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 501     Int,      II     |                merely one of terms; in the Tusculan Disputations he
 502     Int,      II     |    Disputations he held it to be real. The most Stoic in tone of all
 503     Int,      II     |              tone of all his works are the Tusculan Disputations and
 504     Int,      II     |              Tusculan Disputations and the De Officiis.~With regard
 505     Int,      II     |               physics, I may remark at the outset that a comparatively
 506     Int,      II     |                chief importance lay in the fact that ancient theology
 507     Int,      II     |         appendage of physical science. The religious element in Cicero'
 508     Int,      II     |            strongly to sympathize with the Stoic views about the grand
 509     Int,      II     |             with the Stoic views about the grand universal operation
 510     Int,      II     |               any form, he thought, if the divine [xxiv] government
 511     Int,      II     |            divine [xxiv] government of the universe were denied109.
 512     Int,      II     |           found it necessary to oppose the beautiful Stoic theology,
 513     Int,      II     |               theology, and he defends the great sceptic by the plea
 514     Int,      II     |           defends the great sceptic by the plea that his one aim was
 515     Int,      II     |               aim was to arouse men to the investigation of the truth110.
 516     Int,      II     |                to the investigation of the truth110. At the same time,
 517     Int,      II     |      investigation of the truth110. At the same time, while really
 518     Int,      II     |                 while really following the Stoics in physics, Cicero
 519     Int,      II     |                 This partly arose from the actual adoption by the late
 520     Int,      II     |            from the actual adoption by the late Peripatetics of many
 521     Int,      II     |              gave out as Aristotelian. The discrepancy between the
 522     Int,      II     |                The discrepancy between the spurious and the genuine
 523     Int,      II     |               between the spurious and the genuine Aristotelian views
 524     Int,      II     |            passed undetected, owing to the strange oblivion into which
 525     Int,      II     |            strange oblivion into which the most important works of
 526     Int,      II     |           contrives to correct many of the extravagances of the Stoic
 527     Int,      II     |                of the extravagances of the Stoic physics by a study
 528     Int,      II     |             his notions about physics, the Timaeus of Plato, which
 529     Int,      II     |               be forgotten, also, that the Stoic physics were in the
 530     Int,      II     |              the Stoic physics were in the main Aristotelian, and that
 531     Int,      II     |               Cicero was well aware of the fact.~Very few words are
 532     Int,      II     |      characterize Cicero's estimate of the Peripatetic and Epicurean
 533     Int,      II     |     Peripatetic and Epicurean schools. The former was not very powerfully
 534     Int,      II     |       represented during his lifetime. The philosophical descendants
 535     Int,      II     |           philosophical descendants of the author of the Organon were
 536     Int,      II     |           descendants of the author of the Organon were notorious for
 537     Int,      II     |           approximated considerably to the Stoic teaching. While not
 538     Int,      II     |           While not much influenced by the school, Cicero generally [
 539     Int,      II     |                 treats it tenderly for the sake of its great past,
 540     Int,      II     |          deeming it a worthy branch of the true Socratic family. With
 541     Int,      II     |             true Socratic family. With the Epicureans the case was
 542     Int,      II     |            family. With the Epicureans the case was different. In physics
 543     Int,      II     |            their errors by a sin which the orator could never pardon,
 544     Int,     III     |                                   III. The aim of Cicero in writing
 545     Int,     III     |               to depreciate his works. The charge is true, but still
 546     Int,     III     |             purpose in writing, but of the whole spirit of the later
 547     Int,     III     |             but of the whole spirit of the later Greek speculation.
 548     Int,     III     |               later Greek speculation. The conclusion drawn from the
 549     Int,     III     |              The conclusion drawn from the charge is also quite unwarranted.
 550     Int,     III     |             also quite unwarranted. If the later philosophy of the
 551     Int,     III     |                the later philosophy of the Greeks is of any value,
 552     Int,     III     |              who attempts to reconcile the contradictions of Stobaeus,
 553     Int,     III     |         inclination to cry out against the confusion of Ciceros ideas.
 554     Int,     III     |              common, is due largely to the want, which I have already
 555     Int,     III     |                any clear exposition of the [xxvi] variations in doctrine
 556     Int,     III     |           variations in doctrine which the late Greek schools exhibited
 557     Int,     III     |               schools exhibited during the last two centuries before
 558     Int,     III     |              last two centuries before the Christian era. But to return
 559     Int,     III     |        Christian era. But to return to the charge of want of originality.
 560     Int,     III     |                his works (if we except the third book of the De Officiis),
 561     Int,     III     |               except the third book of the De Officiis), which he does
 562     Int,     III     |               Greek sources. Indeed at the time when he wrote, originality
 563     Int,     III     |              be hasty to conclude that the writers of these two centuries
 564     Int,     III     |          undeserving of our study, for the spirit, if not the substance
 565     Int,     III     |                 for the spirit, if not the substance of the doctrines
 566     Int,     III     |                if not the substance of the doctrines had undergone
 567     Int,     III     |            influence on society and on the Christian religion itself.~
 568     Int,     III     |            When Cicero began to write, the Latin language may be said
 569     Int,     III     |                was his aim, by putting the best Greek speculation into
 570     Int,     III     |            best Greek speculation into the most elegant Latin form,
 571     Int,     III     |          elegant Latin form, to extend the education of his countrymen,
 572     Int,     III     |               literature. He wished at the same time to strike a blow
 573     Int,     III     |               time to strike a blow at the ascendency of Epicureanism
 574     Int,     III     |         Epicureanism throughout Italy. The doctrines of Epicurus had
 575     Int,     III     |                a shape suited to catch the popular taste. There seems
 576     Int,     III     |        Amafinius, mentioned in [xxvii] the Academica113, was the first
 577     Int,     III     |           xxvii] the Academica113, was the first to write, and his
 578     Int,     III     |                they took possession of the whole of Italy115. Rabirius
 579     Int,     III     |                    Rabirius and Catius the Insubrian, possibly the
 580     Int,     III     |                the Insubrian, possibly the epicure and friend of Horace,
 581     Int,     III     |          friend of Horace, were two of the most noted of these writers.
 582     Int,     III     |              their extreme popularity: the easy nature of the Epicurean
 583     Int,     III     |         popularity: the easy nature of the Epicurean physics, the fact
 584     Int,     III     |              of the Epicurean physics, the fact that there was no other
 585     Int,     III     |      philosophy for Latin readers, and the voluptuous blandishments
 586     Int,     III     |            exceedingly remarkable that the whole of the Roman Epicurean
 587     Int,     III     |           remarkable that the whole of the Roman Epicurean literature
 588     Int,     III     |     overwhelmingly greater degree with the physics than with the ethics
 589     Int,     III     |             with the physics than with the ethics of Epicurus. The
 590     Int,     III     |                the ethics of Epicurus. The explanation is to be found
 591     Int,     III     |          explanation is to be found in the fact that the Italian races
 592     Int,     III     |              be found in the fact that the Italian races had as yet
 593     Int,     III     |        practical basis for morality in the legal and social constitution
 594     Int,     III     |             and social constitution of the family, and did not much
 595     Int,     III     |          family, and did not much feel the need of any speculative
 596     Int,     III     |              speculative system; while the general decay among the
 597     Int,     III     |                the general decay among the educated classes of a belief
 598     Int,     III     |        educated classes of a belief in the supernatural, accompanied
 599     Int,     III     |         increase of superstition among the masses, prepared the way
 600     Int,     III     |             among the masses, prepared the way for the acceptance of
 601     Int,     III     |           masses, prepared the way for the acceptance of a purely mechanical
 602     Int,     III     |              mechanical explanation of the universe. But of this subject,
 603     Int,     III     |             cannot here discuss, as to the reasons Cicero had for omitting
 604     Int,     III     |                these Roman Epicureans. The most probable elucidation
 605     Int,     III     |               it impossible to include the great poet in his sweeping
 606     Int,     III     |          anything good could come from the school of Epicurus, preferred
 607     Int,     III     |             won his way to favour with the public.~In addition to his
 608     Int,     III     |          patriotic wish to remove from the literature of his country
 609     Int,     III     |              literature of his country the reproach that it was completely
 610     Int,     III     |             richest. He often tries by the most far-fetched arguments
 611     Int,     III     |        philosophy had left its mark on the early Italian peoples117.
 612     Int,     III     |            philosophy was best left to the Greek language, he replies
 613     Int,     III     |             will not even concede that the Greek is a richer tongue
 614     Int,     III     |                is a richer tongue than the Latin120. As for the alleged
 615     Int,     III     |              than the Latin120. As for the alleged incapacity of the
 616     Int,     III     |              the alleged incapacity of the Roman intellect to deal
 617     Int,     III     |              is only, he says, because the energy of the nation has
 618     Int,     III     |            says, because the energy of the nation has been diverted
 619     Int,     III     |                progress has been made. The history of Roman oratory
 620     Int,     III     |          impulse were given at Rome to the pursuit of philosophy, already
 621     Int,     III     |              of philosophy, already on the wane in Greece, Cicero thought
 622     Int,     III     |                would flourish and take the place of oratory, which
 623     Int,     III     |           believed to be expiring amid the din of civil war122.~There
 624     Int,     III     |               Cicero was penetrated by the belief that he could thus
 625     Int,     III     |           political inaction, and amid the disorganisation of the law-courts,
 626     Int,     III     |            amid the disorganisation of the law-courts, it was the one
 627     Int,     III     |              of the law-courts, it was the one service he could render123.
 628     Int,     III     |               worse, as did so many of the most prominent men of the
 629     Int,     III     |              the most prominent men of the time124. For Cicero idleness
 630     Int,     III     |              spurred on to exertion by the deepest sorrow125. Philosophy
 631     Int,     III     |             sorrow125. Philosophy took the place of forensic oratory,
 632     Int,     III     |               such studies were merely the amusement of the wealthy;
 633     Int,     III     |                merely the amusement of the wealthy; the total devotion
 634     Int,     III     |              amusement of the wealthy; the total devotion of a life
 635     Int,     III     |        importation from Greece much in the spirit with which things
 636     Int,     III     |             patriots immediately after the great war. Others, like
 637     Int,     III     |                great war. Others, like the Neoptolemus of Ennius, thought
 638     Int,     III     |             these he replies by urging the pressing necessity there
 639     Int,     III     |           encourage Cicero to proceed. The elder generation, for whose
 640     Int,     III     |     approbation he most cared, praised the books, and many were incited
 641     Int,     III     |             thoroughly understood till the whole subject had been mastered132.
 642     Int,     III     |               not explicitly stated in the two earliest works which
 643     Int,     III     |                works which we possess, the Academica and the De Finibus,
 644     Int,     III     |             possess, the Academica and the De Finibus, required the
 645     Int,     III     |               the De Finibus, required the composition of a sort of
 646     Int,     III     |             Greek philosophy [xxxi] to the Romans. He never pretended
 647     Int,     III     |             criticisms on its history. The only thing he proclaims
 648     Int,     III     |              style. Looked at in this, the true light, his work cannot
 649     Int,     III     |              either insist upon trying the work by a standard to which
 650     Int,     III     |          appeal, or fail to understand the Greek philosophy it copies,
 651     Int,     III     |         perhaps make Cicero suffer for the supposed worthlessness of
 652     Int,     III     |              supposed worthlessness of the philosophy of his age.~In
 653     Int,     III     |            nearly all published before the Hortensius, included in
 654     Int,     III     |        philosophical encyclopaedia133. The only two works strictly
 655     Int,     III     |        strictly philosophical, even in the ancient view, which preceded
 656     Int,     III     |           ancient view, which preceded the Academica, were the De Consolatione,
 657     Int,     III     |           preceded the Academica, were the De Consolatione, founded
 658     Int,     III     |                book, περι πενθους, and the Hortensius, which was introductory
 659     Int,     III     |              protreptic.~For a list of the philosophical works of Cicero,
 660     Int,     III     |     philosophical works of Cicero, and the dates of their composition,
 661     Int,     III     |            dates of their composition, the student must be referred
 662     Int,     III     |            student must be referred to the Dict. of Biography, Art.
 663     Int,      IV     |                         IV. History of the Academica.~On the death
 664     Int,      IV     |           History of the Academica.~On the death of Tullia, which happened
 665     Int,      IV     |            B.C., Cicero took refuge in the solitude of his villa at
 666     Int,      IV     |             was pleasantly situated on the Latin coast between Antium
 667     Int,      IV     |               by incessant toil. First the book De Consolatione was
 668     Int,      IV     |     Consolatione was written. He found the mechanic exercise of composition
 669     Int,      IV     |                exercise of composition the best solace for his pain,
 670     Int,      IV     |           plunge at early morning into the dense woods near his villa,
 671     Int,      IV     |                relief; yet he repelled the entreaties of Atticus that
 672     Int,      IV     |                that he would return to the forum and the senate. A
 673     Int,      IV     |                return to the forum and the senate. A grief, which books
 674     Int,      IV     |           would crush him, he felt, in the busy city137.~It was amid
 675     Int,      IV     |            amid such surroundings that the Academica was written. The
 676     Int,      IV     |             the Academica was written. The first trace of an intention
 677     Int,      IV     |               of an intention to write the treatise is found in a letter
 678     Int,      IV     |               which seems to belong to the first few weeks of his bereavement138.
 679     Int,      IV     |           biographical details, and in the letter in question he asks
 680     Int,      IV     |              question he asks for just the kind of information which
 681     Int,      IV     |             would be needed in writing the Academica. The words with
 682     Int,      IV     |              in writing the Academica. The words with which he introduces
 683     Int,      IV     |            what reason brought to Rome the embassy which Carneades
 684     Int,      IV     |      accompanied; who was at that time the leader of the Epicurean
 685     Int,      IV     |                that time the leader of the Epicurean school; who were
 686     Int,      IV     |        Epicurean school; who were then the most noted πολιτικοι at
 687     Int,      IV     |             noted πολιτικοι at Athens. The meaning of the last question
 688     Int,      IV     |              at Athens. The meaning of the last question is made clear
 689     Int,      IV     |             made clear by a passage in the De Oratore140, [xxxiii]
 690     Int,      IV     |                 where Cicero speaks of the combined Academic and Peripatetic
 691     Int,      IV     |               may be with reference to the progress of the Academica
 692     Int,      IV     |           reference to the progress of the Academica that in a later
 693     Int,      IV     |       expresses himself satisfied with the advance he has made in his
 694     Int,      IV     |                undertakings141. During the whole of the remainder of
 695     Int,      IV     |                    During the whole of the remainder of his sojourn
 696     Int,      IV     |              his letters to Atticus of the Academica142. He declares
 697     Int,      IV     |          inaction, they could not read the numerous difficult works
 698     Int,      IV     |                has been engaged within the same space of time that
 699     Int,      IV     |             taken to write them143.~In the beginning of June Cicero
 700     Int,      IV     |         afterwards suppressed145. From the same place he wrote to Atticus
 701     Int,      IV     |               by way of Lanuvium about the middle of June146. He had
 702     Int,      IV     |           middle of June146. He had in the time immediately following
 703     Int,      IV     |              even ten years would make the effort no less painful147.
 704     Int,      IV     |           Madvig, have understood that the first edition of the Academica,
 705     Int,      IV     |              that the first edition of the Academica, along with the
 706     Int,      IV     |              the Academica, along with the De Finibus, is intended.
 707     Int,      IV     |            intended. Against this view the reasons adduced by Krische
 708     Int,      IV     |        convincing149. It is clear from the letters to Atticus that
 709     Int,      IV     |                letters to Atticus that the De Finibus was being worked
 710     Int,      IV     |                book by book long after the first edition of the Academica
 711     Int,      IV     |             after the first edition of the Academica had been placed
 712     Int,      IV     |           Academica had been placed in the hands of Atticus. The De
 713     Int,      IV     |               in the hands of Atticus. The De Finibus was indeed begun
 714     Int,      IV     |            when Cicero began to revise the Academica151. The final
 715     Int,      IV(150)|               is a distinct mention of the first two books.~
 716     Int,      IV     |               revise the Academica151. The final arrangement of the
 717     Int,      IV     |               The final arrangement of the characters in the De Finibus
 718     Int,      IV     |       arrangement of the characters in the De Finibus is announced
 719     Int,      IV     |              surreptitiously a copy of the fifth book before it was
 720     Int,      IV     |                was properly corrected, the irrepressible Caerellia
 721     Int,      IV     |                Caerellia having copied the whole five books while in
 722     Int,      IV     |            that state153. A passage in the De Divinatione154 affords
 723     Int,      IV     |            almost direct evidence that the Academica was published
 724     Int,      IV     |         Academica was published before the De Finibus. On all these
 725     Int,      IV     |                Astura.~Another view of the συνταγματα in question is
 726     Int,      IV     |                is that they are simply the two books, entitled Catulus
 727     Int,      IV     |               Catulus and Lucullus, of the Priora Academica. In my
 728     Int,      IV     |        Academica. In my opinion [xxxv] the word συνταγμα, the use of
 729     Int,      IV     |               xxxv] the word συνταγμα, the use of which to denote a
 730     Int,      IV     |           natural meaning. Cicero uses the word συνταξις of the whole
 731     Int,      IV     |              uses the word συνταξις of the whole work156, while συνταγμα157,
 732     Int,      IV     |                content, then, to refer the words of Cicero to the Catulus
 733     Int,      IV     |           refer the words of Cicero to the Catulus and Lucullus. Krische,
 734     Int,      IV     |               and prefers to hold that the Hortensius (or de Philosophia)
 735     Int,      IV     |                 or de Philosophia) and the Priora Academica are the
 736     Int,      IV     |               the Priora Academica are the compositions in question.
 737     Int,      IV     |      conjecture is correct, we have in the disputed passage the only
 738     Int,      IV     |                in the disputed passage the only reference to the Hortensius
 739     Int,      IV     |          passage the only reference to the Hortensius which is to be
 740     Int,      IV     |                which is to be found in the letters of Cicero. We are
 741     Int,      IV     |              We are quite certain that the book was written at Astura,
 742     Int,      IV     |           Astura, and published before the Academica. This would be
 743     Int,      IV     |               This would be clear from the mention in the Academica
 744     Int,      IV     |              clear from the mention in the Academica Posteriora alone159,
 745     Int,      IV     |               Posteriora alone159, but the words of Cicero in the De
 746     Int,      IV     |             but the words of Cicero in the De Finibus160 place it beyond
 747     Int,      IV     |                showing as they do that the Hortensius had been published
 748     Int,      IV     |          sufficiently long time before the De Finibus, to have become
 749     Int,      IV     |                of readers. Further, in the Tusculan Disputations and
 750     Int,      IV     |              Tusculan Disputations and the De Divinatione161 the Hortensius
 751     Int,      IV     |              and the De Divinatione161 the Hortensius and the Academica
 752     Int,      IV     |      Divinatione161 the Hortensius and the Academica are mentioned
 753     Int,      IV     |             such a way as to show that the former was finished and
 754     Int,      IV     |              was finished and given to the world before the latter.
 755     Int,      IV     |              given to the world before the latter. Nothing therefore
 756     Int,      IV     |            Nothing therefore stands in the way of Krische's conjecture,
 757     Int,      IV     |           Krische's conjecture, except the doubt I have expressed as
 758     Int,      IV     |           doubt I have expressed as to the use of the word συνταγμα,
 759     Int,      IV     |             expressed as to the use of the word συνταγμα, which equally
 760     Int,      IV     |        συνταγμα, which equally affects the old view maintained by Madvig.~[
 761     Int,      IV     |           Madvig.~[xxxvi] ~Whatever be the truth on this point, it
 762     Int,      IV     |                cannot be disputed that the Hortensius and the Academica
 763     Int,      IV     |                that the Hortensius and the Academica must have been
 764     Int,      IV     |              Cicero, excepting perhaps the Academica and the De Finibus.
 765     Int,      IV     |              perhaps the Academica and the De Finibus. The interlocutors
 766     Int,      IV     |          Academica and the De Finibus. The interlocutors in the Hortensius
 767     Int,      IV     |          Finibus. The interlocutors in the Hortensius were exactly
 768     Int,      IV     |                Hortensius were exactly the same as in the Academica
 769     Int,      IV     |            were exactly the same as in the Academica Priora, for the
 770     Int,      IV     |              the Academica Priora, for the introduction of Balbus into
 771     Int,      IV     |           Balbus into some editions of the fragments of the Hortensius
 772     Int,      IV     |           editions of the fragments of the Hortensius is an error162.
 773     Int,      IV     |             Hortensius is an error162. The discussion in the Academica
 774     Int,      IV     |            error162. The discussion in the Academica Priora is carried
 775     Int,      IV     |       Hortensius' villa near Bauli; in the Hortensius at the villa
 776     Int,      IV     |            Bauli; in the Hortensius at the villa of Lucullus near Cumae.
 777     Int,      IV     |                one direct reference to the Hortensius in the Lucullus163.~
 778     Int,      IV     |         reference to the Hortensius in the Lucullus163.~While at his
 779     Int,      IV     |             Tusculan villa, soon after the middle of June, B.C. 45,
 780     Int,      IV     |                45, Cicero sent Atticus the Torquatus, as he calls the
 781     Int,      IV     |             the Torquatus, as he calls the first book of the De Finibus164.
 782     Int,      IV     |                calls the first book of the De Finibus164. He had already
 783     Int,      IV     |                    He had already sent the first edition of the Academica
 784     Int,      IV     |              sent the first edition of the Academica to Rome165. We
 785     Int,      IV     |             prooemia had been added to the Catulus and Lucullus, in
 786     Int,      IV     |         Catulus and Lucullus, in which the public characters from whom
 787     Int,      IV     |            public characters from whom the books took their names were
 788     Int,      IV     |           extolled. In all probability the extant prooemium of the
 789     Int,      IV     |                the extant prooemium of the Lucullus is the one which
 790     Int,      IV     |           prooemium of the Lucullus is the one which was then affixed.
 791     Int,      IV     |              had doubtless pointed out the incongruity between the
 792     Int,      IV     |                the incongruity between the known attainments of Catulus
 793     Int,      IV     |              Catulus and Lucullus, and the parts they were made to
 794     Int,      IV     |             his first plan for healing the incongruity should be a [
 795     Int,      IV     |               of statements concerning the ability and culture of these
 796     Int,      IV     |            interest in connection with the Academica, the fact that
 797     Int,      IV     |         connection with the Academica, the fact that among the unpleasant
 798     Int,      IV     |         Academica, the fact that among the unpleasant visits received
 799     Int,      IV     |              was one from Varro166.~On the 23rd July, Cicero left Home
 800     Int,      IV     |         business matters, and to avoid the embarrassing attentions
 801     Int,      IV     |            choice of interlocutors for the Academica, for the first
 802     Int,      IV     |   interlocutors for the Academica, for the first thing he did on his
 803     Int,      IV     |                arrival was to transfer the parts of Catulus and Lucullus
 804     Int,      IV     |             was speedily cast aside on the receipt of a letter from
 805     Int,      IV     |          Atticus, strongly urging that the whole work should be dedicated
 806     Int,      IV     |          dedicated to Varro, or if not the Academica, the De Finibus170.
 807     Int,      IV     |               or if not the Academica, the De Finibus170. Cicero had
 808     Int,      IV     |              some mention of Varro171. The nature of the works on which
 809     Int,      IV     |                Varro171. The nature of the works on which our author
 810     Int,      IV     |               difficult to comply with the request172. Varro had promised
 811     Int,      IV     |            side, full two years before the Academica was [xxxviii]
 812     Int,      IV     |            Lingua Latino. In answer to the later entreaty of Atticus,
 813     Int,      IV     |            that Cicero knew nothing of the scope or magnitude of that
 814     Int,      IV     |                like friendship between the two. Apart from these causes
 815     Int,      IV     |              grumbling, Cicero thought the suggestion of Atticus a "
 816     Int,      IV     |          Atticus a "godsend174." Since the De Finibus was already "
 817     Int,      IV     |          promised to transfer to Varro the Academica, allowing that
 818     Int,      IV     |             never even have dreamed of the doctrines they had been
 819     Int,      IV     |        doctrines they had been made in the first edition of the Academica
 820     Int,      IV     |                in the first edition of the Academica to maintain176.
 821     Int,      IV     |             place was to be found, and the remark was made that the
 822     Int,      IV     |               the remark was made that the Academica would just suit
 823     Int,      IV     |             follower of Antiochus, and the fittest person to expound
 824     Int,      IV     |              fittest person to expound the opinions of that philosopher177.
 825     Int,      IV     |             continual rain fell during the first few days of Cicero'
 826     Int,      IV     |           books instead of two, making the interlocutors himself, Varro
 827     Int,      IV     |         himself, Varro and Atticus178. The position occupied by Atticus
 828     Int,      IV     |        position occupied by Atticus in the dialogue was quite an [xxxix]
 829     Int,      IV     |               confer upon him often in the future such minor parts179.
 830     Int,      IV     |             impracticable180.~Although the work of re-editing was vigorously
 831     Int,      IV     |              had constant doubts about the expediency of dedicating
 832     Int,      IV     |               expediency of dedicating the work to Varro. He frequently
 833     Int,      IV     |            Varro. He frequently throws the whole responsibility for
 834     Int,      IV     |               whole responsibility for the decision upon Atticus, but
 835     Int,      IV     |              written to Atticus during the progress of the work contains
 836     Int,      IV     |         Atticus during the progress of the work contains entreaties
 837     Int,      IV     |      entreaties that he would consider the matter over and over again
 838     Int,      IV     |               disclose in a letter182. The true reasons, however, did
 839     Int,      IV     |                in favour of Varro, and the more so because he wishes
 840     Int,      IV     |                may be, that my part in the treatise is more liberally
 841     Int,      IV     |              that Cicero was afraid of the effect the work might produce
 842     Int,      IV     |               was afraid of the effect the work might produce on the
 843     Int,      IV     |              the work might produce on the public. This notion Cicero
 844     Int,      IV     |               assured him to be wrong; the only cause for his vacillation
 845     Int,      IV     |                how Varro would receive the dedication184. Atticus would
 846     Int,      IV     |             was no cause for fear; but the latter refused to take a
 847     Int,      IV     |              for a detailed account of the reasons from which it proceeded185.
 848     Int,      IV     |            seems to have required that the recipient of a dedication
 849     Int,      IV     |          should be assumed ignorant of the intentions of the donor
 850     Int,      IV     |          ignorant of the intentions of the donor till they were on
 851     Int,      IV     |                donor till they were on the point of being actually
 852     Int,      IV     |             did not speak to him about the De Finibus, but employed
 853     Int,      IV     |            ascertain his feeling about the dedication187.~Cicero's
 854     Int,      IV     |            Cicero's own judgment about the completed second edition
 855     Int,      IV     |            completed second edition of the Academica is often given
 856     Int,      IV     |            Academica is often given in the letters. He tells us that
 857     Int,      IV     |                us that it extended, on the whole, to greater length
 858     Int,      IV     |                 to greater length than the first, though much had been
 859     Int,      IV     |           human self love deceives me, the books have been so finished
 860     Int,      IV     |             have been so finished that the Greeks themselves have nothing
 861     Int,      IV     |             themselves have nothing in the same department of literature
 862     Int,      IV     |             and altogether better than the last188." Again: "The Antiochean
 863     Int,      IV(187)|                3. I may here remark on the absurdity of the dates Schütz
 864     Int,      IV(187)|             remark on the absurdity of the dates Schütz assigns to
 865     Int,      IV(187)|                He makes Cicero execute the second edition of the Academica
 866     Int,      IV(187)|          execute the second edition of the Academica in a single day.
 867     Int,      IV     |             than the last188." Again: "The Antiochean portion has all
 868     Int,      IV     |             Antiochean portion has all the point of Antiochus combined
 869     Int,      IV     |                 Also: "I have finished the book with I know not what
 870     Int,      IV     |             nothing could surpass190." The binding and adornment of
 871     Int,      IV     |               binding and adornment of the presentation copy for Varro
 872     Int,      IV     |          received great attention, and the letter accompanying it was
 873     Int,      IV     |           everything had been done and the book had been sent to Atticus
 874     Int,      IV     |          Cicero was still uneasy as to the reception it would meet
 875     Int,      IV     |               you again and again that the presentation will be at
 876     Int,      IV     |               Antiochus. 0 Academy, on the wing as thou wert ever wont,
 877     Int,      IV     |                his part "shuddered" at the idea of taking the responsibility192.
 878     Int,      IV     |       shuddered" at the idea of taking the responsibility192. After
 879     Int,      IV     |               responsibility192. After the work had passed into his
 880     Int,      IV     |               managed to get access to the De Finibus194. In a letter,
 881     Int,      IV     |               Atticus at Rome and send the work to Varro, should it
 882     Int,      IV     |               after a consultation195. The meeting ultimately did not
 883     Int,      IV     |            take place, but Cicero left the four books in Atticus' power,
 884     Int,      IV     |             soon as Varro came to Rome the books would be sent to him. "
 885     Int,      IV     |              says Cicero, when he gets the letter, "you have taken
 886     Int,      IV     |                letter, "you have taken the fatal step; oh dear! if
 887     Int,      IV     |              wrote. I long to hear how the matter stands197." Again,
 888     Int,      IV     |            enough, then, to give Varro the books? I await his judgment
 889     Int,      IV     |                Varro probably received the books in the first fortnight
 890     Int,      IV     |         probably received the books in the first fortnight of August,
 891     Int,      IV     |             Cicero was hard at work on the Tusculan Disputations198.
 892     Int,      IV     |             Disputations198. A copy of the first edition had already
 893     Int,      IV     |             alterations in his copy of the Academica, at a time when
 894     Int,      IV     |              Academica, at a time when the fate of the second edition
 895     Int,      IV     |                a time when the fate of the second edition was still
 896     Int,      IV     |                all hope of suppressing the first edition. If he consoles
 897     Int,      IV     |                he consoles Atticus for the uselessness of his copies
 898     Int,      IV     |           uselessness of his copies of the first edition, it does not
 899     Int,      IV     |               Atticus, whatever may be the feeling of other people,
 900     Int,      IV     |           other people, wishes to have the "Splendidiora, breviora, [
 901     Int,      IV     |                occasion which offered, the author sought to point out
 902     Int,      IV     |              as his authorised edition the one in four books. He did
 903     Int,      IV     |              written immediately after the Academica Posteriora was
 904     Int,      IV     |                most markedly mentioned the number of the books as four201.
 905     Int,      IV     |                mentioned the number of the books as four201. That he
 906     Int,      IV     |                four201. That he wished the work to bear the title Academica
 907     Int,      IV     |                wished the work to bear the title Academica is clear202.
 908     Int,      IV     |           title Academica is clear202. The expressions Academica quaestio,
 909     Int,      IV     |             descriptive203; so also is the frequent appellation Academici
 910     Int,      IV     |        appellation Academici libri204. The title Academicae Quaestiones,
 911     Int,      IV     |              is merely an imitation of the Tusculanae Quaestiones,
 912     Int,      IV     |                 which was supported by the false notion, found as early
 913     Int,      IV     |              called Academia, at which the book was written. He had
 914     Int,      IV     |                but we are certain from the letters to Atticus that
 915     Int,      IV     |                letters to Atticus that the work was written entirely
 916     Int,      IV     |         Quintilian seems to have known the first edition very well206,
 917     Int,      IV     |              edition very well206, but the second edition is the one
 918     Int,      IV     |              but the second edition is the one which is most frequently
 919     Int,      IV     |                most frequently quoted. The four books are expressly
 920     Int,      IV     |        Diomedes, and Lactantius, under the title Academica. Augustine
 921     Int,      IV     |           references show that he knew the second edition only. Lactantius
 922     Int,      IV     |             generally speaks of [xliv] the Academica. Plutarch shows
 923     Int,      IV     |              shows only a knowledge of the first edition207.~I have
 924     Int,      IV     |               set forth in plain terms the history of the genesis of
 925     Int,      IV     |             plain terms the history of the genesis of the book, as
 926     Int,      IV     |              history of the genesis of the book, as gathered from Cicero'
 927     Int,      IV     |              to do so may be seen from the astounding theories which
 928     Int,      IV     |          repute put forward concerning the two editions. A fair summary
 929     Int,      IV     |         summary of them may be seen in the preface of Goerenz. I now
 930     Int,      IV     |                proceed to examine into the constitution and arrangement
 931     Int,      IV     |        constitution and arrangement of the two editions.~a. The lost
 932     Int,      IV     |                of the two editions.~a. The lost dialogue "Catulus."~
 933     Int,      IV     |               lost dialogue "Catulus."~The whole of the characters
 934     Int,      IV     |                 Catulus."~The whole of the characters in this dialogue
 935     Int,      IV     |        characters in this dialogue and the Lucullus are among those
 936     Int,      IV     |             Optimates and adherents of the senatorial party whom Cicero
 937     Int,      IV     |             Cicero so loves to honour. The Catulus from whom the lost
 938     Int,      IV     |          honour. The Catulus from whom the lost dialogue was named
 939     Int,      IV     |          dialogue was named was son of the illustrious colleague of
 940     Int,      IV     |              colleague of Marius. With the political career of father
 941     Int,      IV     |               position with respect to the philosophy of the time,
 942     Int,      IV     |           respect to the philosophy of the time, and the nature of
 943     Int,      IV     |            philosophy of the time, and the nature of their connection
 944     Int,      IV     |        connection with Cicero.~Catulus the younger need not detain
 945     Int,      IV     |              us long. It is clear from the Lucullus208 that he did
 946     Int,      IV     |            have preferred to introduce the elder man as speaking for
 947     Int,      IV     |                but in that case, as in the De Oratore, the author would
 948     Int,      IV     |            case, as in the De Oratore, the author would have been [
 949     Int,      IV     |                to exclude himself from the conversation209. The son,
 950     Int,      IV     |              from the conversation209. The son, therefore, is merely
 951     Int,      IV     |              son, therefore, is merely the mouthpiece of the father,
 952     Int,      IV     |               merely the mouthpiece of the father, just as Lucullus,
 953     Int,      IV     |           father, just as Lucullus, in the dialogue which bears his
 954     Int,      IV     |        professes to have heard210. For the arrangement in the case
 955     Int,      IV     |                 For the arrangement in the case of both a reason is
 956     Int,      IV     |            could not have made Catulus the younger the advocate of
 957     Int,      IV     |               made Catulus the younger the advocate of philosophy in
 958     Int,      IV     |              advocate of philosophy in the Hortensius212. Though Cicero
 959     Int,      IV     |               Cicero sometimes classes the father and son together
 960     Int,      IV     |         evident on a comparison of all the passages where the two are
 961     Int,      IV     |              of all the passages where the two are mentioned, that
 962     Int,      IV     |               high value was placed on the learning of the son213.
 963     Int,      IV     |              placed on the learning of the son213. But however slight
 964     Int,      IV     |                But however slight were the claims of Catulus the younger
 965     Int,      IV     |             were the claims of Catulus the younger to be considered
 966     Int,      IV     |              by other ties. During all the most brilliant period of
 967     Int,      IV     |               life, Catulus was one of the foremost Optimates of Rome,
 968     Int,      IV     |                extravagant language by the orator214. He is one of
 969     Int,      IV     |                orator214. He is one of the pillars of the state215,
 970     Int,      IV     |               is one of the pillars of the state215, Cicero cries,
 971     Int,      IV     |            deserves to be classed with the ancient worthies of Rome216.
 972     Int,      IV     |               Rome216. When he opposes the Manilian law, and asks the
 973     Int,      IV     |             the Manilian law, and asks the people on whom they would
 974     Int,      IV     |                his hands, were to die, the people answer with one [
 975     Int,      IV     |              was bold enough to rebuke the follies, on the one hand,
 976     Int,      IV     |              to rebuke the follies, on the one hand, of the mob, on
 977     Int,      IV     |           follies, on the one hand, of the mob, on the other, of the
 978     Int,      IV     |               one hand, of the mob, on the other, of the senate218.
 979     Int,      IV     |              the mob, on the other, of the senate218. In him no storm
 980     Int,      IV     |         enthusiasm. Catulus was one of the viri consulares who had
 981     Int,      IV     |           their unreserved approval to the measures taken for the suppression
 982     Int,      IV     |              to the measures taken for the suppression of the Catilinarian
 983     Int,      IV     |           taken for the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy,
 984     Int,      IV     |       Catilinarian conspiracy, and was the first to confer on Cicero
 985     Int,      IV     |              first to confer on Cicero the greatest glory of his life,
 986     Int,      IV     |            greatest glory of his life, the title "Father of his country222."
 987     Int,      IV     |               tried to console him for the death of Tullia, by bidding
 988     Int,      IV     |              him remember "Catulus and the olden times223." The statement
 989     Int,      IV     |               and the olden times223." The statement of Catulus, often
 990     Int,      IV     |                have two bad consuls in the same year, except when Cinna
 991     Int,      IV     |                 except when Cinna held the office, may have been intended
 992     Int,      IV     |               point a contrast between the zeal of Cicero and the lukewarmness
 993     Int,      IV     |         between the zeal of Cicero and the lukewarmness of his colleague
 994     Int,      IV     |          Cicero's consulship, lived in the house of the two Catuli225.~[
 995     Int,      IV     |      consulship, lived in the house of the two Catuli225.~[xlvii] ~
 996     Int,      IV     |                it too late to withdraw the first edition of the Academica
 997     Int,      IV     |          withdraw the first edition of the Academica from circulation,
 998     Int,      IV     |                Catulus being lauded in the first, Lucullus in the second.
 999     Int,      IV     |              in the first, Lucullus in the second. From the passages
1000     Int,      IV     |           Lucullus in the second. From the passages above quoted, and