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   1     Pre              |                   work of Davies appeared in 1725, no English scholar
   2     Pre              |                 has edited the Academica. In Germany the last edition
   3     Pre              |                that of Goerenz, published in 1810. To the poverty and
   4     Pre              |                the work of Davies, though in every way far superior to
   5     Pre              |                ago. I trust that the work in its present shape will be
   6     Pre              |                 pupils and teachers alike in all schools where the philosophical
   7     Pre              |                   studied, but especially in those where an attempt is
   8     Pre              |                   impart such instruction in the Ancient Philosophy as
   9     Pre              |          completer knowledge now required in the final Classical Examinations
  10     Pre              |                has been, first, to embody in an Introduction such information
  11     Pre              |                   then to aid the student in obtaining a higher knowledge
  12     Pre              |           Latinity, and lastly, to put it in his power to learn thoroughly
  13     Pre              |               that of Halm which appeared in the edition of Cicero's
  14     Pre              |             philosophical works published in 1861 under the editorship
  15     Pre              |                 sufficiently acknowledged in my notes; the chief are
  16     Pre              |                  Philosophicos, published in 1825 at Copenhagen, but
  17     Pre              |           reprinted, and to Baiter's text in the edition of Cicero's
  18     Pre              |              works by himself and Kayser. In a very few passages I have
  19     Pre              |               discussing, even sparingly, in the notes, questions of
  20     Pre              |               excellence of the texts now in use is depriving a Classical
  21     Pre              |                against different readings in the most important places
  22     Pre              |               editions of the latter work in existence. Yet, even after
  23     Pre              |                   deal remains to be done in pointing out what is, and
  24     Pre              |              given but for its appearance in some other work, I have
  25     Pre              |                not touched upon somewhere in the Academica, it is evidently
  26     Pre              |              require, and have only dwelt in my own language upon such
  27     Pre              |        philosophical difficulties as were in some special way bound up
  28     Pre              |                 books chiefly referred to in my notes are the English
  29     Pre              |                   teachers ought to place in the hands of pupils who
  30     Pre              |                 which have been published in cheap and convenient forms.~
  31     Pre              |                 purpose which I have kept in view and have explained
  32     Pre              |            portions of Cicero's writings.~In dealing with a subject so
  33     Pre              | over-fastidiousness which is so prevalent in this University, and causes
  34     Pre              |               from any who are interested in the subject.~JAMES S. REID.~
  35    Abbr              |                LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK.~Cic. = Cicero;
  36    Abbr              |               Frat. = Ad Quintum Fratrem; In Verr., Verr. = In Verrem;
  37    Abbr              |                Fratrem; In Verr., Verr. = In Verrem; Div. in. Qu. Caec. =
  38    Abbr              |                   Verr. = In Verrem; Div. in. Qu. Caec. = Divinatio in
  39    Abbr              |                 in. Qu. Caec. = Divinatio in Quintum Caecilium; In Cat. =
  40    Abbr              |           Divinatio in Quintum Caecilium; In Cat. = In Catilinam.~Plat. =
  41    Abbr              |              Quintum Caecilium; In Cat. = In Catilinam.~Plat. = Plato:
  42     Int,       I     |                  greater part of his time in study.1 From him was probably
  43     Int,       I     |                  first systematic lessons in philosophy were given him
  44     Int,       I     |                 Cicero, who speaks warmly in praise of his teacher's
  45     Int,       I     |                all his days with Diodotus in the severest study, but
  46     Int,       I     |             Cicero's house, where he died in B.C. 59, leaving his pupil
  47     Int,       I     |                  esteem, and admiration.8~In the year 88 B.C. the celebrated
  48     Int,       I     |                   diligence as a student. In his later works he often
  49     Int,       I     |             lettres. Many ambitious works in the last two departments
  50     Int,       I     |              conquest of the Marian party in Italy, judicial affairs
  51     Int,       I     |              Cicero appeared as a pleader in the courts, the one philosophic
  52     Int,       I     |             suddenly left Rome for a tour in Eastern Hellas. It is usually
  53     Int,       I     |           Chrysogonus, who was implicated in the case of Roscius. The
  54     Int,       I     |                when mentioning his speech in defence of Roscius, never
  55     Int,       I     |               years 7977 B.C. were spent in the society of Greek philosophers
  56     Int,       I     |            teachers at that time resident in the city14. By the advice
  57     Int,       I     |                  of the Epicurean school. In Cicero's later works there
  58     Int,       I     |                  was biting and sarcastic in speech, and spiteful in
  59     Int,       I     |                   in speech, and spiteful in spirit, hence in striking
  60     Int,       I     |                 spiteful in spirit, hence in striking contrast to Patro
  61     Int,       I     |                    Cicero spent much time in listening to his instruction,
  62     Int,       I     |              pupils20. Patro was probably in Athens at the same time,
  63     Int,       I     |                 was one of his companions in this sojourn at Athens21.
  64     Int,       I     |               Naples, who lived some time in Piso's house, was not then
  65     Int,       I     |                from a mention of [vi] him in the De Oratore, that Cicero
  66     Int,       I     |                  the main point which was in controversy between Philo
  67     Int,       I     |                  of Antiochus, especially in dialectic, which was taught
  68     Int,       I     |           possessed of a pointed style25; in fine, as the most cultivated
  69     Int,       I     |               brother of Antiochus, since in the Academica28 he is mentioned
  70     Int,       I     |               Academica28 he is mentioned in such a way as to show that
  71     Int,       I     |                  he was unknown to Cicero in B.C. 62.~[vii] The main
  72     Int,       I     |                 been to learn philosophy; in Asia and at Rhodes he devoted
  73     Int,       I     |                him Cicero makes reference in his works oftener than to
  74     Int,       I     |        philosopher, to visit whom Pompey, in the midst of his eastern
  75     Int,       I     |              resident at Rome, and stayed in Cicero's house. Hecato the
  76     Int,       I     |                affairs to spend much time in systematic study. That his
  77     Int,       I     |              allow. The letters contained in the first book of those
  78     Int,       I     |                  for literary employment. In the earlier part of this
  79     Int,       I     |               expressing at the same time in the strongest language his
  80     Int,       I     |                 support of his old age34. In the midst of his busiest
  81     Int,       I     |           adornment of his Tusculan villa in a way suited to his literary
  82     Int,       I     |                   quite a secondary place in his affections. Public business
  83     Int,       I     |                history of his consulship, in Latin and Greek, the Greek
  84     Int,       I     |               presented to Cicero. It was in Greece at the time, and
  85     Int,       I     |                 find greater satisfaction in study, so far as my forensic
  86     Int,       I     |               life Cicero spent much time in study at his estates near
  87     Int,       I     |                 Cicero was a mere dabbler in literature, and that his
  88     Int,       I     |              Greek books half understood. In truth, his appetite for
  89     Int,       I     |           insatiable, and his attainments in each department considerable.
  90     Int,       I     |                from 5957 B.C. were years in which Cicero's private cares
  91     Int,       I     |              after his return from exile, in the year 56, he describes
  92     Int,       I     |                   and he would rather sit in a garden seat which Atticus
  93     Int,       I     |                   bust of Aristotle, than in the ivory chair of office.
  94     Int,       I     |                  with Greek philosophy43. In the following year (54)
  95     Int,       I     |             unreservedly to the life most in accordance with nature,
  96     Int,       I     |                  xi] read at this time46. In the year 52 B.C. came the
  97     Int,       I     |                  of the Socratic schools.~In the year 51 Cicero, then
  98     Int,       I     |                  the Athenians. He stayed in the house of Aristus, the
  99     Int,       I     |                  the affectionate mention in the Brutus47. Cicero also
 100     Int,       I     |              Brutus47. Cicero also speaks in kindly terms of Xeno, an
 101     Int,       I     |                 from destroying the house in which Epicurus had lived48.
 102     Int,       I     |                  to have passed some time in his society51. He was by
 103     Int,       I     |                   heard, and indeed equal in merit to the most eminent
 104     Int,       I     |                Athenians of the time were in the habit of adapting their
 105     Int,       I     |              Cicero speaks with loathing. In one letter of this date
 106     Int,       I     |                   Atticus had pointed out in the books De Republica54.
 107     Int,       I     |                 Italy public affairs were in a very critical condition,
 108     Int,       I     |               Scipio he had himself drawn in the De Republica59; when
 109     Int,       I     |                   curious to find Cicero, in the very midst of civil
 110     Int,       I     |                     or employing his days in arguing with himself a string
 111     Int,       I     |                but accident a politician. In these evil days, however,
 112     Int,       I     |                books, letters, study, all in their turn became unpleasant64.~
 113     Int,       I     |                fully reconciled to Caesar in the year 46 he returned
 114     Int,       I     |                his old literary pursuits. In a letter written to Varro
 115     Int,       I     |                   letter written to Varro in that year65, he says "I
 116     Int,       I     |                 to bear richer fruit than in his days of prosperity66.
 117     Int,       I     |                and commenced. [xiv] Early in the following year the Academica,
 118     Int,       I     |                   that he was a mere tiro in philosophy, by the assertion
 119     Int,       I     |             should have little difficulty in showing from a minute survey
 120     Int,       I     |                  is concerned, I have had in my notes an opportunity
 121     Int,       I     |               depreciate his achievements in philosophy, without troubling
 122     Int,       I     |                   De Legibus as "an oasis in the desert of this dreary
 123     Int,       I     |                  irrelevant to the matter in hand, I beg all students
 124     Int,       I     |               students to free themselves in reading the Academica. ~
 125     Int,      II     |         Philosophical Opinions of Cicero.~In order to define with clearness
 126     Int,      II     |             founders, but as they existed in Cicero's age; Stoicism not
 127     Int,      II     |                Xeno; the doctrines taught in the Lyceum by Cratippus;
 128     Int,      II     |                  put forward by Antiochus in the name of the Old [xvi]
 129     Int,      II     |                  concluded that Cicero is in gross error, whereas, in
 130     Int,      II     |                  in gross error, whereas, in all probability, he is uttering
 131     Int,      II     |                 at the head of the school in his day. The criticism of
 132     Int,      II     |             desirable, I can but describe in rough outline the relation
 133     Int,      II     |                rough outline the relation in which Cicero stands to the
 134     Int,      II     |               ethical standard71. We have in the Academica Cicero's view
 135     Int,      II     |        refinements, I may say that Cicero in this respect was in substantial
 136     Int,      II     |                Cicero in this respect was in substantial agreement with
 137     Int,      II     |                  New Academic school, and in opposition to all other
 138     Int,      II     |                    xvii] were combined72. In that which was most distinctively
 139     Int,      II     |                easy to see what there was in such a tenet to attract
 140     Int,      II     |                gentleness and meekness75. In positiveness of assertion
 141     Int,      II     |               brought rapidly to maturity in Greece77. Wherever authority
 142     Int,      II     |         busybodies81. The Academics glory in their freedom of judgment.
 143     Int,      II     |                  carry this freedom, that in the fifth book of the Tusculan
 144     Int,      II     |                  every school85. He roams in the wide field of philosophy,
 145     Int,      II     |                 This spirit is even found in Lucullus the Antiochean88.
 146     Int,      II     |              found their best nourishment in the teaching of the Academic
 147     Int,      II     |                 that man was Carneades94.~In looking at the second great
 148     Int,      II     |                 These were useful chiefly in case of attack by the enemy;
 149     Int,      II     |                   of attack by the enemy; in time of peace ethics held
 150     Int,      II     |                ethics held the supremacy. In this fact we shall find
 151     Int,      II     |                  unlock many difficulties in Cicero's philosophical writings.
 152     Int,      II     |                  may instance one passage in the beginning of the Academica
 153     Int,      II     |                ethics. On the other hand, in the works which Cicero had
 154     Int,      II     |                 Peripatetic writers, who, in the rough popular view which
 155     Int,      II     |                 apart from his dialectic. In the sphere of morals he
 156     Int,      II     |                  principle of doubt. Even in the De Legibus when the
 157     Int,      II     |                     Again, Antiochus, who in the dialectical dialogue
 158     Int,      II     |                  dialogue is rejected, is in the De Legibus spoken of
 159     Int,      II     |                  the power of resistance. In respect of their ethical
 160     Int,      II     |              often find him going farther in the direction of Stoicism
 161     Int,      II     |           maintained that it was not, and in a remarkable passage Cicero
 162     Int,      II     |                  the bull of Phalaris103. In another place he admits
 163     Int,      II     |             caught it from Antiochus who, in stealing the doctrines of
 164     Int,      II     |                 the dialectic. It is just in this that the difference
 165     Int,      II     |                 the whole Cicero was more in accord with Stoic ethics
 166     Int,      II     |                ethics than Antiochus. Not in all points, however: for
 167     Int,      II     |                Cicero, who was very human in his joys and sorrows, refused
 168     Int,      II     |                  Cicero was inconsistent. In the De Finibus he argued
 169     Int,      II     |                  was merely one of terms; in the Tusculan Disputations
 170     Int,      II     |                   be real. The most Stoic in tone of all his works are
 171     Int,      II     |        comparatively small importance was in Cicero's time attached to
 172     Int,      II     |                  Its chief importance lay in the fact that ancient theology
 173     Int,      II     |            science. The religious element in Cicero's nature inclined
 174     Int,      II     |               moral good, were impossible in any form, he thought, if
 175     Int,      II     |               really following the Stoics in physics, Cicero often believed
 176     Int,      II     |               that the Stoic physics were in the main Aristotelian, and
 177     Int,      II     |                   few words are necessary in order to characterize Cicero'
 178     Int,      II     |                ignorance of logic112, and in ethics had approximated
 179     Int,      II     |                   the case was different. In physics they stood absolutely
 180     Int,      II     |                 ethical doctrines excited in Cicero nothing but loathing,
 181     Int,     III     |                    III. The aim of Cicero in writing his philosophical
 182     Int,     III     |                merely of Cicero's purpose in writing, but of the whole
 183     Int,     III     |                  of the [xxvi] variations in doctrine which the late
 184     Int,     III     |              anything substantially novel in philosophy: there had been
 185     Int,     III     |               Epicurus had alone appeared in Latin in a shape suited
 186     Int,     III     |                   alone appeared in Latin in a shape suited to catch
 187     Int,     III     |                large Epicurean literature in Latin, of which all but
 188     Int,     III     |                   C. Amafinius, mentioned in [xxvii] the Academica113,
 189     Int,     III     |               favourable reception, that, in Cicero's strong language,
 190     Int,     III     |                  last cause, as indeed he in one passage seems to allow,
 191     Int,     III     |                Epicurean literature dealt in an overwhelmingly greater
 192     Int,     III     |                explanation is to be found in the fact that the Italian
 193     Int,     III     |              practical basis for morality in the legal and social constitution
 194     Int,     III     |              educated classes of a belief in the supernatural, accompanied
 195     Int,     III     |        interesting and important as it is in itself, and neglected though
 196     Int,     III     |                 to include the great poet in his sweeping condemnation,
 197     Int,     III     |                   favour with the public.~In addition to his desire to
 198     Int,     III     |                 to undermine Epicureanism in Italy, Cicero had a patriotic
 199     Int,     III     |              Roman oratory is referred to in support of this opinion121.
 200     Int,     III     |           philosophy, already on the wane in Greece, Cicero thought it
 201     Int,     III     |                   country a real service. In his enforced political inaction,
 202     Int,     III     |                  idleness was misery, and in those evil times he was
 203     Int,     III     |              importation from Greece much in the spirit with which things
 204     Int,     III     |                 thought a little learning in philosophy was good, but
 205     Int,     III     |                   for works on philosophy in Latin.~Still, amid much
 206     Int,     III     |                      Individual questions in philosophy could not be
 207     Int,     III     |                  is not explicitly stated in the two earliest works which
 208     Int,     III     |                   is his style. Looked at in this, the true light, his
 209     Int,     III     |                the philosophy of his age.~In accordance with Greek precedent,
 210     Int,     III     |                  the Hortensius, included in his philosophical encyclopaedia133.
 211     Int,     III     |              strictly philosophical, even in the ancient view, which
 212     Int,      IV     |                which happened at Tusculum in February, 45 B.C., Cicero
 213     Int,      IV     |                  B.C., Cicero took refuge in the solitude of his villa
 214     Int,      IV     |                 and remain there absorbed in study till nightfall136.
 215     Int,      IV     |                 would crush him, he felt, in the busy city137.~It was
 216     Int,      IV     |               write the treatise is found in a letter of Cicero to Atticus,
 217     Int,      IV     |                 biographical details, and in the letter in question he
 218     Int,      IV     |                details, and in the letter in question he asks for just
 219     Int,      IV     |         information which would be needed in writing the Academica. The
 220     Int,      IV     |                   made clear by a passage in the De Oratore140, [xxxiii]
 221     Int,      IV     |            progress of the Academica that in a later letter he expresses
 222     Int,      IV     |                   the advance he has made in his literary undertakings141.
 223     Int,      IV     |                   find no express mention in his letters to Atticus of
 224     Int,      IV     |                   taken to write them143.~In the beginning of June Cicero
 225     Int,      IV     |                 middle of June146. He had in the time immediately following
 226     Int,      IV     |                 Academica had been placed in the hands of Atticus. The
 227     Int,      IV     |               Astura150, but it was still in an unfinished state when
 228     Int,      IV     |             arrangement of the characters in the De Finibus is announced
 229     Int,      IV     |                the whole five books while in that state153. A passage
 230     Int,      IV     |                  that state153. A passage in the De Divinatione154 affords
 231     Int,      IV     |            Another view of the συνταγματα in question is that they are
 232     Int,      IV     |                  of the Priora Academica. In my opinion [xxxv] the word
 233     Int,      IV     |            Academica are the compositions in question. If this conjecture
 234     Int,      IV     |            conjecture is correct, we have in the disputed passage the
 235     Int,      IV     |           Hortensius which is to be found in the letters of Cicero. We
 236     Int,      IV     |                 be clear from the mention in the Academica Posteriora
 237     Int,      IV     |                   but the words of Cicero in the De Finibus160 place
 238     Int,      IV     |               circle of readers. Further, in the Tusculan Disputations
 239     Int,      IV     |          Academica are mentioned together in such a way as to show that
 240     Int,      IV     |                  Nothing therefore stands in the way of Krische's conjecture,
 241     Int,      IV     |                   more closely connected, in style and tone, than any
 242     Int,      IV     |                Finibus. The interlocutors in the Hortensius were exactly
 243     Int,      IV     |                  were exactly the same as in the Academica Priora, for
 244     Int,      IV     |                  error162. The discussion in the Academica Priora is
 245     Int,      IV     |             Hortensius' villa near Bauli; in the Hortensius at the villa
 246     Int,      IV     |               reference to the Hortensius in the Lucullus163.~While at
 247     Int,      IV     |                 the Catulus and Lucullus, in which the public characters
 248     Int,      IV     |                their names were extolled. In all probability the extant
 249     Int,      IV     |              parts they were made to take in difficult philosophical
 250     Int,      IV     |                 Romans which he knew, and in his own letters to Atticus
 251     Int,      IV     |                 note, as of some interest in connection with the Academica,
 252     Int,      IV     |             Cicero left Home for Arpinum, in order, as he says, to arrange
 253     Int,      IV     |               pressed Cicero to find room in his works for some mention
 254     Int,      IV     |              great work De Lingua Latino. In answer to the later entreaty
 255     Int,      IV     |              doctrines they had been made in the first edition of the
 256     Int,      IV     |                   employed his whole time in editing once more his Academica,
 257     Int,      IV     |              position occupied by Atticus in the dialogue was quite an [
 258     Int,      IV     |                  to confer upon him often in the future such minor parts179.
 259     Int,      IV     |               which he could not disclose in a letter182. The true reasons,
 260     Int,      IV     |              reasons, however, did appear in some later letters. In one
 261     Int,      IV     |             appear in some later letters. In one Cicero said: "I am in
 262     Int,      IV     |                 In one Cicero said: "I am in favour of Varro, and the
 263     Int,      IV     |                   it may be, that my part in the treatise is more liberally
 264     Int,      IV     |               from which it proceeded185. In order to stimulate his friend,
 265     Int,      IV     |                  Academica is often given in the letters. He tells us
 266     Int,      IV     |                   themselves have nothing in the same department of literature
 267     Int,      IV(187)|                  edition of the Academica in a single day. Cf. XIII.
 268     Int,      IV     |               they could meet one another in Rome193. This warning was
 269     Int,      IV     |              access to the De Finibus194. In a letter, dated apparently
 270     Int,      IV     |                Cicero left the four books in Atticus' power, promising
 271     Int,      IV     |               probably received the books in the first fortnight of August,
 272     Int,      IV     |                   we learn from a letter, in which Cicero begs Atticus
 273     Int,      IV     |                  to make some alterations in his copy of the Academica,
 274     Int,      IV     |                authorised edition the one in four books. He did so in
 275     Int,      IV     |                  in four books. He did so in a passage written immediately
 276     Int,      IV     |             Academicae Quaestiones, found in many editions, is merely
 277     Int,      IV     |                 it advisable to set forth in plain terms the history
 278     Int,      IV     |               summary of them may be seen in the preface of Goerenz.
 279     Int,      IV     |                   whole of the characters in this dialogue and the Lucullus
 280     Int,      IV     |                 speaking for himself, but in that case, as in the De
 281     Int,      IV     |             himself, but in that case, as in the De Oratore, the author
 282     Int,      IV     |                 father, just as Lucullus, in the dialogue which bears
 283     Int,      IV     |                       For the arrangement in the case of both a reason
 284     Int,      IV     |                   a reason is to be found in their ατριψια with respect
 285     Int,      IV     |                the advocate of philosophy in the Hortensius212. Though
 286     Int,      IV     |              influence are often depicted in even extravagant language
 287     Int,      IV     |               gigantic power concentrated in his hands, were to die,
 288     Int,      IV(216)|                                           In Verrem, II. 3, §210.~
 289     Int,      IV     |                  other, of the senate218. In him no storm of danger,
 290     Int,      IV     |                  He was not only glorious in his life, but fortunate
 291     Int,      IV     |                   his life, but fortunate in his death221.~Apart from
 292     Int,      IV     |            general agreement with Catulus in politics, there were special
 293     Int,      IV(222)|                  Domo, §113. Post Reditum in Senatu, §9. Philipp. II. §
 294     Int,      IV     |                   to have two bad consuls in the same year, except when
 295     Int,      IV     |           Antonius224. Archias, who wrote in honour of Cicero's consulship,
 296     Int,      IV     |                Cicero's consulship, lived in the house of the two Catuli225.~[
 297     Int,      IV(224)|                          Cf. Post Reditum in Senatu, §9. Pro Domo, §113.~
 298     Int,      IV     |                book, Catulus being lauded in the first, Lucullus in the
 299     Int,      IV     |             lauded in the first, Lucullus in the second. From the passages
 300     Int,      IV     |               knowledge of Cicero's habit in such matters, we can have
 301     Int,      IV     |                 we can have no difficulty in conjecturing at least a
 302     Int,      IV     |                   whose praises were sung in the fervid language which
 303     Int,      IV     |                   the poem he had written in Cicero's honour. Then the
 304     Int,      IV     |                  between the year 60 B.C. in which Catulus died, and
 305     Int,      IV     |           consulship, which is alluded to in the Lucullus227. It is well
 306     Int,      IV     |                     It is well known that in the arrangement of his dialogues
 307     Int,      IV     |                   made to the Hortensius, in which the same speakers
 308     Int,      IV     |                   we proceed to construct in outline the speech of Catulus
 309     Int,      IV     |            opinions of Catulus the elder.~In the many passages where
 310     Int,      IV     |               gather from the De Oratore, in which he appears as an interlocutor,
 311     Int,      IV     |              history of Greek speculation in Italy236. The undefiled
 312     Int,      IV     |                 history of his own deeds, in the style of Xenophon, which
 313     Int,      IV     |                   philosophical opinions. In the De Oratore, when he
 314     Int,      IV     |            philosopher, nor does Crassus, in his long speech about Greek
 315     Int,      IV     |          Clitomachus. If he had ever been in actual communication with
 316     Int,      IV     |             failed to tell us, as he does in the case of Antonius243,
 317     Int,      IV     |               place, although one passage in the Lucullus seems to imply
 318     Int,      IV     |                   out from the references in the Lucullus the chief features
 319     Int,      IV     |                  must have represented it in the discourse of the day
 320     Int,      IV     |           bestowed by Lucullus on the way in which the probabile had
 321     Int,      IV     |             succeeding one of Hortensius. In the prooemium the innovations
 322     Int,      IV     |                   none of the indications in the Lucullus clash. Even
 323     Int,      IV     |               followed by Hortensius, who in some way spoke in favour
 324     Int,      IV     |         Hortensius, who in some way spoke in favour of Antiochean opinions,
 325     Int,      IV     |      corresponding to the speech of Varro in the beginning of the Academica
 326     Int,      IV     |               Posteriora. One main reason in favour of this view is the
 327     Int,      IV     |                  could have been assigned in the first edition. In the
 328     Int,      IV     |            assigned in the first edition. In the Academica Posteriora
 329     Int,      IV     |            accounts for the disappearance in the second edition of the
 330     Int,      IV     |                 would be appropriate only in the mouth of one [liii]
 331     Int,      IV     |                would be little difficulty in the fact that Hortensius
 332     Int,      IV     |               dogmatic philosophy, though in the lost dialogue which
 333     Int,      IV     |            entitled Hortensius, had ended in a conversion to philosophy
 334     Int,      IV     |                any allusion.~The relation in which Hortensius stood to
 335     Int,      IV     |                    it follows that Cicero in his reply pursued the same
 336     Int,      IV     |                same course which he takes in his answer to Varro, part
 337     Int,      IV     |                part of which is preserved in the Academica Posteriora262.
 338     Int,      IV     |            Academy by showing that it was in essential harmony with the
 339     Int,      IV     |                   reproves him as a rebel in philosophy, who appeals
 340     Int,      IV     |                 the terms καταληψις (i.e. in the abstract, as opposed
 341     Int,      IV     |                nearly all important terms in the Stoic, and to some extent
 342     Int,      IV     |                 Stoic, and to some extent in the Antiochean system, all
 343     Int,      IV     |               main purpose [lv] of Cicero in this speech was to justify
 344     Int,      IV     |                   his answer to Lucullus. In his later speech, he expressly
 345     Int,      IV     |                   as were advanced by him in the first day's discourse
 346     Int,      IV     |                and were merely introduced in order to disarm Lucullus,
 347     Int,      IV     |                   some considerable space in Cicero's speech, although
 348     Int,      IV(269)|                   Cf. the words tam multa in II. §7.~
 349     Int,      IV     |                elaborate speech of Cicero in the Lucullus proves that
 350     Int,      IV     |                 impossibility of επιστημη in the dogmatic sense had been
 351     Int,      IV     |                  sense had been attempted in his statement of the day
 352     Int,      IV     |                 before. Cicero's argument in the Catulus was allowed
 353     Int,      IV     |                   more minute examination in the Lucullus.~One question
 354     Int,      IV     |                  answered point by point. In this opinion I cannot concur.
 355     Int,      IV     |                 follows that when Cicero, in his letter of dedication
 356     Int,      IV     |                  the pupil of Clitomachus in his earlier days. The two
 357     Int,      IV     |               sources for Cicero's speech in the Catulus were, doubtless,
 358     Int,      IV     |                  himself and Clitomachus.~In that intermediate form of
 359     Int,      IV     |                  Cato and Brutus appeared in the place of Hortensius
 360     Int,      IV     |                  Hortensius, however, was in my view such as any cultivated
 361     Int,      IV     |           position assigned to Hortensius in the Academica Priora. He
 362     Int,      IV     |                lvii] place given to Varro in the second edition276. If
 363     Int,      IV     |                 would not speak at length in the first half of the work.
 364     Int,      IV     |                   the discussion narrated in the Catulus, during which
 365     Int,      IV     |              Cuman villa of Catulus early in the morning, and came to
 366     Int,      IV     |                   Hortensius at Bauli277. In the evening, if the wind
 367     Int,      IV     |                  lingered279. The scenery in view was magnificent280.
 368     Int,      IV     |                  As the party were seated in the xystus with its polished
 369     Int,      IV     |          Hortensius, who is but a learner in philosophy, at the wisdom
 370     Int,      IV     |                section of the book, while in the last but one the De
 371     Int,      IV     |              works are shadowed forth284. In another passage the design
 372     Int,      IV     |                   to a secondary position in the conversation, which
 373     Int,      IV     |              learning of Lucullus is told in Cicero's dialogue, and the
 374     Int,      IV     |                care of his fish-ponds287. In his train when he went to
 375     Int,      IV     |                the whole of his residence in [lix] the East he sought
 376     Int,      IV     |                   Alexandria he was found in the company of Antiochus,
 377     Int,      IV     |                  times mentioned by Pliny in the Natural History as the
 378     Int,      IV     |                 seen, Cicero acknowledged in his letters to Atticus that
 379     Int,      IV     |                 derived from a discussion in which he had heard Antiochus
 380     Int,      IV     |                   reply to that of Cicero in the Catulus. Any closer
 381     Int,      IV     |                  said of Cicero's answer.~In the intermediate form of
 382     Int,      IV     |             notice the close relationship in which Brutus stood to the
 383     Int,      IV     |                alterations were necessary in the scenery and other accessories
 384     Int,      IV(293)|                        Cf. the word nuper in §.~
 385     Int,      IV     |                his works an impossibility in fact. This impossibility
 386     Int,      IV     |             Cicero anticipates his wonder in the letter of dedication296.~
 387     Int,      IV     |                  mention we have of Varro in any of Cicero's writings
 388     Int,      IV     |                   of Cicero's writings is in itself sufficient to show
 389     Int,      IV     |                   the orator some service in the trying time which came
 390     Int,      IV     |              which came before the exile. In writing to Atticus Cicero
 391     Int,      IV     |                  had eulogised Varro; and in the letter to which I refer
 392     Int,      IV     |                   the references to Varro in the letters to Atticus are
 393     Int,      IV     |                the letters to Atticus are in the same strain. Cicero
 394     Int,      IV     |             thanks for supposed exertions in his behalf, during his exile298.
 395     Int,      IV     |                 Cicero refused to believe in Varro's zeal, as reported
 396     Int,      IV     |              exile, he and Varro remained in the same semi-friendly state.
 397     Int,      IV     |                have already seen, Atticus in vain urged his friend to
 398     Int,      IV     |                   letters, written mostly in the year before the Academica
 399     Int,      IV     |                  of Varro, and a humility in presence of his vast learning
 400     Int,      IV     |                 that this slight increase in cordiality did not lead
 401     Int,      IV(300)|                 Cicero to Varro preserved in our collections.~
 402     Int,      IV     |                may be read by the curious in Augustine. My notes on the
 403     Int,      IV     |                   who, from Stoic phrases in the De Lingua Latina, concluded
 404     Int,      IV     |               written. All that was Stoic in Varro came from Antiochus303.~
 405     Int,      IV     |              specification of the changes in the arrangement of the subject-matter,
 406     Int,      IV     |                    which Cicero had given in the first edition as an
 407     Int,      IV     |                  as that given by Catulus in ed. I.; to this was appended,
 408     Int,      IV     |                  against dogmatism, which in ed. 1. had formed part of
 409     Int,      IV     |                   III.: a speech of Varro in reply to Cicero, closely
 410     Int,      IV     |         corresponding to that of Lucullus in ed. 1. Book IV.: Cicero'
 411     Int,      IV     |                 substantially the same as in ed. 1. Atticus must have
 412     Int,      IV     |                 might puzzle the student. In some old editions the Lucullus
 413       I,       I     |                                     I. 1. In Cumano nuper cum mecum Atticus
 414       I,       I     |              velit: sed habeo opus magnum in manibus, idque iam pridem:
 415       I,       I     |                   ante hoc tempus numquam in mentem venit a te requirere:
 416       I,       I     |                    praesertim cum et ipse in eo excellas et id studium
 417       I,      II     |                  ea dicam, quae mihi sunt in promptu, quod ista ipsa
 418       I,      II     |               homini. 8. Sed meos amicos, in quibus est studium, in Graeciam
 419       I,      II     |                    in quibus est studium, in Graeciam mitto, id est,
 420       I,      II     |                  Latinis quidem. Et tamen in illis veteribus nostris,
 421       I,      II     |              quadam ad legendum invitati, in laudationibus, in his ipsis
 422       I,      II     |               invitati, in laudationibus, in his ipsis antiquitatum prooemiis †
 423       I,     III     |              inquam, ista, Varro. Nam nos in nostra urbe peregrinantis
 424       I,     III     |                dignas laude gessimus, hoc in primis consentaneum aut
 425       I,      IV     |               nostro familiari, remigrare in domum veterem e nova quam
 426       I,      IV     |                 veterem e nova quam nobis in novam e vetere? certe enim
 427       I,      IV     |                  tu existimas ipse, negat in libris, quod coram etiam
 428       I,      IV     |                    Quae cum essent dicta, in conspectu consedimus [omnes].~
 429       I,      IV     |                 ab ipsa natura involutis, in quibus omnes ante eum philosophi
 430       I,      IV     |                  vivendum valere. 16. Hic in omnibus fere sermonibus,
 431       I,      IV     |                 cum diceret constanter et in ea sententia permaneret,
 432       I,      IV     |                   omnis eius oratio tamen in virtute laudanda et in hominibus
 433       I,      IV     |              tamen in virtute laudanda et in hominibus ad virtutis studium
 434       I,      IV     |                  disputabant inambulantes in Lycio, illi autem, qui Platonis
 435       I,      IV     |                    qui Platonis instituto in Academia, quod est alterum
 436       I,       V     |                  quid falsum, quid rectum in oratione pravumve, quid
 437       I,       V     |                 dicebant, neque ulla alia in re nisi in natura quaerendum
 438       I,       V     |                neque ulla alia in re nisi in natura quaerendum esse illud
 439       I,       V     |                  autem alia ponebant esse in toto, alia in partibus:
 440       I,       V     |               ponebant esse in toto, alia in partibus: valetudinem, viris
 441       I,       V     |         valetudinem, viris pulchritudinem in toto, in partibus autem
 442       I,       V     |                   pulchritudinem in toto, in partibus autem sensus integros
 443       I,       V     |            aliquam partium singularum, ut in pedibus celeritatem, vim
 444       I,       V     |                  pedibus celeritatem, vim in manibus, claritatem in voce,
 445       I,       V     |                vim in manibus, claritatem in voce, in lingua etiam explanatam
 446       I,       V     |              manibus, claritatem in voce, in lingua etiam explanatam
 447       I,       V     |             virtutem idonea, eaque ab iis in naturam et mores dividebantur.
 448       I,       V     |                 partim ratione formabant, in quibus erat philosophia
 449       I,       V     |             quibus erat philosophia ipsa. In qua quod incohatum est neque
 450       I,       V     |             naturae omniumque rerum, quas in animis ponunt, una res optima.
 451       I,       V     |                  et corporis cernitur, et in quibusdam quae non tam naturae
 452       I,      VI     |                   sunt autem maxima, quae in ipso animo atque in ipsa
 453       I,      VI     |                  quae in ipso animo atque in ipsa virtute versantur.
 454       I,      VI     |                antiqua philosophia sensit in una virtute esse positam
 455       I,      VI     |        descriptione agendi quoque aliquid in vita et officii ipsius initium
 456       I,      VI     |                   reperiebatur: quod erat in conservatione earum rerum,
 457       I,      VI     |               dicebant, ut eam dividerent in res duas, ut altera esset
 458       I,      VI     |                 quae efficeretur aliquid. In eo, quod efficeret, vim
 459       I,      VI     |            efficeret, vim esse censebant, in eo autem, quod efficeretur,
 460       I,      VI     |            efficeretur, materiam quandam: in utroque tamen utrumque:
 461       I,      VI     |                 dabitis enim profecto, ut in rebus inusitatis, quod Graeci
 462       I,     VII     |             enitar ut Latine loquar, nisi in huiusce modi verbis, ut
 463       I,     VII     |                   philosophorum, atque id in multis. Dialecticorum vero
 464       I,     VII     |               Quod si Graeci faciunt, qui in his rebus tot iam saecula
 465       I,     VII     |                  eoque etiam interire non in nihilum, sed in suas partis,
 466       I,     VII     |              interire non in nihilum, sed in suas partis, quae infinite
 467       I,     VII     |             possint, cum sit nihil omnino in rerum natura minimum quod
 468       I,     VII     |                appellant qualia, e quibus in omni natura cohaerente et
 469       I,     VII     |                  mundi omnia, quae insint in eo, quae natura sentiente
 470       I,     VII     |               natura sentiente teneantur, in qua ratio perfecta insit,
 471       I,     VII     |                  caelestia maxime, deinde in terris ea, quae pertinent
 472       I,    VIII     |              philosophiae pars, quae erat in ratione et in disserendo,
 473       I,    VIII     |                   quae erat in ratione et in disserendo, sic tractabatur
 474       I,    VIII     |                   esse iudicium veritatis in sensibus. Mentem volebant
 475       I,    VIII     |               nusquam esse censebant nisi in animi notionibus atque rationibus:
 476       I,      IX     |                 Plato erat amplexatus, ut in iis quiddam divinum esse
 477       I,      IX     |      imbecillamque reddidit, quod negavit in ea sola positum esse beate
 478       I,      IX     |             philosophiae, quae posita est in virtute et moribus, reliquisset
 479       I,      IX     |      investigationem naturae contulisset, in ea ipsa plurimum dissedit
 480       I,      IX     |                 et Crates unaque Crantor, in Academia congregati, diligenter
 481       I,       X     |                  beatam vitam pertinerent in una virtute poneret nec
 482       I,       X     |                  quicquam aliud numeraret in bonis, idque appellaret
 483       I,       X     |                   contraria: neutra autem in mediis relinquebat, in quibus
 484       I,       X     |              autem in mediis relinquebat, in quibus ponebat nihil omnino
 485       I,       X     |                 quaedam: recte facta sola in bonis actionibus ponens,
 486       I,       X     |                    prave, id est peccata, in malis: officia autem servata
 487       I,       X     |             superiores non omnem virtutem in ratione esse dicerent, sed
 488       I,       X     |                 more perfectas, hic omnis in ratione ponebat, cumque
 489       I,       X     |            dicerent, sed eas contraherent in angustumque deducerent,
 490       I,       X     |                 rationis expertis aliaque in parte animi cupiditatem,
 491       I,      XI     |                 corpus. 40. Plurima autem in illa tertia philosophiae
 492       I,      XI     |               philosophiae parte mutavit. In qua primum de sensibus ipsis
 493       I,      XI     |                 quidem: erit enim utendum in reliquo sermone saepius.
 494       I,      XI     |                  animorum, quam esse volt in nobis positam et voluntariam.
 495       I,      XI     |                  eo verbo antea nemo tali in re usus esset, plurimisque
 496       I,      XI     |                  collocabat, eamque neque in rectis neque in pravis numerabat,
 497       I,      XI     |              eamque neque in rectis neque in pravis numerabat, sed soli
 498       I,      XI     |                   quod omnia, quae essent in re, comprehenderet, sed
 499       I,      XI     |                sed quia nihil quod cadere in eam posset relinqueret quodque
 500       I,      XI     |                unde postea notiones rerum in animis imprimerentur, e


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