Not,       2     |     sensations which proceed from or are caused by the things, are
175     Not,       2     |            are caused by the things, are so divisible.~§51. Una depulsio:
176     Not,       2     |          debuerit." As such passages are often misunderstood, I note
177     Not,       2     |               though ordinarily none are so much ridiculed by them (
178     Not,       2     |             not much care whether we are able to distinguish eggs
179     Not,       2     |      sensations (58). Equally absurd are those "probable and undisturbed"
180     Not,       2     |            true and false sensations are indistinguishable logically
181     Not,       2     |          sentence clearer. The words are a trans. of the common Gk.
182     Not,       2     |        obtinere, proverbii loco dici are all used. Salvis rebus:
183     Not,       2     |         omits non. The sense is, "we are quite content not to be
184     Not,       2     |            reads animis; if the MSS. are correct the assertion of
185     Not,       2     |               112, 148. The nonnulli are Philo and Metrodorus, see
186     Not,       2     |            Amicissimum: "because you are my dear friend". Commoveris:
187     Not,       2     |            fidunt, etc.: these lines are part of Cic.'s Aratea, and
188     Not,       2     |           part of Cic.'s Aratea, and are quoted in N.D. II. 105,
189     Not,       2     |          Helicen. Elimatas: the MSS. are divided between this and
190     Not,       2     |            D.F. V. 26. The two words are often confused, as in T.
191     Not,       2     |      Tabernae were in the forum, and are often mentioned by Cic.
192     Not,       2     |    conjunction, the two alternatives are marked by ne and an. The
193     Not,       2     |        Parmenides, Xenophanes: these are the last men who ought to
194     Not,       2     |            44. The words referred to are in Plat. Apol. 21 εοικα
195     Not,       2     |          dialogues of search as they are called, while exposing sham
196     Not,       2     |             19. Exprimere and dicere are always sharply distinguished
197     Not,       2     |             59.~§§79—90. Summary You are wrong, Lucullus, in upholding
198     Not,       2     |              against the senses. You are thus acting like the Epicureans,
199     Not,       2     |            no more. No I answer, you are like the mole who desires
200     Not,       2     |             show that two sensations are absolutely similar, it is
201     Not,       2     |           overthrown, yet his senses are true quotha!" (For this
202     Not,       2     |             eject cerno regionem. We are thus left with the slight
203     Not,       2     |              than we have." Well you are like the mole, which does
204     Not,       2     |          here, which shows that they are related. Cf. the elliptic
205     Not,       2     |         arguments I am going to urge are grand, viz. quanto art.
206     Not,       2     |               like those of Orestes, are often referred to for a
207     Not,       2     |             knowledge, its processes are not applicable to a large
208     Not,       2     |          answer and yet refrain, you are unfair (94). The art you
209     Not,       2     |            assent to arguments which are identical in form with the
210     Not,       2     |          relative term such as these are. For the omission of any
211     Not,       2     |             the Sorites and Mentiens are given by Diog. Tria pauca
212     Not,       2     |            where the following words are added, dicis autem te mentiri
213     Not,       2     |            etc. the words in italics are needed, and were given by
214     Not,       2     |               note). These arguments are called μονολημματοι (involving
215     Not,       2     |     themselves admit that the senses are often deceived. Put this
216     Not,       2     |     necessary certainty (103). There are two modes of withholding
217     Not,       2     |       Tortuosum: similar expressions are in T.D. II. 42, III. 22,
218     Not,       2     |          change from sing. to plural are given by Madv. on D.F. V.
219     Not,       2     |           will be as follows. "There are two kinds of εποχη, one
220     Not,       2     |          defect. Various emendations are nam cum (Lamb., accepted
221     Not,       2     |              changes of construction are common in Cic., and I cannot
222     Not,       2     |     Academics first admit that there are true and false visa and
223     Not,       2     |            deny that human faculties are capable of perceiving the
224     Not,       2     |             without the prep., which are not at all parallel, i.e.
225     Not,       2     |       Peripatetic, whose definitions are not so exacting, my course
226     Not,       2     |              of the real Old Academy are more reasonable than those
227     Not,       2     |        oratio: expressions like this are common in Cic., e.g. D.F.
228     Not,       2     |             the spinae of the Stoics are often mentioned, e.g. D.F.
229     Not,       2     |            prep. Adhiberet: the MSS. are confused here, and go Halm
230     Not,       2     |      physical systems the sapiens we are seeking will select (117).
231     Not,       2     |           ducenda. These quaestiones are very often alluded to by
232     Not,       2     |           the Stoic opinion that men are the chief care of Providence,
233     Not,       2     |              surrounding the opinion are treated of in Zeller 175,
234     Not,       2     |           words of Plato (Tim. 40 B) are γην δε τροφον μεν ‛ημετεραν,
235     Not,       2     |            follow Polemo, the Stoics are irate (132). I must be careful
236     Not,       2     |             useful (135). How absurd are the Stoic Paradoxes! (136)
237     Not,       2     |              between the two schools are clearly drawn out, also
238     Not,       2     |          Stoic interpretations of it are given, the last of which
239     Not,       2     |         changes involved in my conj. are of frequent occurrence.
240     Not,       2     |              emendations I have seen are too unsatisfactory to be
241     Not,       2     |            MSS. ipsum; the two words are often confused, as in I.
242     Not,       2     |                141. Adquiescis: MSS. are confused here, Halm reads
243     Not,       2     |        according to Zeno all of them are slaves, exiles, and lunatics,
244     Not,       2     |           cognitionis, the two words are frequently confused. See
245     Not,       2     |            33. Libri: titles of some are preserved in Diog. Laert.
246     Not,       2     |          these two philosophers, who are playfully described as men
247     Not,       2     |           the dogma and the practice are irreconcilable; a misconception
248     Not,       2     |      reference to the sea. (The exx. are from Forc.) This passage